Vapour Power Cycle 1
Vapour Power Cycle 1
Vapour Power Cycle 1
1
Vapour Power Cycles
Introduction:
Vapour power cycles are external combustion systems in which
the working fluid is alternatively vaporized and condensed.
Water/steam is easily available, is economical, chemically stable
and physiologically harmless.
Hence it is the most commonly employed working fluid. Due to its
use as working substance in vapour power cycle, this cycle is
often referred as steam power cycle. The vapour is generated in a
steam boiler which then enters the steam turbine, a condenser
and a feed pump.
In a vapour power cycle, the main objectives are to convert the
energy present in the fuels into mechanical energy and then to
electrical energy.
2
The fuel is burnt, hot flue gases are used to produce steam in
the steam generator. This steam so produced is expanded in a
steam turbine to do work.
3
A power cycle continuously converts heat energy into work, in
which a working fluid performs a succession of processes. In the
vapor power cycle, the working fluid, which is water, undergoes a
change of phase into steam, which may be in the form wet, dry
saturated or super heated. A vapor power plant differs from a gas
power plant in that, it’s working fluid may undergo a phase
change during the working of the plant.
Like in any other power cycle, the working fluid (steam/water) in a
steam power plant undergoes four basic operations in a cyclic
manner.
For each operation in a vapor power plant, we can think of a
hypothetical or ideal process, which represents the basic
intended operation. Since these operations are cyclic, the
idealized processes representing these operations form an ideal
cycle. That is known as vapor power cycle.
4
The Carnot vapor cycle:
A Carnot cycle with two
isothermal and two
isentropic processes can be
thought of as a vapor power
cycle.
However, in practice, it is
almost impossible to design
a vapor power plant, based
on Carnot cycle.
Figure shows the schematic
diagram of a simple steam
power plant working on
vapor power cycle along
with p-v and T-s diagrams.
5
Heat is transferred to water in the
boiler from an external source to
raise steam.
The high pressure, high temperature
steam leaving the boiler expands in
the turbine to produce shaft work.
The steam leaving the turbine
condenses into water in the
condenser, rejecting heat and then
water is pumped back to the boiler.
Consider 1kg of saturated steam at
pressure p1 and absolute
temperature T1, as represented by
point 1. The cycle consists of four
processes.
6
Process 1-2: The saturated water is
isothermally converted into dry
saturated steam in a boiler, at
constant pressure p1.
The dry state of steam is represented
by point 2. The heat absorbed by
saturated water during its conversion
into dry steam is its latent heat of
evaporation at pressure p1 = p2.
i.e.,
The area below the curve 1-2 in the T-s
diagram represents the heat absorbed
during the isothermal process.
Therefore,
7
Process 2-3:
The dry steam expands isentropically in
steam engine or steam turbine.
The pressure and temperature falls from
p2 to p3 and T2 to T3 respectively.
No heat is supplied or rejected during
the process.
Process 3-4: The steam is now
isothermally condensed in a condenser
and heat is rejected at constant
temperature T3 and pressure p3.
Here p3 = p4 and T3 = T4. The area below
the curve 3-4 in the T-s diagram
represents the heat rejected.
Therefore,
8
Process 4-1:
The wet steam at point 4 is finally
compressed isentropically in a
compressor, till it returns back to initial
state 1.
The pressure and temperature rises from
p4 to p1 and T4 to T1 respectively. Since
no heat is absorbed or rejected during
this process, therefore entropy remains
constant.
Work done:
The work done during the cycle,
9
Efficiency of the cycle:
The efficiency of the Carnot cycle,
13
Rankine Vapour Cycle
Many of the impracticalities associated with the Carnot cycle can be
eliminated by superheating the steam in the boiler and condensing it
completely in the condenser.
The cycle that results is the Rankine cycle, which is the ideal cycle for
vapour power plants.
The ideal Rankine cycle does not involve any internal irreversibilities and
consists of the following four processes:
14
• T-v diagram of a pure substance:
15
Process 1-2:
Isentropic compression in
a pump: Water enters the
pump at state 1 as
saturated liquid and is
compressed isentropically
to the operating pressure
of the boiler.
The water temperature
increases somewhat
during this isentropic
compression process due
to a slight decrease in the
specific volume of water.
16
Process 2-3: Constant temperature
heat addition in a boiler: Water
enters the boiler as a compressed
liquid at state 2 and leaves as a
superheated vapor at state 3.
