The document discusses atomic bonding and structure. It explains that ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, and increases moving right across a period and decreases moving down a group on the periodic table. Electron affinity is an atom's tendency to accept electrons and releasing energy, and also increases right across a period and decreases down a group. The document then discusses ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonding between nonmetals, and metallic bonding in metals. It describes the properties and characteristics of materials formed through different bonding types.
The document discusses atomic bonding and structure. It explains that ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, and increases moving right across a period and decreases moving down a group on the periodic table. Electron affinity is an atom's tendency to accept electrons and releasing energy, and also increases right across a period and decreases down a group. The document then discusses ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonding between nonmetals, and metallic bonding in metals. It describes the properties and characteristics of materials formed through different bonding types.
The document discusses atomic bonding and structure. It explains that ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, and increases moving right across a period and decreases moving down a group on the periodic table. Electron affinity is an atom's tendency to accept electrons and releasing energy, and also increases right across a period and decreases down a group. The document then discusses ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonding between nonmetals, and metallic bonding in metals. It describes the properties and characteristics of materials formed through different bonding types.
The document discusses atomic bonding and structure. It explains that ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom, and increases moving right across a period and decreases moving down a group on the periodic table. Electron affinity is an atom's tendency to accept electrons and releasing energy, and also increases right across a period and decreases down a group. The document then discusses ionic bonding between metals and nonmetals, covalent bonding between nonmetals, and metallic bonding in metals. It describes the properties and characteristics of materials formed through different bonding types.
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DMT125 Materials Science
Chapter 2: Atomic Bonding & Structure
Part 2 Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity Ionization energy (IE) – energy required to remove electron from its atom ◦ Always positive because to remove electron, energy must be supplied to system ◦ Unit: kJ/mol Periodic table
◦ Move right across the period – IE increase
◦ Move down across the group – IE decrease IE1 – energy to remove electron at outermost core IE2 – energy to remove electron at second outer core Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity Electronaffinity (EA) – atoms tendency to accept 1 or more electron & releasing energy in the process ◦ Move right across period = EA increase ◦ Move down across group = EA decrease ◦ Group 1A & 2A (H, Li, Na, etc) – highly susceptible to ionization ◦ Group 6A & 7A (O, F, Cl, etc) – highly susceptible to EA Oxidation numbers ◦ Positive – number of electron an atom can give up through ionization process ◦ Negative – number of electron that an atom can gain Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity 1A & 2A ◦ Example: H, Li, Be, Mg, etc ◦ Low IE ◦ Low EA or none at all ◦ Reactive metals or simply called metals ◦ Electropositive – tend to lose electron to form cation (positive ion) Lose electron with negative charge 6A & 7A ◦ Example: O, F, Cl, etc ◦ High IE & EA ◦ Reactive non-metal or simply called non-metals ◦ Electronegative – tend to accept electron to form anion (negative ion) Accept electron with negative charge Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity 3A ◦ Example B (Boron) ◦ Behave either metal or non metal ◦ Also known as metalloids 4A ◦ Example C (carbon), Si (silicon), Ge (germanium), etc ◦ Metalloids 5A ◦ Example N (nitrogen), P (phosphorous), etc ◦ Non-metals Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity 8A ◦ Example He, Ar, Kr, Xe, etc ◦ Noble gases ◦ Very high IE ◦ No EA ◦ Very stable ◦ Least sensitive ◦ EXCEPT He, outer core electric structure s2p6 Periodic variations in atomic size, ionization energy & electron affinity Primary Bonding Bond with other atoms, potential energy of each bonding atom is lowered resulting in a more stable state 3 bonding combinations ◦ Metal + non-metal ◦ Non-metal + non-metal ◦ Metal + metal Ionic bonding ◦ Through electron transfer & ionic bonding Primary Bonding Example
◦ Ionic bonding between metal Li with electronegativity
of 1.0 & non-metal F with an electronegativity of 4.0 ◦ Li atom loses an electron forming a Li+ ◦ Radius r decreases from r = 0.157nm to r=0.060nm ◦ Reasons of radius reduction After ionization, frontier electron is no longer in n=2 but rather in n=1 state The balance between positive nucleus & negative electron cloud is lost & nucleus can exert a stronger force on the electrons, thus pulling them closer Primary Bonding Ionic solids ◦ Hard (do not dent) ◦ Rigit (do not bend or have any springiness) ◦ Strong (hard to break) ◦ Brittle (deform little before fracture) ◦ Do not conduct electricity well -> excellent insulators Electrons are tightly held inside bond When melted or dissolved inside water, can conduct through ionic diffusion Primary Bonding Primary Bonding Covalent bonding ◦ Bonding between atoms with small differences in their electronegativity ◦ Mostly bonding among non-metals Primary Bonding Bond energy – energy required to overcome attraction force Bond length – distance between nuclei of 2 bonded atoms at the point of minimum energy Nonpolar covalent bond – sharing of bonding electron EQUAL between atoms & bonds ◦ Example: H2, F2, N2 Polar covalent bond –sharing of bonding electron NOT EQUAL between atoms & bonds ◦ Example: HF C (Carbon) – basic element in most polymeric materials Primary Bonding Hybridization Primary Bonding Hydrocarbon ◦ Covalently bonded molecules containing only C & H ◦ Example; methane CH4 ◦ 4 sp3 tetrahedral covalent bond Primary Bonding Benzene (polymer) Primary Bonding Covalent bond material properties ◦ Most gas, liquid & low melting solid molecules ◦ Molecular (bond between molecules is weak) ◦ Covalent bond between atoms is very strong & difficult to break ◦ Covalent bond between molecues is very weak & breaks easily Primary Bonding Metallic bond ◦ Atoms of a metal are packed tightly together in an organized & repeating manner to lower their energy & achieve more stable state in a form of a solid ◦ Free electron valence electron is delocalized Move freely in a sea of electron Do not belong to any specific atoms Metallic bonding – attraction force between positive ionic core (metal cations) & negative electron cloud Primary Bonding Properties ◦ Melting point (mp) – moderately high ◦ Not required to break the bond between ionic core & electron cloud ◦ Ionic materials & covalent network – higher melting temperature due to require breakage of bonds for melting ◦ Example ◦ 1A: have 1 electron valence at outermost shell Lower melting temperature ◦ 2A: have 2 electron valence at outermost shell Higher percentage of covalent bonding ◦ Excellent conductors Heat: efficient transfer of thermal atomic Electricity: when placed at electrical circuit, valence electron rather freely carry negative charge module towards the electrode Primary Bonding Pure metals – malleable (soft & deformable) Primary Bonding Mixed bonding ◦ Ionic – covalent ◦ Metallic – covalent ◦ Metallic - ionic Secondary Bonding Driving force - attraction of electric dipoles contained in atoms or molecules Created in atoms or molecules when positive & negative charge centers exist Secondary Bonding Dipole moment ◦ µ = qd C.m (Coulomb-meters) µ - dipole moment q – magnitude of electric charge d – separation distance between charge centers ◦ Divided into 2 types Fluctuating dipoles – asymmetrical distribution of electron charge in these atoms creates electric dipoles Permanent dipoles – liquefaction & solidification at low temperature & high pressure of noble gases Secondary Bonding Secondary Bonding Weak bonding forces among covalent bonded molecules ◦ Example Methane, CH4 Chloromethane, CH3Cl ◦ Higher boiling point in CH3Cl Permanent dipole bonding forces among the molecules ◦ Hydrogen bond Special case of a permanent dipole-dipole interaction between polar molecules Secondary Bonding END