1.

CEMENTING
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY I
1.02 Gypsum
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF One of the oldest manufactured building materials used

CEMENT
as a mortar and plaster by all the early civilizations:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Egyptians used lime plaster before 2600 B.C.
3.02 Qualities • Greeks used it extensively for mortars and plasters
of Good
Concrete • Romans developed a mixture of lime putty and volcanic
3.03 Materials of
Concrete ash for the first real cement.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
Manufactured by the
3.08 Shrinkage calcination of limestone
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
(carbonates of calcium
and magnesium).
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The carbonates decompose

CEMENT
into carbon dioxide, which is
3. CONCRETE expelled, and calcium oxide
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities (CaO) called quicklime.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Before quicklime can be
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning used, it must first be mixed
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting with water in the process
and Placing called slaking or hydration. Quicklime
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED The lime has now become

CONCRETE calcium hydroxide
4.01 Types of
Processed (Ca(OH)2), known as slaked
Concrete lime or hydrated lime.
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.01 LIME
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Hydrated lime mixed with water to make lime putty, is used
CEMENT
as an ingredient of hard-finish coat for two-and three-coat
3. CONCRETE Portland cement plasters. It is also used for mixing with
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities cement mortar or concrete to:
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • increase its workability
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
• decrease its permeability
3.05 Proportioning to water
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • reduce cracking due to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms A type of lime which will
4. PROCESSED set under water is
CONCRETE hydraulic lime, used only
4.01 Types of
Processed where slow underwater
Concrete setting is required.
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.02 GYPSUM
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum, like lime, was used

CEMENT
as a plaster by the Egyptians,
3. CONCRETE Greeks and Romans.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
“Plaster” from the Greek
Concrete word for both the raw material
3.03 Materials of
Concrete and calcined product. In
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
architectural terminology the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
words “Plaster” and
and Placing “gypsum” are often used
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing interchangeably.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Gypsum rock is ground fine and heated (calcined) to between
4. PROCESSED 325 F. to 340 F. when it loses about three-fourths of its
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of combined water.
Processed
Concrete The remaining product is Plaster of Paris if pure gypsum is
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
used, or hard wall plaster if 39.5 % impurities are present or
weight Conc. added to retard the set and improve the setting qualities. Hard
wall plaster is harder than lime plaster, sets more quickly and
thoroughly.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.02 GYPSUM
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Gypsum plaster is rendered

CEMENT
more plastic by the addition of
3. CONCRETE hydrated lime.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Fiber or hair is also sometimes
Concrete added for greater cohesiveness.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete The fiber may be hemp, sisal or
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
jute; the hair is generally
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
cleaned goat or cattle hair.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF First developed by the Romans by mixing slaked lime with

CEMENT
pozzolana (volcanic ash) which hardened under water.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition With the fall of the Roman Empire the art of cement-making
3.02 Qualities
of Good
was lost and for several centuries.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete In 1756, Smeaton, an Englishman,
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
rediscovered hydraulic cement but it
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
was not until 1824 that Aspdin, an
and Placing English bricklayer and mason,
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing invented and patented Portland
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms cement.
4. PROCESSED Today, the word “cement” generally
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of refers to Portland cement which is the
Processed principal type of cement in use.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 1. CEMENTING MATERIALS
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 1.03 CEMENT
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Portland cement is obtained