The boiler is basically a large heat
exchanger where the heat
originating from the combustion
gases, nuclear reactors or other
sources is transferred to the water
essentially at constant pressure.
The boiler, together with the
section where the steam is
superheated, is often called as the
steam generator.
17
Process 3-4:
Isentropic expansion in a
turbine:
The superheated vapor at state
3 enters the turbine, where it
expands isentropically and
produces work by rotating the
shaft connected to the electric-
generator.
The pressure and
temperature of the steam drop
during this process to the values
at state 4, where steam enters
the condenser.
18
Process 4-1:
Constant pressure heat rejection in
a condenser:
At the state 4 the steam is usually a
saturated liquid-vapor mixture with
a high quality.
Steam is condensed at constant
pressure in the condenser, which is
basically a large heat exchanger, by
rejecting heat to a cooling medium
such as lake, a river, or the
atmosphere.
Steam leaves the condenser as
saturated liquid and enters the
pump, completing the cycle.
19
Energy analysis of the ideal Rankine Cycle:
All four components associated with the Rankine cycle
the pump, boiler, turbine and condenser are steady-
flow devices, and thus all four processes that make up
the Rankine cycle can be analyzed as steady-flow
processes.
The potential and kinetic energy changes of the steam
are usually small relative to the work and heat transfer
terms and are therefore neglected.
The steady-flow energy equation per unit mass of the
steam reduces to,
20
The boiler and the condenser do not involve any work,
and the pump and the turbine are assumed to be
isentropic.
Then the conservation of energy relation for each device
can be expressed as follows:
The pump work during process 1-2 is given by,
21
The turbine work during the process 3-4 is given by,
The heat added per unit mass in the boiler during the
process 2-3 is given by,
22
Thermal efficiency:
The thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle is given
by,
Or
23
Work ratio:
24
Comparison between Rankine
and Carnot cycle:
a)For the same maximum and
minimum temperatures Rankine
cycle has lower efficiency than that
of the Carnot cycle.
b) For the same maximum and
minimum temperatures Rankine
cycle has the higher specific output
than that of the Carnot cycle.
c) Compression of wet vapor is difficult
and involves large work in case of
Carnot cycle when compared to the
pumping work of feed water to the
boiler in case of a Rankine cycle.
25
Effects of pressure and
temperature on Rankine cycle
performance:
a) Lowering the condenser pressure
increases the thermal efficiency of the
cycle:
The effect of lowering the condenser
pressure on the Rankine cycle efficiency
is illustrated on a T-s diagram as in Fig.
For comparison purposes, the turbine
inlet state is maintained the same.
The colored area on this diagram
represents the increase in net work
output as a result of lowering the
condenser pressure from P4 to P4’. 26
contin….
The heat input requirements
also increase (are under curve 2-
2’), but this increase is very
small.
Thus the overall effect of
lowering the condenser pressure
is an increase in the thermal
efficiency of the cycle.
However the lowest pressure of
condenser under ideal
conditions is limited to the
saturation temperature of the
cooling water or air (cooling
medium). 27
b) Superheating the Steam to High
temperatures increases thermal
efficiency of the cycle:
The effect of superheating on the
performance of the vapor power
cycles is illustrated on a T-s diagram
as in Fig.
The colored area on this diagram
represents the increase in the net
work.
The total area under the curve 3-3’
represents the increase in the heat
input.
Thus the net work and heat input
increase as a result of superheating
the steam to a higher temperature. 28
Continu…..
The overall effect is an increase in
thermal efficiency, however, since
the average temperature at which
the heat is added increases.
Superheating the steam to higher
temperatures has another very
desirable effect:
It decreases the moisture content
of the steam at the turbine exit, as
can be seen from the T-s diagram.
The temperature to which steam
can be superheated is limited,
however, by metallurgical
considerations. 29
c) Increasing the boiler pressure and temperature
increases the efficiency of the cycle:
The increase in the operating pressure of the
boiler automatically raises the temperature
at which the boiling takes place.
This in turn, raises the average temperature
at which heat is transferred to the steam and
raises the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
The effect of increasing the boiler pressure
on the performance of the vapor power
cycles is illustrated on a T-s diagram as in Fig.
Notice that for a fixed turbine inlet
temperature, the cycle shifts the left and the
moisture content of steam at the turbine exit
increases.
