Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 38 views

    Second Derivative Can Determine The Maximum and Minimum Values of A Function

    Uploaded by

    Farah Hanie
    The document provides examples of using the second derivative test to find the relative extremum of functions. It explains that a local minimum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is positive, while a local maximum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is negative. The document then works through two examples applying these rules to find the relative minimum and maximum of given functions. It also discusses using the first derivative test when the second derivative is 0.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Second Derivative Can Determine The Maximum and Minimum Values of A Function

    Uploaded by

    Farah Hanie
    38 views25 pages
    The document provides examples of using the second derivative test to find the relative extremum of functions. It explains that a local minimum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is positive, while a local maximum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is negative. The document then works through two examples applying these rules to find the relative minimum and maximum of given functions. It also discusses using the first derivative test when the second derivative is 0.

    Original Description:

    NSJSN

    Original Title

    K03052_20191002092342_3.2 Analysis2

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document provides examples of using the second derivative test to find the relative extremum of functions. It explains that a local minimum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is positive, while a local maximum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is negative. The document then works through two examples applying these rules to find the relative minimum and maximum of given functions. It also discusses using the first derivative test when the second derivative is 0.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    38 views25 pages

    Second Derivative Can Determine The Maximum and Minimum Values of A Function

    Uploaded by

    Farah Hanie
    The document provides examples of using the second derivative test to find the relative extremum of functions. It explains that a local minimum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is positive, while a local maximum occurs when the first derivative is 0 and the second derivative is negative. The document then works through two examples applying these rules to find the relative minimum and maximum of given functions. It also discusses using the first derivative test when the second derivative is 0.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    5.

    3c To find the relative exremum using


    the second derivative test
    Second derivative can determine the maximum
    and minimum values of a function

    If f ' (c )  0 and f '' (c )  0, then f has local minimum at c

    If f ' (c )  0 and f '' (c )  0, then f has local maximum at c

    If f ' (c)  0 and f '' (c)  0, then the test fail, it is inconclusive.
    Thus the first derivetive test is used.
    Example 1
    By using the second derivative test, find the relative

    extremum of f ( x)  x 3  3 x 2  24 x  32

    Solution f ' ( x)  3 x 2  6 x  24
     3( x  2)( x - 4)

    when f ' ( x )  0, then x  -2 or x  4

    so the critical numbers are - 2 and 4


    To determine the relative extremum,
    the second derivative is used
    "
    f ( x)  6 x  6
    At x  -2, f " ( x)  18  0 and
    at x  4, f " (x)  18  0
    When x  -2, then f (-2)  60
    when x  4 then f (4)  -48

    So by the second derivative test, (-2,60) is


    a relative maximum of f and (4,-48) is
    a relative minimum of f
    Example 2
    By using the second derivative test, find the relative

    extremum of f ( x )  x 4  4 x 3
    Solution
    f ' ( x )  4 x 3  12 x 2  4 x 2 ( x  3)
    When f ' ( x )  0, then x  0 or x  3

    " 2
    f ( x )  12 x  24 x
    At x  0, f " ( x )  0
    The test fails,it is inconclusive.
    Thus the first derivative is used.
    Interval ( 0,3 )
    (,0)

    Test value of x -1 1

    Sign of f ' ( x) - -

    Conclusion
    decreasing decreasing

    Hence, the first derivative test shows f does not


    have a relative extremum at x=0
    At x  3, f " ( x )  36  0

    When x=3, f(3)=-27.

