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Bios

A computer's central processor can only execute program code found in (ROM) and (RAM) when a computer is first powered on, it does not have an operating system in ROM or RAM. A Boot Loader is a small program that starts this sequence of loading into RAM. It will then be able to load the operating system properly, and finally transfer execution to it.

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Joisar
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88 views

Bios

A computer's central processor can only execute program code found in (ROM) and (RAM) when a computer is first powered on, it does not have an operating system in ROM or RAM. A Boot Loader is a small program that starts this sequence of loading into RAM. It will then be able to load the operating system properly, and finally transfer execution to it.

Uploaded by

Joisar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOS

PhoenixBIOSD686

c
BIOS
 Set of programs resides in ROM
that performs the most basic low
level intimate control and
supervision of operation for the
computer..
computer
 The BIOS is boot firmware,
designed to be the first code run
by a PC when powered onon.. 2
 The initial function of the BIOS is to
identify, test, and initialize system devices
such as the video display card, hard disk,
floppy disk and other hardware.
hardware.
 The BIOS sets the machine hardware into
a known state, so that software stored on
compatible media can be loaded,
executed, and given control of the PC. PC.
This process is known as booting, or
booting up, which is short for
bootstrapping..
bootstrapping
^
|  

c. Check whether the initial program load
(IPL) hardware, the minimum h/w that
should be working properly, is working
IPL is a hardware function, not a
program run on the system itself.
itself.

2. Processor runs the POST (power on self


test) routines

u
^. Bootstrap program which resides either in
floppy or hard disk, is download to the
active portion of the main memory.

4. Bootstrap download the OS

5. Once the Os is loaded it takes complete


control of the system and is now ready to
execute the user instruction.


      -
 computer's central processor can only
execute program code found in (ROM) and
(R M).

 Modern operating systems and application


program code and data are stored on
nonvolatile data storage devices, such as hard
disk, CD etc.

 When a computer is first powered on, it does


not have an operating system in ROM or R M.
 The computer must initially execute a small
program stored in ROM

 long with the bare minimum of data


needed to access the nonvolatile devices
from which the operating system programs
and data are loaded into R M

 The small program that starts this sequence


of loading into R M, is known as a
3   3   
‰
| 
3  
 Second-stage of boot loader, such as
GRUB, BOOTMGR, or NTLDR.

 It will then be able to load the operating


system properly, and finally transfer
execution to it.

 The operating system will initialize itself,


and may load device drivers that are
needed for the normal operation of the
OS.
O
 Many boot loaders (like GRUB, BOOTMGR,
LILO, and NTLDR) can be configured to
give the user multiple booting choices.

 These choices can include different


operating systems (for dual or multi-
booting from different partitions or
drives).
 The boot process can be considered
complete when the computer is ready to
interact with the user, or the OS is
capable of running system programs or
application programs.

BIOS organization
 There are mainly three functional blocks of
BIOS :
c. Start up routines or initialize routine

2. Service handling

^. H/w interrupt handling

c
Organization Of ROM BIOS

Startup
Routines

Programmed Service Request


Service
Handling

H/W Interrupt Hardware Interrupt

Handling
cc
|        
  
 The start up routine first determines the
System hardware configuration. The list of
hardware connected is being maintained
by CMOS chip and powered by battery.

 The BIOS read the content of the CMOS or


system configuration.

c2
 Then it runs a test program POST
(power on self test)
c. Check whether all hardware's are
working good
2. Then it senses the presence of BIOS-like
programs associated with expansion
boards in the pc (video, nic).
^. If those program exist, the BIOS gives
controls to them so they can do the
initialization.

c^
 Then the BIOS will run a bootstrap routine
to load the system software from the
floppy disk or the hard disk.

 The initialisation routine, POST and


Bootstrap is the part of | 
  

cu
|  

 n application program may seek service


requests to clear the display screen, or to
switch the screen from text mode to
graphics mode.
 The services are handled by the BIOS by
honoring the respective interrupt and
servicing the interrupt.

c
A     

 Xach and every hardware connected


needs the services of the processor for
there functioning. example.

c. Key is pressed interrupt is raises.


2. The interrupt is properly serviced by
Ê   |    
^. The data from the keyboard is received
and stored.

c
4. When the program sends a  

The    passes on the
request to the      
  and the monitor display the
character pressed.

c‰
BIOS-DOS-WINDOWS Interaction
 T the end of startup routine, OS takes all
the controls.

 The OS act as interface between the


application programs and the H/W, BIOS
help the OS.

 ll application need to access H\W


peripherals several times.

cO


A

Ê |

 |
Ê

c
 If an application program having assembly
language routine in its code can access
the 3 directly
 If not it can access through DOS operating
system.
 If you have Window installed BIOS can be
accessed by pplication program-
Windows-DOS.
 Recent Windows have built-in DOS.
 Windows can directly access BIOS.

2
Major BIOS vendors

 merican Megatrends ( MI)


 Insyde Software
 Phoenix Technologies
 Byosoft

2c
CMOS Memory

 computer needs a semi-


semi-permanent
way of keeping some start-
start-up data
 e.g. the current time, the no. of hard disks
 the data may need to be updated/changed

 CMOS memory requires (very little) power


to retain its contents.
 supplied by a battery on the motherboard
22

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