30
contin…….:
High moisture content results in erosion
of blade surfaces, affecting their life.
Normally the moisture content at the
turbine exhaust should not exceed 15%.
This undesirable side effect can be
corrected, however, by reheating the
steam.
Fig. shows the variation of efficiency
with boiler pressure.
Efficiency increases with boiler pressure
and reaches maximum value when the
pressure is about 160bar.
Further increase in boiler pressure
results in a fall in efficiency.
31
Actual vapor power cycles:
The actual vapor power cycle differs from the ideal Rankine
cycle, as illustrated in Fig (a), as a result of irreversibilities in various
components. Fluid friction and heat loss to the surroundings are the
two common sources of the irreversibilities.
Fluid friction causes pressure drops in the boiler, the condenser
and the piping between various components.
As a result, steam leaves the boiler at somewhat lower pressure.
32
Actual vapor power cycles:
Also, the pressure at the turbine inlet is somewhat lower than
that in the boiler exit due to the pressure drop in the connecting
pipes.
The pressure drop in the condenser is usually very small.
To compensate for these pressure drops, the water must be
pumped to a sufficiently higher pressure than the ideal cycle calls
for. This requires a larger pump and larger work input to the
pump.
33
Actual vapor power cycles:
The other major source of irreversibility is the heat loss from the
steam to the surroundings as the steam flows through various
components.
To maintain the same level of net work output, more heat needs be
transferred to the steam in the boiler to compensate for these
undesirable heat losses.
As a result the cycle efficiency decreases.
34
Under ideal conditions, the flow through pump and turbine
is isentropic.
The deviation of the actual pumps and turbines from the
isentropic ones can be accounted for by utilizing isentropic
efficiencies, defined as,
And
Where states 2a and 4a are the actual exit states of the pump
and the turbine, respectively, and 2s and 4s are the
corresponding states for the isentropic case (Fig b).
35
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle:
The T-s diagram of the ideal reheat Rankine cycle and the schematic
of the power plant operating on this cycle are shown in Fig.
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle differs from the simple ideal Rankine
cycle in that the expansion process takes place in two stages.
In the first stage (HP turbine), steam is expanded isentropically to
an intermediate pressure and sent back to the boiler where it is
reheated at constant pressure usually to the inlet temperature of
the first turbine stage. 36
The ideal reheat Rankine cycle:
37
And
42
In an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle, steam enters the turbine at
the boiler pressure (state 5) and expands isentropically to an
intermediate pressure (state 6).
Some steam is extracted at this state and routed to the feed water
heater, while the remaining steam continues to expand
isentropically to the condenser pressure (state 7).
This steam leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at the
condenser pressure (state 1).
43
The condensed water which is also called the feed water then
enters an isentropic pump, where it is compressed to the feed
water heater pressure (state 2) and is routed to the feed water
heater, where it mixes with the steam extracted from the turbine.
The fraction of the steam extracted is such that the mixture leaves
the heater as a saturated liquid at the heater pressure (state 3).
A second pump raises the pressure of the water to the boiler
pressure (state 4). The cycle is completed by heating the water in
the boiler to the turbine inlet (state 5).
44
Let for each kg of steam leaving the boiler, y kg expands partially
in the turbine and is extracted at state 6.
The remaining (1 – y) kg expands completely to the condenser
pressure. The heat and work interactions of a regenerative
Rankine cycle with one feed water heater can be expressed per
unit mass of steam flowing through the boiler as follows:
&
Where,
&
45
Closed feed water heaters:
In this heat is transferred from the extracted steam to the feed
water without any mixing taking place.
The two streams now can be at different pressures, since they do
not mix.
The schematic of a power plant with one closed feed water heater
and the T-s diagram of the cycle are shown in Fig.
46
In an ideal closed feed water is heater, the feed water is heated is
heated to the exit temperature of the extracted steam, which
ideally leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the extraction
pressure.
In actual power plants, the feed water leaves the heater below
the exit temperature of the extracted steam because a
temperature difference of at least a few degrees is required for
any effective heat to take place.
47
• The condensed steam is then either pumped to the feed water
heater line or routed to another heater or to the condenser
through a device called trap.
• A trap allows the liquid to be throttled to a lower pressure
region but traps the vapor.
• The enthalpy of the steam remains constant during this throttling
process.
