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    Nature and History of Clinical Psychology

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    - Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in 1896 focused on helping children with learning disabilities, coining the term "clinical psychology". - World War I increased the need for psychological assessments which established clinical psychology as a discipline focused on assessment. - World War II increased the demand for treating veterans with psychological issues, growing clinical psychology as a treatment field and leading to the development of training programs in clinical psychology. - The history shows clinical psychology transitioning from a focus on assessment to include treatment as its role expanded in response to societal needs.

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    Nature and History of Clinical Psychology

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    AGLD
    225 views27 pages
    - Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in 1896 focused on helping children with learning disabilities, coining the term "clinical psychology". - World War I increased the need for psychological assessments which established clinical psychology as a discipline focused on assessment. - World War II increased the demand for treating veterans with psychological issues, growing clinical psychology as a treatment field and leading to the development of training programs in clinical psychology. - The history shows clinical psychology transitioning from a focus on assessment to include treatment as its role expanded in response to societal needs.

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    1. Nature and History of Clinical Psychology

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    - Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in 1896 focused on helping children with learning disabilities, coining the term "clinical psychology". - World War I increased the need for psychological assessments which established clinical psychology as a discipline focused on assessment. - World War II increased the demand for treating veterans with psychological issues, growing clinical psychology as a treatment field and leading to the development of training programs in clinical psychology. - The history shows clinical psychology transitioning from a focus on assessment to include treatment as its role expanded in response to societal needs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    225 views27 pages

    Nature and History of Clinical Psychology

    Uploaded by

    AGLD
    - Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in 1896 focused on helping children with learning disabilities, coining the term "clinical psychology". - World War I increased the need for psychological assessments which established clinical psychology as a discipline focused on assessment. - World War II increased the demand for treating veterans with psychological issues, growing clinical psychology as a treatment field and leading to the development of training programs in clinical psychology. - The history shows clinical psychology transitioning from a focus on assessment to include treatment as its role expanded in response to societal needs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Nature and History of Clinical

    Psychology
    Gladycel T. Contraras
    Mary May M.
    Fernando 2017
    Nature
    • " Today, clinical psychology is one of
    the most popular subfields and the
    single largest employment area
    within psychology͟. –Lightner Witmer
    (student of Wundt)

    • The study of individuals, by


    observation or experimentation,
    with the intention of promoting
    change.
    Psychology in the Philippines
    (https://www.pap.org.ph/sites/default/files/pap_certification_of_psychology_specialists_primer_pdf.pdf)
    • Certification of Psychology Specialist:
    • Certification of Assessment Psychologists
    • Certification of Clinical Psychologists
    • Certification of Counseling Psychologists
    • Certification of Developmental Psychologists
    • Certification of Educational Psychologists
    • Certification of Industrial/Organizational
    Psychologists
    • Certification of Social Psychologists

    • Board Exam
    • Psychometrician
    • Psychologist
    Work
    Settings
    and Job
    Roles
    He was one of the first to focus on the
    idea that mental illness was something
    that could be treated by talking with
    the patient, and it was the
    development of his talk therapy
    approach that is often cited as the
    earliest scientific use of clinical
    psychology.

    Histor
    y
    Answer:
    Historical Timelines of Clinical
    Psychology
    Timeline of Clinical
    Psychology.pdf
    • American psychologist Lightner Witmer opened the first
    psychological clinic in 1896 with a specific focus on helping
    children who had learning disabilities. It was also Witmer
    who first introduced the term 'clinical psychology' in a
    1907 paper. (other books mentioned 1904).
    The Beginnings of
    Clinical Psychology
    • A young child, about seven years
    old, enters a clinic. That in itself
    is scary, but then unfamiliar
    adults put him next to a small
    table. On the table are blocks
    and puzzles.
    • The adults ask him to stack the
    blocks, then ask him to complete a
    simple puzzle. All the time they
    are taking notes and discussing
    the child's performance.

