Bending & Shearing

Stresses
Lesson 2
 Design Goals
Design of any particular building structure generally
has some simple goals. They are ranked accdg to
importance.
O To provide a structure with adequate safety for the
anticipated loading conditions. Safety referring to
that of lie safety of the users of the building
O To shape and arrange the structure so as to
accommodate the other elements of the building
construction with greatest east and interference.
 Design Goals
O To provide a completed structure at the lowest
cost, in terms of available options with
equivalent performance capability.
O To satisfy the current standards of design
practice as promulgated by industry and
professional organizations and as regulated by
forceable building codes.
 Cost
O Estimation of costs for proposed structures are
made by various people before the
construction is completed and many design
decisions may be significantly affected.
O The following are some general rules
 Safety
Life safety is a major concern in building
structures. Two prime considerations.
1. Resistance to fire
2. Low statistical likelihood of collapse under
loads.
Beam Functions
 Introduction
O A beam is a structural member that resists
transverse loads. Generally the loads act at right
angles to the longitudinal axis of the beam. The
loads on a beam tend to bend it, and we say the
member is in flexure or bending. The supports for
beams are usually at or near the ends, and the
supporting upward forces are called reactions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F2b4xi-VM2M
 Moment of a Force
O The moment of a force is its tendency to cause
rotation about a given point or axis. The
magnitude of the force multiplied by the
perpendicular distance from its line of action
to the point about which the moment is taken.
Determination of Reactions
O The reactions of a beam are determined by
applying the three laws of static equilibrium,
which may be expressed as follows:
1. The algebraic sum of all vertical forces
equals zero.
2. The algebraic sum of all horizontal forces
equals zero.
3. The algebraic sum of the moments of all
forces about any point equals zero.
 Beam Shear
O The tendency for one part of a beam to move vertically
with respect to an adjacent part is called vertical shear.
Two important reasons for investigating the vertical shear
in beams:
1. To know the maximum value of the shear.
2. It is necessary to locate the section at which the shear
changes from a positive to a negative quantity – the
section at which the shear passes through zero. At
this section the tendency of the beam to fail in
bending is greatest
 Bending Moment
O The bending moment at any section in the
length of a beam is the measure of the
tendency of the beam to bend due to the forces
acting on it.
O The magnitude of the bending moment at any
section of a simple beam is equal to the
algebraic sum of the moments of the forces on
either left or right of the section.
 Deflection of Beams
O The deformation that accompanies bending of
a beams is called deflection. Some degrees of
deflection occurs in all beams, and the
designer must the deflection does not exceed
certain prescribed limits.
O A beam should be designed for strength in
bending and also for stiffness.
 Formulas
O Bending stress
 Formulas
O Shearing stress
Shearing stress
 Sample Problem
Prob.1 A 150mm x 350mm rectangular beam
carries a uniformly distributed load “w” KN/m
over its entire span. The beam is fully supported
at its ends. If the allowable bending stress is
9.25MPa and the allowable shearing stress is
0.85MPa.
a. What is the max shear?
b. What is the length of the span?
c. What is the value of “w” in KN/m?
 Problem 1
Given:
b = 150mm
d = 350 mm
Fb = 9.25 MPa
Fv = 0.85 Mpa
Required:
a. V =?
b. L = ?
c. w = ?
 Problem 1
Solution
a. V = ?
fv = 3V/2bd
0.85MPa = 3V/2(150mm)(350mm)
V = 29.75 KN
b. L= ?
 Problem 1
Solution
b. L= ?
fb = 6M/bd2
9.25MPa= 6M/150mm(350mm) 2
M = 28,328,125 Nmm
M = wL 2 /8
28,328,125 Nmm = wL 2 /8
wL 2 = 226,625,000 equation 1
 Problem 1
Solution
V = wL/2
29750N = wL/2
wL= 59,500
From eqn 1
wL 2 = 226,625,000
wL(L) = 226,625,000
59,500 L = 226,625,000
L = 3,808.82mm
L = 3.8088m
 Problem 1
c. w = ?
wL = 59,500
w (3,808.82) = 59,500
w = 15.62 KN/m
 Sample Problem
Prob.2 A timber beam having a simple span of 5m
is carries a total load including its own weight of
12KN/m. It has a width of 250mm and a depth of
300mm the wooden section is made of 80% grade
Apitong allowable bending stress is 16.5MPa and
the allowable shearing stress is 1.75MPa Modulus
of elasticity is 7310 MPa. a.What is the max
flexural stress of the beam? b.What is the max
shear stress of the beam? c.What is the max
deflection of the beam?