48
Regenerative plant with two open feed water heaters:
Based on a total flow of 1kg of steam,
Turbine output,
Pump work,
Therefore,
49
Regenerative plant with 2 closed feed water heaters:
On the basis of a total flow of 1kg of steam,
Turbine output,
Pump work,
Therefore,
50
To calculate m1 and m2
With open feed water heaters:- applying law of conservation
of energy to each heater,
51
ii) With closed feed water heaters,
52
Reheat – Regenerative cycle:
In this plant regeneration as well as multi-stage expansion with
reheating, are incorporated.
A schematic flow diagram and T-s diagram of a reheat-regenerative
plant with two open feed water heaters are shown below.
Reheating is normally done inside the furnace, in a region where
the temperatures are high. Steam extraction for purposes of
regeneration can be carried out at any intermediate stage in either
of the turbines.
53
54
55
On the basis of a total flow of 1kg of steam,
Turbine output,
Pump work,
Therefore,
56
Problems on vapour power cycle
1. Dry saturated steam at 17.5 bar enters the turbine of
a steam power plant and expands to the condenser
pressure of 0.75 bar. Determine the Carnot and
Rankine cycle efficiencies. Also find the work ratio of
the Rankine cycle.
Solution: P1 = 17.5 bar P2 = 0.75 barCarnot = ? Rankine = ?
a) Carnot cycle: At pressure 17.5 bar from steam tables
A -14 ( Dry saturated steam),
57
P tS hf hfg hg Sf Sfg Sg
= 478.71 K
For tS,
Similarly, hf = 878.15 kJ/kg
Sg = 6.3855 kJ/kg K
58
Also at pressure 0.75 bar from steam tables ( Wet steam)
59
The Carnot cycle , C =
T1 T2 478.71 364.74
0.2381
T1 478.71
Steam rate or SSC 1 1
( specific steam consumption ) =
W WT W P
WP = 66.36 kJ/kg
1
SSC 2.192 x 10 3 kg / kJ
522.47 66.36
Net.work .o / p.of .the.cycle
work ratio
Turbine.work
rw
w
WT WP 456.11
0.873
ve work WT 522.47
62
b) Rankine cycle:
WT WP h2 h3 h1 h4
R
QH h2 h1
63
Since the change in volume of the saturated liquid
water during compression from state 4 to state 1 is
very small, v4 may be taken as constant. In a steady
flow process,
work W = -vdp
WP = h1S – h4 = vfP2 (P1 – P2)
522 . 47 1737
rw 0 . 9967
522 . 47 65
2. If in problem (1), the turbine and the pump have each
85% efficiency, find the % reduction in the net work and
cycle efficiency for Rankine cycle.
WP 1 . 737
WP 2 . 0435 kJ / kg
0 . 85 0 . 85
442.06
cycle 0.1836
2407.81
% reduction in cycle efficiency
0.2162 0.1836
15.08%
0.2162
67
Note: Alternative method for problem 1 using h-s diagram
(Mollier diagram) though the result may not be as accurate as the
analytical solution. The method is as follows
Since steam is dry saturated at state 2, locate this state at the
pressure P2 = 17.5 bar on the saturation line and read the
enthalpy at this state. This will give the value of h2
As the expansion process 2-3 is isentropic, draw a vertical line
through the state 2 to meet the pressure line, P = 0.75 bar. The
intersection of the vertical line with the pressure line will fix state
3. From the chart, find the value of h3.
The value of h4 can be found from the steam tables at pressure, P
= 0.75 bar, as h4 = hf4.
After finding the values of h2, h3 and h4, apply the equation used
in the analytical solution for determining the Rankine cycle and
SSC.
68
3. Steam enters the turbine of a steam power plant, operating
on Rankine cycle, at 10 bar, 3000C. The condenser pressure
is 0.1 bar. Steam leaving the turbine is 90% dry. Calculate
the adiabatic efficiency of the turbine and also the cycle ,
neglecting pump work.
Solution:
P1 = 10 bar t2 = 3000C
P3 = 0.1 bar , x3 = 0.9,t = ?
cycle = ? Neglect WP
From superheated steam tables,
Page no 18
For P2 = 10 bar and t2 = 3000C,
h2 = 3052.1 kJ/kg, s2 = 7.1251 kJ/kg
69
From table A – 1, For P3 = 0.1 bar
x3S = 0.863
WT h 2 h3 k
cycle but h1 191 .8
QH h 2 h1 J/kg
3052.1 2345.4
0.25 i.e., 25%
3052.1 191.8
71
4. A 40 MW steam plant working on Rankine cycle operates
between boiler pressure of 4 MPa and condenser pressure of
10 KPa. The steam leaves the boiler and enters the steam
turbine at 4000C. The isentropic of the steam turbine is 85%.
