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    Leaves: Form & Function

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    Shiba Tatsuya
    Leaves have both external and internal structures that allow them to carry out photosynthesis. Externally, leaves have features like a blade, margin, veins, petiole, and stipules. Internally, leaves contain tissues like the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Leaves also come in different shapes, like simple, compound, peltate, and perfoliate. Their veins can be arranged in netted, parallel, or dichotomous patterns. Some leaves have specialized functions, such as tendrils that allow plants to cling, succulent leaves that store water, or insect-trapping leaves found on plants like pitcher plants.

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    Leaves: Form & Function

    Uploaded by

    Shiba Tatsuya
    31 views19 pages
    Leaves have both external and internal structures that allow them to carry out photosynthesis. Externally, leaves have features like a blade, margin, veins, petiole, and stipules. Internally, leaves contain tissues like the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Leaves also come in different shapes, like simple, compound, peltate, and perfoliate. Their veins can be arranged in netted, parallel, or dichotomous patterns. Some leaves have specialized functions, such as tendrils that allow plants to cling, succulent leaves that store water, or insect-trapping leaves found on plants like pitcher plants.

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    Leaves have both external and internal structures that allow them to carry out photosynthesis. Externally, leaves have features like a blade, margin, veins, petiole, and stipules. Internally, leaves contain tissues like the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Leaves also come in different shapes, like simple, compound, peltate, and perfoliate. Their veins can be arranged in netted, parallel, or dichotomous patterns. Some leaves have specialized functions, such as tendrils that allow plants to cling, succulent leaves that store water, or insect-trapping leaves found on plants like pitcher plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    31 views19 pages

    Leaves: Form & Function

    Uploaded by

    Shiba Tatsuya
    Leaves have both external and internal structures that allow them to carry out photosynthesis. Externally, leaves have features like a blade, margin, veins, petiole, and stipules. Internally, leaves contain tissues like the epidermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. Leaves also come in different shapes, like simple, compound, peltate, and perfoliate. Their veins can be arranged in netted, parallel, or dichotomous patterns. Some leaves have specialized functions, such as tendrils that allow plants to cling, succulent leaves that store water, or insect-trapping leaves found on plants like pitcher plants.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 19

    LEAVES: FORM & FUNCTION

    • Function
    • External Anatomy
    • Internal Anatomy
    • Specialized Leaves
    The Plant Body: Leaves
    • FUNCTION OF LEAVES
    – Leaves are the solar
    energy and CO2 collectors
    of plants.
    – In some plants, leaves
    have become adapted for
    specialized functions.
    EXTERNAL ANATOMY
    • Leaves possess a blade or lamina, an edge
    called the margin of the leaf, the veins (vascular
    bundles), a petiole, and two appendages at the
    base of the petiole called the stipules.
    EXTERNAL ANATOMY
    Phyllotaxy - Arrangement of leaves on a stem
    Leaf types - Simple, compound, peltate and perfoliate

    • Simple leaf = undivided blade with a single


    axillary bud at the base of its petiole.
    • Compound leaf = blade divided into leaflets,
    leaflets lack an axillary bud but each
    compound leaf has a single bud at the base
    of its petiole
    – pinnately-compound leaves: leaflets in pairs
    and attached along a central rachis;
    examples include ash, walnut, pecan, and
    rose.
    – palmately-compound leaves: leaflets attached
    at the same point at the end of the petiole;
    examples of plants with this leaf type include
    buckeye, horse chestnut, hemp or marijuana,
    and shamrock.
    • Peltate leaves = petioles that are attached
    to the middle of the blade; examples include
    mayapple
    • Perfoliate leaves = sessile leaves that
    surround and are pierced by stems;
    examples include yellow-wort and
    thoroughwort
    Leaf types – Pinnately & Palmately Compound Leaves
    Peltate & Perfoliate Leaves

    Mayapple
    Yellow Wort
    Venation = arrangement of veins in a leaf
    • Netted-venation = one or a few prominent midveins from
    which smaller minor veins branch into a meshed network;
    common to dicots and some nonflowering plants.
    – Pinnately-veined leaves = main vein called midrib with secondary
    veins branching from it (e.g., elm).
    – Palmately-veined leaves = veins radiate out of base of blade (e.g.,
    maple).
    • Parallel venation = characteristics of many monocots (e.g.,
    grasses, cereal grains); veins are parallel to one another.
    • Dichotomous venation = no midrib or large veins; rather
    individual veins have a tendency to fork evenly from the
    base of the the blade to the opposite margin, creating a fan-
    shaped leaf (e.g., Gingko).  
    Venation Types

    Netted or Reticulate
    Venation
    LEAF – Internal Anatomy
    Leaf – Internal Anatomy
    Internal and External Views
    Deciduous Leaves & Leaf Abscission
    Specialized or Modified Leaves
    • Cotyledons: embryonic or "seed" leaves. First leaves produced by a germinating seed, often
    contain a store of food (obtained from the endosperm) to help the seedling become established.
    • Tendrils - blade of leaves or leaflets are reduced in size, allows plant to cling to other objects
    (e.g., sweet pea and garden peas.
    • Shade leaves = thinner, fewer hairs, larger to compensate for less light; often found in plants
    living in shaded areas.
    • Drought-resistant leaves = thick, sunken stomata, often reduced in size
    – In American cacti and African euphorbs, leaves are often reduced such that they serve as spine to
    discourage herbivory and reduce water loss; stems serve as the primary organ of photosynthesis.
    – In pine trees, the leaves are adapted to living in a dry environment too. Water is locked up as ice during
    significant portions of the year and therefore not available to the plant; pine leaves possess sunken
    stomata, thick cuticles, needle-like leaves, and a hypodermis, which is an extra cells just underneath the
    epidermis - refer to Figure 9.18 on page 216 in the textbook.
    • Prickles and thorns: epidermal outgrowths on stems and leaves (e.g., holly, rose, and
    raspberries; Hypodermic trichomes on stinging nettles.
    • Storage leaves succulent leaves retain water in large vacuoles.
    • Reproductive leaves, (e.g., Kalanchöe plantlets arise on margins of leaves.
    • Insect-trapping leaves: For example: pitcher plants, sundews venus flytraps, and bladderworts
    have modified leaves for capturing insects; All these plants live under nutrient-poor conditions
    and digest insect bodies to obtain nitrogen and other essential nutrients.
    • Bracts:  petal-like leaves.
    • Window Leaves:  plant is buried in soil with transparent part exposed to light.  Being buried
    reduces loss of war in arid environments.
    • Flower pot leaves:  Structure to catch water and debris for nutrient collection - fairy-elephant's
    feet.
    Cotyledons or “seed leaves”
    Tendrils

    Garden Pea
    Leaves as Needles and Spines
    Leaves as Colorful Bracts

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