Ring Attenuator Matched Load Twist Bend Corner

MANAKULA VINAYAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
HYBRID RINGS, ATTENUATORS,

MATCHED LOAD
Handled by,
Dr. S. Padmapriya,
Assistant Professor,
Electronics and Communication Engineering,
Manakula Vinayagar Institute of Technology,
Puducherry.
Unit II syllabus
S Parameters:
• Scattering parameters, properties of S matrix
• Operation and applications of E Plane, H plane and Hybrid Tee
• Operation and applications of Hybrid rings (rat-race),
attenuators, matched load, waveguide corners, bends and
twists
• Operation, applications and S-matrix derivation for Directional couplers,
Circulators and Isolators.
Microwave Measurements:
• VSWR, power, frequency, impedance, scattering parameters and dielectric
constant measurements.
• Antenna radiation pattern and gain measurements.
Microwave circuit
Microwave sources &

components
Interconnected through
junctions for power
distribution
E PLANE TEE JUCTIONS

H PLANE TEE JUNCTIONS
MAGIC TEE
HYBRID RING
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
CIRCULATOR
HYBRID RING
• A Hybrid ring Coupler is a type of RF/MW coupler that is
in the shape of a ring/circle.
• A hybrid ring consists of an annular line of proper electrical

length to sustain standing waves, to which four arms are
connected at proper intervals by means of series junctions.
• It is a four-port coupler, with each port placed at a distance

of one-quarter of waveguide wavelength (λg/4) away from
the other around the top half of the ring.
Why it is called as Rat-Race Coupler!
Operation of Hybrid ring
Case 1
• If the input power is applied at port 1, it gets equally split into two ports
P2 and P4, but in clockwise direction for port 2 and anti-clockwise
direction for port 4. Port 3 has absolutely no output.
• The reason being, at ports 2 and 4, the powers combine in phase,
whereas at port 3, cancellation occurs due to λ/2 path difference.
Case 2
• If the input power is applied at port 3, the power gets equally divided
between port 2 and port 4. But there will be no output at port 1.
Case 3
• If two unequal signals are applied at port 1 itself, then the output will be
proportional to the sum of the two input signals at port 2, and at port 3,
the differential output appears.
S matrix for Hybrid ring
The Scattering Matrix for Rat-race junction is represented as,
Applications
• Balanced Mixers
• Balanced Amplifier
• Power multipliers/dividers
• Antenna Feeding Network
Advantages of rat race coupler:
• In phase and out of phase power splitting
• Port to port isolation
• Port matching
Attenuators
• A waveguide attenuator is an RF device
specifically designed to reduce the power of a
signal without affecting or reducing the
waveform of the signal.
• A waveguide attenuator works exactly opposite
of an amplifier which increases the power of the
signal without altering the waveform.
• Amplifiers provide an increase (or gain) in the
power output whereas an attenuator provides a
loss of power (or a gain less than 1).
Types of Attenuator
• Fixed attenuator Variable attenuator
Fixed Attenuator
• Otherwise called as coaxial fixed attenuator
• Here resistive film is fixed at the centre conductor which absorb the
power and hence microwave signal gets attenuated.
• Here thin dielectric strip with coated resistive film is placed at the
centre of waveguide. Film is placed in the waveguide parallel to the
maximum E field.
Variable Attenuator
• In a variable type of
waveguide attenuator,
resistive vane is moved from
one side of the wall to the
centre by using screw where
E field is considered to be
maximum.
• This resistive film is shaped to

give linear attenuation
variation.
PRECISION VARIABLE ATTENUATOR
• Precision Variable Attenuators can be used to adjust

power level in automated test systems.
• Applications include bit error rate testing of
transmitters and receivers as well as channel
equalization in testing of WDM systems.
Application of MW Attenuators
• For testing purposes in laboratories, to obtain smaller
voltage signals, attenuators are used.
• Fixed attenuators are used to improve the impedance
matching in circuits.
• These are used to protect the circuits from damages
caused by high voltage values.
• Attenuators are used for the protective dissipation of
power in measuring RF signals.
• Attenuators are applied in fiber optic communication to
properly match transmitter and receiver levels.
MATCHED LOAD
• In microwave circuits, matching
a load to a circuit means that
the input impedance of
a load is equal to the output
impedance of a circuit.
• The reason for this is that when
a load is properly matched, the
maximum amount of power
will be transferred from the
circuit to the load.
• Matched terminator is a single port device which absorbs the
incident power without appreciable reflection and radiation.
• A trapped lossy dielectric is placed at the end of the shorted line to
form matched termination.
• The length of the tapered section varies based on frequency of
operation for effective absorption of power.
• To increase power dissipation, aquadag-
coated sand is used as lossy material.
• High power (>1W) terminations use
outer cooling fins for heat dissipation.
– VSWR=1.02 to 1.05
– BW=20-30% of center frequency
– Zin =Zo=50 ohms or 75 ohms
– Reflection coefficient S11=0
• It is used in networking equipments,

Optical transmission devices, network
analyzers, BERTS (Bit Error Ratio Testing
Systems), FWA (Fixed Wireless Access),
and for measurement purposes in other
applications requiring frequencies of up
to 65 GHz.
Waveguide Bends, Twists and Corners
• Bend:
– Alters the direction of propagation in a waveguide
system
– Reflection due to bend is a function of its radius
– Larger the radius, lower will be the SWR
H bend and E bend
H BEND E BEND
•If the bend is in the direction of the wide dimension – H bend
•If the bend is in the direction of narrow dimension – E bend
•The bending radius must be atleast 2 g to avoid SWR

•Rmin = 1.5(b) for an E bend
•Rmin = 1.5(a) for an H bend
•Where a and b are the dimensions of the waveguide bend
Twists
• Waveguide twists are used to
change the plane of polarization
of a propagating wave.
• 90° and 45° twists are helpful in

converting vertical to horizontal
polarization or vice versa.
• Twist can be incorporated along

the bend also.
Gradual and Step Twists
• Gradual Twist:
– It changes the plane of polarization in
a continuous fashion
• Step Twist:
– With respect to input section, the
output port is oriented at 45°.
– The polarization change takes place in
two 45° steps
Corners
• At lower frequencies, a bend may
have to be very long and in such case,
a corner would be preferred
• A double-mitred is a corner.
• To minimize the reflections, the mean
length L must be an odd number of
quarter wavelength, so that reflected
wave from both ends of the
waveguide are completely cancelled.
L  (2n  1)g / 4
where n=0,1,2,3,…
g = wavelength in the
waveguide
Microwave circuit
Microwave sources &

components
Interconnected through
junctions for power
distribution
E PLANE TEE JUCTIONS

H PLANE TEE JUNCTIONS
MAGIC TEE
HYBRID RING
DIRECTIONAL COUPLER
CIRCULATOR

Ring Attenuator Matched Load Twist Bend Corner

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MANAKULA VINAYAGAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

HYBRID RINGS, ATTENUATORS,

Microwave sources &

E PLANE TEE JUCTIONS

• A hybrid ring consists of an annular line of proper electrical

• It is a four-port coupler, with each port placed at a distance

• This resistive film is shaped to

• Precision Variable Attenuators can be used to adjust

• It is used in networking equipments,

•If the bend is in the direction of narrow dimension – E bend

•The bending radius must be atleast 2 g to avoid SWR

• 90° and 45° twists are helpful in

• Twist can be incorporated along

Microwave sources &

E PLANE TEE JUCTIONS

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