Determine (i) the cycle (ii) the quality of steam from the
turbine and (iii) the steam flow rate in kg per hour. Consider
pump work.
Solution:
P2 = 4 MPa = 40 bar
P3 = 10 KPa = 0.1 bar
P = 40000kW
t2 = 4000C ,t = 0.85 ,
cycle = ? & x3 = ?
72
h2 h 40 bar , 4000 C 3215.7kJ / kg and s2 = 6.7733 kJ/kg-K
x3S = 0.816
h3S = hf3 + x3S hfg3 = 191.8 + 0.816 (2392.9)
= 2145.2 kJ/kg
h2 h3 3215.7 h3
But t i.e., 0.85
h2 h3 S 3215.7 2145.2
= 4.031 kJ/kg
= h1 – h4 h1 = 195.8 kJ/kg
75
From steam tables
P = 100 bar t = 4000C = v = 0.026408m3/kg
h = 3099.9 kJ/kg
S = 6.2182 kJ/kg-K
P = 15 bar tS = 192.280C, vf = 0.0011538m3/kg,
vg = 0.13167m3/kg
hf = 844.6 kJ/kg,
hg = 2789.9 kJ/kg
sf = 2.3144kJ/kg-K,
0.946
h3S = 844.6 + x3S (1845.3) = 2590.44 kJ/kg
Expansion of steam in the HP turbine = h2 – h3S
= 3099.9 – 2590.44
= 509.46 kJ/kg
77
P = 15 bar, t = 3500C = v = 0.18653
h = 3148.7
s = 7.1044
Expansion of steam in the LP cylinder = h4 – h5s
h4 = 3148.7 kJ/kg
To find h5s:
We have S4 = S5s
x5S = 0.925
h2 h3 3099.9 h3
tHP 0.8
h2 h3s 3099.9 2590.44
80
h4 h5 3148.7 h5
tLP 0.85 h5 = 2574.43 kJ/kg
h4 h5s 3148.7 2473.09
h 2 h 3 h 4 h 5 h1 h 6
th
h 2 h1 h 4 h 3
3099.9 2692.33 3148.7 2574.43 351.99 340.6
3099.9 351.99 3148.7 2692.33
= 0.303 or 30.3% SSC = 3.71 kg/kWh
Using Mollier-chart: h2 = 3095 kJ/kg,h3s = 2680 kJ/kg,
h4 = 3145 kJ/kg, h5 = 2475 kJ/kg,
h6 = 340.6 kJ/kg (from steam tables), WP = 10.249 kJ/kg
81
6. Steam at 50 bar, 3500C expands to 12 bar in a HP stage, and
is dry saturated at the stage exit. This is now reheated to
2800C without any pressure drop. The reheat steam expands in
an intermediate stage and again emerges dry and saturated at
a low pressure, to be reheated a second time to 280 0C. Finally,
the steam expands in a LP stage to 0.05 bar. Assuming the
work output is the same for the high and intermediate stages,
and the efficiencies of the high and low pressure stages are
equal, find: (a) of the HP stage (b) Pressure of steam at the
exit of the intermediate stage, (c) Total power output from the
three stages for a flow of 1kg/s of steam, (d) Condition of
steam at exit of LP stage and (e) Then of the reheat cycle.
Also calculate the thermodynamic mean temperature of
energy addition for the cycle.