    Witmer agreed to treat a young boy who had trouble


    with spelling. He was dedicated to helping children
    with learning disabilities.
    • He looks up from time to time to see what
    they are doing, but, for the most part, he is
    absorbed in the tasks. After the child has
    complied with their requests for a while,
    the adults begin making suggestions to him.
    • In one instance they ask him if it may not be
    a better idea to stack the blocks from largest
    to smallest so that they don't fall down. Then
    they ask if starting by building the edges of a
    puzzle might not help him complete it faster.
    • The child is a random child seen by
    members of Lightner Witmer's psychological Three members of the
    Psychological Clinic at the entrance,
    clinic soŵetiŵe iŶ the early ϭϵϬϬ͛s. ca. 1923.
    • The testing was the beginning of clinical
    psychology.
    Source: Alessandri, M., Heiden, L., & Dunbar-Welter, M. (1995). "History and Overview" in Heiden, Lynda &
    Hersen, Michel (eds.), Introduction to Clinical Psychology. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-44877-7
    • Ten years later in 1907, Witmer was to found the first journal of this new
    field, The Psychological Clinic, where he coined the term "clinical
    psychology", defined as "the study of individuals, by observation or
    experimentation, with the intention of promoting change".

    • The field was slow to follow Witmer's


    example, but by 1914, there were 26
    similar clinics in the U.S.

    Sources: Compas, Bruce & Gotlib, Ian. (2002). Introduction to Clinical Psychology. New York,
    NY:
    McGraw-Hill Higher Education. ISBN 0-07-012491-4
    Cover of The Psychological Clinic, the first
    Evans, Rand. (1999). Clinical psychology born and raised in controversy. APA Monitor, 30(11)
    journal of clinical psychology, published in 1907
    by Lightner Witmer.
    Evolution During War

    • Clinical psychology became more established


    during the period of World War I as
    practitioners demonstrated the usefulness of
    psychological assessments.
    • In 1917, the American Association of Clinical
    Psychology was established although it was
    replaced just two years later with the
    establishment of the American Psychological
    Association (APA) (founded by G. Stanley Hall in
    1892) developed a section on Clinical
    Psychology, which offered certification until
    1927
    • World War I with the development
    of two intelligence tests, Army
    Alpha and Army Beta (testing
    verbal and nonverbal skills,
    respectively), which could be used
    with large groups of recruits.
    • Due in large part to the success of
    these tests, assessment was to
    become the core discipline of
    clinical psychology for the next
    quarter century, when another
    war would propel the field into
    treatment.
    • During World War II, clinical psychologists were called upon to help
    treat what was then known as shell shock (now referred to as
    posttraumatic stress disorder).
    • It was the demand for professionals to treat the many returning veterans
    in need of care that contributed to the growth of clinical psychology
    during this period.
    • During the 1940s, the U.S. had no programs that offered a formal degree
    in clinical psychology. The U.S. Veterans Administration set up a number
    of doctoral-level training programs and by 1950 more than half of all the
    PhD- level degrees in psychology were awarded in the area of clinical
    psychology.
    Summary of History
    • EŶlighteŶŵeŶt period ;later ϭϳϬϬ͛sͿ
    • Philippe Pinel – French reformer: humane
    treatment of the mentally ill
    • William Tuke – English reformer:
    hospitals based on appropriate care
    • Benjamin Rush – U.S.: moral therapy
    • ϭϴϬϬ͛s – neurology as a discipline
    recognizing hysteria could not be
    recognized as biological: Charcot, Janet and
    Freud
    History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology
    • Early Clinical Psychology was almost entirely an assessment field
    • Late ϭϴϬϬ͛s – Francis Galton: differences in reaction time as
    intelligence differences
    • Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) first psychology laboratory,
    studied sensation and perception
    • James McKeen Cattell: studied connection between reaction
    time
    and intelligence
    • CoiŶed terŵ ͞ ŵ eŶtal tests͟
    History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology
    • Emil Kraepelin (Germany)
    • Believed in biological causes to mental illness
    • Worked on classifications of syndromes – much of his work formed basis
    for DSM and ICD (chp 3)
    • Alfred Binet (France)
    • French government asked Binet and collaborator Theodore Simon
    to design a measure to assess children with cognitive deficits
    • 1908 Binet-Simon scale measured 50 tests of mental skills
    • 1916 Lewis Terman (US) modified it, first widely available test of
    cognitive ability
    History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology

    • WWI – APA asked to develop a scale to measure


    mental functioning of recruits
    • Army Alpha Test (verbal abilities)
    • Army Beta Test (non-verbal abilities – for those who could
    not read or
    spoke limited English)
    • These tests and the value they gave recognized clinical psychology as
    a sub-discipline of psych
    • Testing began to flourish
    • Wechsler-Bellevue intelligence test 1939 (considered the gold
    standard in IQ tests)
    • Projective tests – Rorschach Inkblot 1921, Thematic Apperception Test
    (TAT) etc.
    History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology
    • WWII – Psychologists again active in tests for armed forces
    • MMPI – (personality test) 1943
    • Heavy use of statistics and test development
    • Criticisms of Early Assessment
    • Paul Meehl – importance of using statistics to testing viability
    of hypotheses
    • Walter Mischel͛s work showing personality traits as having
    problems with
    validity
    • Behavioral assessment as a field grew in part from these
    criticisms
    History of Assessment in Clinical Psychology
    • ϭϵϴϬ͛s – Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders
    (DSM-III) published
    • DSM-III more focused on observable symptoms
    • Focus on reliability

    • Several changes in psychological assessment have recently


    occurred
    • Clinical utility – does the assessment help with treatment
    • Service evaluation – do treatments work
    History of Intervention in Clinical Psychology

    • Sigmund Freud
    • First elaborated treatment of mental health issues
    • Early connection to neurology and work of Charcot
    • Focus on role of unconscious
    • Many subsequent followers elaborating related psychodynamic
    theories
    (e.g., Jung, Adler, etc.)
    • Lightner Witmer – coiŶed terŵ ͚cliŶical psychology͛ – opened a
    clinic (1904) to assess and remediate learning difficulities
    • DeŵaŶd for therapy iŶcreases iŶ ϭϵϰϬ͛s aŶd ϱϬ͛s
    History of Intervention in Clinical Psychology
    • WWII
    • Soldiers needing therapy when returning from war
    • Members of public affected by loss
    • VA hired many clinical psychologists
    • MaŶy therapy approaches developed iŶ ϭϵϰϬ͛s – ϲϬ͛s
    • Carl Rogers Client-centered approach
    • Several adaptatioŶs to Freud͛s ŵodel
    • Fritz Perls – Gestalt therapy
    • Joseph Wolpe – Systematic desensitization
    History of Intervention in Clinical Psychology
    • Criticisms of Psychotherapy
    • Hans Eysenck 1952
    • Levitt, 1957
    • Resulting in enormous amount of research on whether psychotherapy
    works
    • Efficacy studies – focus on studies that emphasize internal validity of
    the study
    • Effectiveness studies – focus on studies that look at real world
    conditions
    • Meta-analysis – statistical technique combining several studies,
    showed psychotherapy effective
    History of Intervention in Clinical Psychology

    • Contemporary approaches
    • Albert Ellis – Rational Emotive
    Therapy
    • Aaron Beck – Cognitive Therapy
    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
    • Short-term Dynamic Therapy
    • Prevention in Clinical Psychology
    • A growing area of Clinical Psychology
    Assignment #1:
    • Make a network/illustration/diagram following the historical
    dates
    and major landmarks.
    Standard format of your submittals:
    • Short typewriting
    • Upper left corner: Last name, First name, Middle Initial
    • Under your name: Course/Year/Section
    • Upper Right Corner: Date
    • Computerized or handwritten

    • Yellow paper is for quizzes only. All submittals must be in


    short
    typewriting.
    Quiz #1:
    Do not write your
    name. Write the date
    today.
    Write the course, year
    and section

    1. Write your
    impression towards
    your clinical
    psychology

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