Genes and Genetic Engineering v2.0
Genes and Genetic Engineering v2.0
Genes and Genetic Engineering v2.0
homologous
chromosomes
Each chromosome
is a very long molecule
of tightly coiled DNA.
DNA molecules carry the code that controls what cells are
made of and what they do.
Which part of a DNA molecule holds this information?
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The structure of DNA
There are four types of bases, and they are usually identified
by their initials.
A adenine
C cytosine
G guanine
T thymine
‘A’ always pairs with ‘T’ ‘C’ always pairs with ‘G’
A T C G
protein
molecule 1
amino acids
What happens if the amino acids are in a different order?
protein
molecule 2
DNA stays in the nucleus but proteins are built in the cell’s
cytoplasm.
Each gene contains a different sequence of bases.
Stage Example
1. Select the product or antigen for
characteristic needed hepatitis B
2. Isolate genes from hepatitis B virus
specialist cells
3. Insert the genes yeast
into target cells
4. Replicate the yeast culture
new organism in fermenters
pest resistance
frost resistance
disease resistance
herbicide resistance
drought resistance
longer shelf life
GM lettuce non-GM
lettuce
Why are some people against the development and use
of GM crops?
loose strand
of main DNA plasmid
– small ring of
additional DNA
genetic
material
Additional controlling
DNA is also introduced,
so the human antibody
is only produced in the
goat’s mammary gland
at a certain time.
What advantages
does this method of
producing
antibodies have?
More and more couples are asking for this treatment but
should it be allowed?