Solution:
82
P1 = 50 bar t2 = 3500C P2 = 12 bar t4 = 2800C, t6 =
2800C P3 = ? P4 = 0.05 bar
From Mollier diagram
h2 = 3070kJ/kg h3s = 2755 kJ/kg h3 = 2780 kJ/kg h4
= 3008 kJ/kg
h2 h3 3070 2780
(a) t for HP stage h h 3070 2755= 0.921 83
2 3s
(b) Since the power output in the intermediate stage equals
that of the HP stage, we have
h2 – h3 = h4 – h5
i.e., 3070 – 2780 = 3008 – h5
h5 = 2718 kJ/kg
Since state 5 is on the saturation line, we find from Mollier chart, P 3
= 2.6 bar,
Also from Mollier chart, h5s = 2708 kJ/kg, h6 = 3038 kJ/kg,
h7s = 2368 kJ/kg
Since t is same for HP and LP stages,
h6 h7 3038 h7
t 0.921 h7 2420.93kJ/kg
h6 h7 s 3038 2368
At a pressure 0.05 bar, h7 = hf7 + x7 hfg7
2420.93 = 137.8 + x7 (2423.8)
x7 = 0.941 84
Total power output = (h2 – h3) + (h4 – h5) + (h6 – h7)
= h8 – h1s
Wnet 1192.05
th 0.343
QH 3475.18
th 1
To
1
273 32.9
0.343,
Tm Tm
305.9 Tm =
0.657
Tm 465.6 K
Or
h2 h1s 3070 142.82
Tm 492 K
S 2 S1s 6.425 0.4763
3600
SSC 3 .02 kg / kWh
1192 .05 86
7. A steam power station uses the following cycle: Steam
at boiler outlet – 150 bar; reheat at 40 bar, 5500C;
condenser at 0.1 bar. Using Mollier chart and assuming
that all processes are ideal, find (i) quality at turbine
exhaust (ii) cycle (iii) steam rate.
Solution:
87
P2 = 150 bar t2 = 5500C P3 = 40 bart3 = 5500C
P5 = 0.1 bar
From Mollier diagram i.e., h-s diagram
h3 = 3050 kJ/kg
h5 = 2290 kJ/kg
x5 = 0.876 kJ/kg
h6 can not determined from h-s diagram, hence steam tables are used.
h2 h 150 bar ,5500 C 3450kJ / kg
90
Solution:
RatioW
ofP 0.0116 i.e., 1.2%
WT
92
(iii) QL = (h5 – h6) = (2410 – 226) = 2184 kJ/kg
(iv) cycle
Wnet
1740 20.26
0.4383 i.e., 43.8%
QTotal 3924
93
9. An ideal regenerative cycle operates with dry
saturated steam, the maximum and minimum pressures
being 30 bar and 0.04 bar respectively. The plant is
installed with a single mixing type feed water heater. The
bled steam pressure is 2.5 bar. Determine (a) the mass of
the bled steam, (b) the thermal of the cycle, and (c)
SSC in kg/kWh.
Solution:
94
P1 = 30 bar P2 = 2.5 bar P3 = 0.04 bar
S 2 = 6.1838 kJ/kg0k
m
h7 h6
535.4 121.65
0.177kg / kg of steam
h3 h6 2452.68 121.65
b) Thermal :
Turbine work, WT = 1 (h2 – h3s) + (1 – m) (h3 – h4s)
(2802.3 – 2452.65) + (1 – 0.177) (2452.68 – 1862.1)
= 835.67 kJ/kg
96
Pump work, WP = (1 – m) (h6s – h5) + 1 (h1s – h7)
Wnet =832
2263.96 kJ/kg
.52
th 0.368 or
QH 2263.96 36.8%
c)
SSC: 3600
SSC 4.324kg / kWh
Wnet
97
10.Steam at 20 bar and 3000C is supplied to a turbine in
a cycle and is bled at 4 bar. The bled-steam just
comes out saturated. This steam heats water in an
open heater to its saturation state. The rest of the
steam in the turbine expands to a condenser
pressure of 0.1 bar. Assuming the turbine efficiency
to be the same before and after bleeding, find:
a) the turbine and the steam quality at the exit of
the last stage; b) the mass flow rate of bled steam
1kg of steam flow at the turbine inlet; c) power
output / (kg/s) of steam flow; and d) overall cycle .
98
Solution:
99
P1 = 20 bar t1 = 3000CP2 = 4 barP3 = 0.1 bar
5.1179, Sg = 6.8943
7.5018, 8.1511
We have, S2 = S3s i.e., 6.7696 = 1.7764 + x3 (5.1179)
h2 h3 3025 2737.6
t 0.847
h2 h3s 3025 2685.63
x4s = 0.832
101
2737.6 h4
i.e., 0.847
2737.6 2183.81
h4 = 2268.54 kJ/kg
h4 = hf4 + x4 hfg4 x4 = 0.868
104
11. Steam at 50 bar, 3500C expands to 12 bar in a HP stage, and
is dry saturated at the stage exit. This is now reheated to
2800C without any pressure drop. The reheat steam expands
in an intermediate stage and again emerges dry and
saturated at a low pressure, to be reheated a second time to
2800C. Finally, the steam expands in a LP stage to 0.05 bar.
