Global Context: Key Concept: Relationship Related concept: Models

ATOMS, ELEMENTS AND

COMPOUNDS

K : T H E AT O M I C S T R U C T U R E
U : H O W E L E M E N T S C A N B E C AT E G O R I Z E D
USING
T H E P E R I O D I C TA B L E
D: OUTLINE THE PROS AND CONS OF
DEVELOPMENT
OF ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY

Statement of Inquiry:
The development of systems roots from the expression and discovery of ideas through models and evidence.
K: The atomic
structure
U: How elements can
be categorized using
the Periodic Table
D: Outline the pros ATOMIC THEORY
and cons of
development
of isotopes and
radioactivity

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Democritus

Believed universe made of invisible

units called atoms
• Named them Atoms
• 400 BC
• Aristotle said “He’s a quack!!!”
• Took 2000 years to be proved right!

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

The Atomic Structure

• Dalton's atomic theory was the first complete
attempt to describe all matter in terms of atoms
and their properties.
• The first part of his theory states that all matter is
made of atoms, which are indivisible.
• The second part of the theory says all atoms of a
given element are identical in mass and
properties.

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Rutherford’s experiment Involved

firing a stream of tiny positively
charged particles at a thin sheet of
gold foil (2000 atoms thick)
Most of the positively charged
“bullets” passed right through the
gold atoms in the sheet of gold foil
without changing course at all.
Some of the positively charged
“bullets,” however, did bounce
away from the gold sheet as if they
had hit something solid. He knew
that positive charges repel positive
charges.
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Bohr’s model

In this model, the nucleus is orbited by

electrons, which are in different
energy levels.
A model uses familiar ideas to explain
unfamiliar facts observed in nature.
A model can be changed as new
information is collected.

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

J.J THOMSON
JAMES CHADWICK
Neutrons always reside in the nucleus of
atoms and they are about the same size
as protons.
Neutrons do not have any electrical
charge; they are electrically neutral.
 DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the
presence of a negatively charged particle: the electron
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Scientist Atomic theory

Activity 1
1. J.J Thomson 1. Rearranged to pattern of the periodic table to
atomic number

2. John Dalton 2. Electrons travel in certain paths or energy

levels.
3. Democritus 3. There are small, negatively charged particles
inside an atom.
4. Ernest Rutherford 4. He wanted to know why elements combine in
specific proportions
5. Niels Bohr 5. Most of an atom's mass in the nucleus.
6. Henry Moseley 6. Atoms cannot be separated into two bodies.

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Are atoms the smallest?

No. Most atoms are made up of even

smaller particles called
• protons
• neutrons
• electrons.

Protons carry a positive electrical charge (+). Neutrons have no electrical charge.
Protons and neutrons together make a dense bundle at the center of an atom. This bundle
is called the nucleus.
Electrons have a negative electrical charge (-) and move around the nucleus. Electrons are
the smallest of these particles.
11
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Accepted Theory of Bohr’s Model

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Properties of subatomic particles

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

What to remember

Biggest to Smallest

molecule •protons
atom nucleus electrons
•neutrons

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are

all called particles.

14
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Identification of Atoms?

15
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Self Assess 1?

1. (a) An atom of uranium (U) has 92 protons and 143 neutrons. What is the
proton number and nucleon number? Write its nuclear symbol.

2. Seaweed is rich in element iodine, represented by

127
53 I
How many protons, electrons and neutrons are there in an iodine atom?

https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5d9fd87c1e549e001ba60576/atomic-
structure

16
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
What are elements?

• Made up of one type of atom

• Cannot be broken down by
physical and chemical methods
• Examples: Oxygen, Nitrogen,
Carbon

Sample of the Sample of the

Element Lead Element Chlorine
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
What are compounds?

– composed of 2 or more elements

in a fixed ratio
– properties differ from those of
individual elements
– EX: table salt (NaCl)

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

 Compounds
– composed of 2 or
more elements in a
fixed ratio
– properties differ
from those of
individual
elements
– EX: table salt
(NaCl)
Periodic Table of the Elements

As scientists started indirectly figuring out things about elements, like how heavy they
are or how common they are, they started sorting them into a table.

The Periodic Table of the Elements can tell you for each element
• Whether it’s a solid, liquid, or gas
• How many protons it has in its nucleus
K: The atomic
Interactive periodic table of the elements: structure
http://periodic.lanl.gov/index.shtml U: How elements can
be categorized using
the Periodic Table
D: Outline the pros
and cons of
development
of isotopes and
radioactivity
Periodic Table of the Elements

21
The Periodic Table

Periods and Groups

– A period consists of the elements in any one

horizontal row of the periodic table.
– A group consists of the elements in any one
column of the periodic table (similar
properties/structure).

22
The Periodic Table

• Periods and Groups

– The “B” groups are called

transition elements.

– The two rows of elements at the bottom of the table are called
inner transition elements.
– Elements in any one group have similar properties because
their outer shells have the same number of valence electron
(discuss in later sections).
23
The Periodic Table

• Periods and Groups

– The elements in group IA (except H) - alkali metals

– The elements in group IIA - alkaline earth metals,

– The group VIIA elements - halogens

– The group VIIIA elements – noble gases (monoatomic)

– Diatomic elements – H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2

– Most species are solids at room temperature; H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2,
and noble gases are gases; Br2 and Hg are liquids.