    So by using the second derivative test,


    (3,-27) is a relative minimum of f
    Curve sketching

    i. Polynomial functions

    ii. Rational functions


    Graphing a polynomial functions

    Generally, steps for curve sketching


    as follows:
    Step 1: Determine the intercepts (if
    exist)

    Step 2: By using first derivative test, find


    all stationary points.
    Step 3: Determine the relative
    extremum
    points.
    Step 4: Find f’’ to determine points of
    inflactions

    Step 5 : Sketch the graph


    Example
    Find the relative extremum and the
    inflexion points of f(x) = x 3 – 3x2 and sketch the graph
    Solution:

    f ( x)  3x  6 x
    ' 2

     3 x ( x  2)  0

    x  0, x  2
    By using second derivative test:
    ''
    f ( x)  6 x  6
    ''
    f (0)  6(0)  6  6 <0 (maximum)
    When x=0, y=0
    So (0,0) is a relative maximum

    f (2)  6(2)  6  6 >0 (minimum)


    ''

    When x=2, y=-4


    So (2,-4) is a relative minimum
    Inflexion point:
    "
    f ( x)  0
    6x  6  0
    x  1 Therefore y = -2
    To determine the concavity:
    Interval (0,1) (1,2)
    Value of x 0.5 1.5
    Sign of f”(x) -ve +ve
    Conclusion of f(x) downward upward
    So (1,-2) is an inflexion point.
    To find interception point: When x=0, y=0

    The curve sketching: y

    (0,0) x

    (1,-2)

    (2,-4)
    Example
    Find the relative extremum, the
    inflexion points of f ( x)  3 x 5  5 x 3
    and sketch the graph
    Solution: ' 4 2
    f ( x)  15 x  15 x
    2 2
     15 x ( x  1)
    '
    At Stationary point: f ( x)  0
    2 2
    15 x ( x  1)  0
    x  0,  1, 1
    By using second derivative test:
    f ( x)  60 x  30 x
    " 3

    When x=0, f”(x)=0


    So, no conclusion can be made.

    We have to use first derivative test:


    Interval (,1) (1,0) (0 ,1) (1, )
    Value of x -2 -0.5 0.5 2

    Sign of f’(x) +ve -ve -ve +ve

    Conclusion of f’(x) Increase decrease decrease Increase


    f(-1)=2, so (-1,2) is a relative maximum when the
    sign change from + to -

    f(1)=-2, so (1,-2) is a relative minimum when the


    sign change from – to +
    Inflexion point: f " ( x)  0
    60 x 3  30 x  0
    2
    30 x ( 2 x  1)  0
    1
    x  0,
    2
    To determine the concavity:

    Interval (-1,0) (0,1/2) (1/2,1)


    Value of x -0.5 0.25 0.75
    Sign of f”(x) +ve -ve +ve
    Conclusion of f(x) upward downward upward

    When x=0, f(0)=0


    When x=1/2, f(1/2)=-17/32
    So, the inflexion points are (0,0) and (1/2,-17/31)

    Interception point: when x=0, y=0


    The curve sketching:
    (-1,2) y

    x
    - 1/ 1
    1 2

    (1,-2)
    ii Rational function
    1. Domain

    2. y-intercept, x-intercept
    3. asymptotes

    4. f’(x)=0 and find value of x

    5. Find all inflection points

    6. Apply f’’ test to determine intervals of


    concavity
    7. Sketch the graph
    example
    x
    Sketch the graph of f ( x) 
    ( x  1) 2

    Solution:
    i. D f     \ {1}   \ {1}

    x
    ii. f ( x)  0   0  x  0  (0,0)
    ( x  1) 2

    y-intercept is usually to find for rational function


    iii. x  1 is a vertical asymptote
    ( x  1) 2 (1)  x[2( x  1)(1)] 1 x
    iv. f ' ( x)  
    ( x  1) 4
    ( x  1) 3

    1 x
     0  x 1
    ( x  1) 3

    2( x  2)
    f ' ' ( x)   f ' ' (1)  0
    ( x  1) 4

    1
    (1, ) is a relative max point
    4
    v. f ' ' ( x)  0  x  2, f ' ' ( x)

    does not exist at x=-1

    intervals   ,1 (1,2) (2, )

    test value -2 1 3

    f’’(x) -ve -ve +ve

    concave concave concave


    downward downward upward
    2
    v. inflection point ( 2, )
    9

    1
    4
    -1 1 2

    You might also like