Assuming the work output is the same for the high and
intermediate stages, and the efficiencies of the high and low
pressure stages are equal, find: (a) of the HP stage (b)
Pressure of steam at the exit of the intermediate stage, (c)
Total power output from the three stages for a flow of 1kg/s
of steam, (d) Condition of steam at exit of LP stage and
(e) Then of the reheat cycle. Also calculate the
thermodynamic mean temperature of energy addition for
the cycle.
105
Solution:
th 1
To
1
273 32.9
0.343,
Tm Tm
305.9
0.657 Tm = 465.6 K
Tm
O
r
h2 h1s 3070 142.82
Tm 492 K
S 2 S 1s 6.425 0.4763
3600
SSC 3 .02 kg / kWh
1192 .05 109
12.Steam at 30 bar and 3500C is supplied to a steam
turbine in a practical regenerative cycle and the
steam is bled at 4 bar. The bled steam comes out as
dry saturated steam and heats the feed water in an
open feed water heater to its saturated liquid state.
The rest of the steam in the turbine expands to
condenser pressure of 0.1 bar. Assuming the turbine
to be same before and after bleeding determine
(i) the turbine , (ii) steam quality at inlet to
condenser, (iii) mass flow rate of bled steam per
unit mass rate at turbine inlet and (iv) the cycle .
110
Solution:
111
From superheated steam tables,
h2 = h3 hg P3 4 bar 2737.6 kJ / kg
h5 h f P5 0.1bar 191.8 kJ / kg
h7 h f P7 4 bar 604.7 kJ / kg
Process 2-3s is isentropic, i.e., S2 = S3S
6.7471 = 1.7764 + x3S (5.1179)
x3S = 0.971
h3S = hf3 + x3S hfg3
= 604.7 + 0.971 (2132.9)
= 2676.25 kJ/kg 112
Process 3-4s is isentropic i.e., S3 = S4S
x4S = 0.832
115
h2 h 20 bar , 3000 C 3025kJ / kg
and s2 = 6.7696kJ/kg-K
119
h2 h 20 bar , 3000 C 3025kJ / kg and s2 = 6.7696kJ/kg-K
Process 2-3 is isentropic
i.e., S2 = S3
6.7696 = 1.9918 + x3 (4.7134)
x3 = 1.014
i.e., state 3 can be approximated as dry saturated.
120
h3 h 7 bar , dry sat . = 2762kJ/kg
121
Applying energy balance to FWH
mh5 + (1 – m) h8 = h9
i.e., m (2652.9) + (1 – m) 137.8 = 417.5
m = 0.111 kg/kg of steam
h2 h3 h4 h5 1 m h5 h6
(i) C 0.35
h2 h1 h4 h3
3600
(ii ) SSC 3.57kg / kWh
Wnet
(iii) Quality of steam entering condenser, x6 =
0.862
122
16. The net power output of a regenerative – reheat
cycle power plant is 80mW. Steam enters the high
pressure turbine at 80 bar, 500 0C and expands to a
pressure P2 and emerges as dry vapour. Some of the
steam goes to an open feed water heater and the
balance is reheated at 4000C at constant pressure P2
and then expanded in the low pressure turbine to
0.05 bar. Determine (i) the reheat pressure P 2, (ii)
the mass of bled steam per kg boiler steam, (iii) the
steam flow rate in HP turbine, (iv) cycle . Neglect
pump work. Sketch the relevant lines on h-s
diagram. Assume expansion in the turbines as
isentropic.
123
P = 80000 kW P1 = 80 bar t2 = 5000C P2 = ? t3 = 4000C
P3 = 0.05 bar m = ? cycle = ?
h2 h 80 bar, 5000 C 3398.8kJ / kg and s2 = 6.7262
Process 2-3 is isentropic i.e., S2 = S3 = 6.7262 kJ/kg-K
Given state 3 is dry saturated i.e., S3 = 6.7262S=g P2
124
From table A – 1, for dry saturated steam, at P = 6.0 bar, Sg
= 6.7575 and at P = 7.0 bar, Sg = 6.7052
Using linear interpolation,
6.0 7.0
P x 6.7262 6.7052 0.402 bar
6.7575 6.7052
(i) P2 = 6 + 0.402 = 6.402 bar h3 h P2 6.4 bar