24
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

ISOTOPES

K: THE DEFINITION OF ISOTOPES

U: PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
P R O P E RT I E S O F I S O T O P E S
D: OUTLINE THE PROS AND CONS OF
DEVELOPMENT
OF ISOTOPES AND RADIOACTIVITY

Statement of Inquiry:
The development of systems roots from the expression and discovery of ideas through models and evidence.
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Isotopes
K: The definition of • Atoms of the same element with
isotopes
U: physical and same proton number and electron
chemical properties number but different neutron
of isotopes
D: Outline the pros number.
and cons of • Boron-10 (10B) has 5 p and 5 n
development
of isotopes and • Boron-11 (11B) has 5 p and 6 n
radioactivity

11
B

10
B
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Atomic Symbols

 Show the name of the element, a hyphen,

and the mass number in hyphen notation
sodium-23
 Show the mass number and atomic
number in nuclear symbol form
mass number
Na 23
11
atomic number
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Isotopes?
Which of the following represent
isotopes of the same element? Which
element?
234 234 235 238
X X X X
92 93 92 92

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

 Learning Check – Counting

Naturally occurring carbon consists of three

isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C. State the number of
protons, neutrons, and electrons in each of
these carbon atoms.
12
C C
13 14
C
6 6 6

#p+ _______ _______ _______

#no _______ _______ _______
#e- _______ _______ _______
Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Average Atomic Mass?

The average atomic mass of an element is the sum of
the masses of its isotopes, each multiplied by its
natural abundance (the decimal associated with
percent of atoms of that element that are of a given
isotope)

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Personal and cultural Key Concept: systems Related concept: Models and evidence
expressions

Average Atomic Mass?

Example 1

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

 Calculate the relative abundance of the following
atoms

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Personal and Cultural The development of systems roots from the Systems Models
Expressions expression and discovery of ideas through Evidence
 What are radioisotopes?

Some proton-neutron combinations are more stable

than others.
• Stable combinations are not likely to change.
• Unstable combinations are likely to change at
some time.
Elements with unstable isotopes (radioisotopes) can
change suddenly, releasing energy.

Online file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/build-an-atom_en%20(2).html
simulation:
Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion
What are radioactivity?

This is the process by which unstable isotopes emit

material.
The instability in the atom is the result of an
unstable nucleus trying to become more stable by
decaying and emit radiation.
A radioisotope is defines as the nuclei of an
unstable isotope

Example: C-14 radioactive dating process

Radioactivity Expect the unexpected - Steve Weatherall.mp4

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

 Criterion D
Cobalt-60: Uranium-235:
- radiotherapy for cancer - Produces energy via
treatment
- gamma ray kills cancerous cells
nuclear fission
- removal of tumor without surgery - Radioactive waste that
- increases survival rate of cancer emits radiation, and
patients
Technetium-99m: remains present for many
- A tracer to identify years
abnormal cells growth in
body
- Short half-life that does not
damage body
- Cancer identified earlier,
greater chance of cure
Uranium-235: Carbon-14:
- Produces energy via - Carbon dating finds
nuclear fission out the age of fossils
- Produces a lot of energy
- Allows us to
with a little fuel
understand more
about the past
Sodium-24:
- A tracer dissolved in water
systems to detect water leakage
- Reduce wastage
- Save maintenance cost

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Personal and Cultural The development of systems roots from the Systems Models
Expressions expression and discovery of ideas through Evidence
 Get into group of 4 and discuss (10 minutes)

• What are radioisotopes

• Uses of radioisotopes in different industries
(medical, chemical, archeology..)
• What are the effects of radioisotopes to the
environment and human health, relate it to recent
issues
• How do we handle radioactive substances safely?

Present your data to your friends

Tuning in Sorting Out Going Further Making Conclusion

Global Context: Statement of Enquiry: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Personal and Cultural The development of systems roots from the Systems Models
Expressions expression and discovery of ideas through Evidence
Exit task

• Atoms are the smallest units of matter that have all the characteristics of an
element. Atoms combine to form molecules. Atoms are composed of smaller
particles known as protons, neutrons, and electrons.

• Protons have a positive electrical charge, neutrons have no electrical charge,

and electrons have a negative electrical charge.

• Protons and neutrons together form the nucleus or central mass of the atom.
Electrons move around the nucleus.

• The nucleus of each atom of an element contains the same number of protons,
but the number of neutrons may vary.

37
Exit task

• Isotopes of an element are identified by adding the number of

protons and neutrons together and writing the sum by the
chemical symbol for the element.

• The energy that holds the nucleus of an atom together is the

strongest force known in nature.

38
Advanced Student Assignment: Making Matter: Build an Atom

Interactive game on CD:

Online interactive game:
http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/build-an-atom

39
References

• 1. Online Resources:
https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/radioisotopes/lesson/Radioisotopes-MS-PS/
• 2.
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_
CHE_201_-_General_Chemistry_I_(Anthony_and_Clark)/Unit_3%3A_Nuclei%2
C_Ions%2C_and_Molecules/3.1%3A_Nuclear_Chemistry_and_Radioactive_De
cay

40