 Problem 2
Given: 12 KN/m
L = 5m
w = 12 KN/m 300mm
b= 250mm 250mm 5m
d = 300mm
Fb = 16.50 MPa
Fv = 1.75 MPa
Ew = 7310 MPa
 Problem 2
Solution:
a. fb = ?
M = wL2/8
M = 12KN/m(5m)2/8
M = 37.5 KNm
fb = 6M/bd2
fb = 6(37.5 x 106)/250mm(300mm)2
fb = 10MPa
 Problem 2
Solution:
b. fv = ?
fv = 3V/2bd
V = wL/2
V = 12KN/m(5m)/2
V = 30 KN
fv = 3V/2bd
fv = 3(30,000N)/2(250mm)(300mm)
fv = 0.60MPa
 Problem 2
Solution:
c. δ = ?
δ = 5wL4/384 EI
I= bd3/12
I= (250mm)(300mm)3/12
I= 562,500,000 mm4
 Problem 2
Solution:
δ = 5wL4/384 EI
δ = 5(12,000N/m)(5m)4 (1000mm) 3/384 EI
δ = 23.75mm
 Problem 3
A rustic footbridge in a park is to span 12m between
centers of end support. The logs of approximately
constant diameter are to be used. Each log must be
capable supporting a uniform load of 8KN/m. If the
allowable stresses are 9.5MPa in bending and 0.75
MPa in shear.
a. What is the diameter of the log if bending
controls?
b. What is the diameter of the log if shear controls
c. What is the safest diameter of log.
Problem 3
 Problem 3
Given:
L = 12m w= 8KN/m Fb = 9.5MPa Fv=
0.75MPa
Solution:
a. If bending controls
M = wL2/8
M = 8KN/m(12m)2/8
M = 144 KNm
 Problem 3
fb = Mc/I
fb = Mr/ π(r4/4)
Fb = 4M/πr3
9.5MPa = 4 (144x106/πr3
r3 = 19,299,630.99
r = 268.23mm
D = 536.47mm or 540mm
 Problem 3
b. fv = VQ/Ib
fv = 4V/3A
V = WL/2 = 8 KN/m (12m)/2 = 48KN
0.75MPa = 4(48,27000N/3(πr2 )
r2 = 27,162.44
r = 164.81mm
D = 329.62mm 330mm
c. Safe diameter is 540mm
 Problem 4
The timber joist of 75mm x 350mm are placed on a
spacing of 0.40m on centers, their end rest upon steel
beams of 150mm flange width and on a 4.25m on
centers. The allowable bending is 15MPa and allowable
shear is 0.95 MPa. E = 11030MPa
a. What is the weight in KN/m2 if bending controls?
b. What is the weight in KN/m2 if shear controls
c. What is the weight in KN/m2 if deflection controls?
Problem 4
 Problem 4
Given:
L = 4.2m Fb = 15MPa Fv= 0.95MPa
b = 75mm d= 350mm
Solution:
a. If bending controls
Total load = W(4.25m)(0.40m)
Total load = 1.75 W in KN
 Problem 4
Total load = 1.75 W in KN
fb = 6M/bd2
15MPa = 6M/75mm(350mm) 2
M = 22,968,750Nmm
M = wL2/8
22.96875KNm = 1.7W/(4.25m)/8
W = 25.43 KN/m2
 Problem 4
b. If shear prevails
fv = 3V/2bd
V = 1.7W/2
V = 0.85W
0.95 = 3(0.85W)(1000)/2(75mm)(350mm)
W = 19.55 KN/m2
 Problem 4
c. If deflection prevails
δ = 5wL4/384 EI
4250mm/360 = 5(1.7W)(1000)(4250)3/384
11030(75)(350) 3/12
W = 20.53mm