CEMENT
by finely pulverizing clinker
3. CONCRETE produced by calcining a
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities proportioned mixture of
of Good argillaceous (silica, alumina)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of and calcareous (lime)
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test materials with iron oxide and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
small amounts of other
3.07 Transporting ingredients.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Types of Portland cement:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
• slow-setting cement
• quick-setting high early
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE strength cement
4.01 Types of • sulfate-resisting cement for
Processed
Concrete
applications where alkaline
4.02 Aggregates water and soils occur
for Light-
weight Conc.
• white cement (or stainless
cement which is free of iron
Portland cement is sold in
impurities). bags of 40 kilos total weight.
1. CEMENTING 2. STORAGE OF CEMENT
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum Cement should be protected at
1.03 Cement
the building site from injury
2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
through contact with dampness.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
They should be stored in shed
3.02 Qualities with a wood floor raised about
of Good
Concrete 300mm (12”) from the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
ground.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Cement is soft and silky to the touch. If it has lumps do not readily
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting break, the cement has already absorbed a damaging amount of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage moisture.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Cement should be used as soon as possible after delivery.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Piles should be limited to twelve sacks in height.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
Warehouse set - when the cement is stored in high piles for long
for Light- periods, there is a tendency for the lower layers to harden caused
weight Conc.
by the pressure above.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.01 DEFINITION
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete is:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• a proportioned mixture of cement, aggregate and water.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • a plastic mass which can be cast, molded or formed into
of Good predetermined size or shape
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • upon hydration, becomes stone-like in strength, hardness
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning and durability. The hardening of concrete is called setting.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • when mixed with water and a fine aggregate of less than
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
6mm (¼“) is known as mortar, stucco or cement plaster.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • when mixed with water, fine aggregate and a large
4. PROCESSED aggregate of more than 6mm (¼”) in size produces
CONCRETE concrete.
4.01 Types of
Processed • when strengthened by
Concrete
embedded steel, is called
4.02 Aggregates reinforced concrete.
for Light-
weight Conc. • when without reinforcement, is called plain or mass
concrete.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.02 QUALITIES OF GOOD CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete should be:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Strong
3.01 Definition • Durable
3.02 Qualities
of Good
• of uniform quality, and
Concrete • thoroughly sound.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing These are obtained through:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
• careful selection of materials
3.09 Curing • correct proportioning
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • thorough mixing
4. PROCESSED • careful transporting and placing
CONCRETE • proper curing or protection of the concrete after it is
4.01 Types of
Processed placed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Cement
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • in reinforced-concrete construction should be high-

3.01 Definition grade Portland cement conforming to the “Standard
3.02 Qualities
of Good Specifications and Test for Portland Cement” of the
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM).
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The kind of tests usually made are:
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting  soundness, or constancy of volume
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
 time of setting
3.09 Curing  fineness
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms  tensile strength
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately
Processed 1 cu. ft. and weighs 94 lbs.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates are:

CEMENT
inert mineral fillers used with cement and water in making
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
concrete, should be particles that are durable strong,
3.02 Qualities clean, hard and uncoated, and which are free from
of Good
Concrete injurious amount of dusts, lumps, soft and flaky particles,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
shale, alkali, organic matter loam or other deleterious
3.04 Slump Test substances.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting • Fine aggregates
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage (aggregates smaller than
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures 6mm (¼”) in size) consist of
3.11 Forms sand, stone screenings or
4. PROCESSED other inert materials of
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
similar characteristics.
Processed
Concrete Specs: 80 to 95% shall pass
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
a No. 4 wire cloth sieve and
weight Conc. not more than 30% nor less
than 10% shall pass a No.
50 sieve.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • Coarse aggregate (aggregate larger than ¼” in size)

3.01 Definition consists of crushed stones, gravel or other inert
3.02 Qualities
of Good materials of similar characteristics.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
Coarse aggregates should be well graded in size to a
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
size which will readily pass between all reinforcing bars
4.01 Types of and between reinforcement and forms but not exceed
Processed 25mm (1”) in size for reinforced beams, floor slabs, & thin
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates walls.
for Light-
weight Conc. They may range up to 50mm (2”) for less highly
reinforced parts of the structures such as footings, thick
walls, and massive work.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Aggregates
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE • Special aggregates, such as cinders, blast furnace

3.01 Definition slag, expanded shale or clay, perlite, vermiculite, and
3.02 Qualities
of Good sawdust, may produce:
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - lightweight, nailable concrete
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test - thermal insulating concrete.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
- should be free from oil, acid, alkali, vegetable matter,
3.01 Definition or other deleterious substances
3.02 Qualities
of Good - should be reasonably clear and clean.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete - The use of sea or brackish water is not allowed.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing - Water combines with the cement to form a paste
3.07 Transporting which coats and surrounds the inert particles of
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
aggregates.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - Upon hardening, it binds the entire mass together.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
- The strength of the mixture therefore depends directly
4.01 Types of upon the strength of the paste. If there be an excess of
Processed
Concrete
water the paste becomes thin and weak and its
4.02 Aggregates holding power is reduced.
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.03 MATERIALS OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Water
CEMENT
- The water-cement ratio is the amount of water used
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
per bag of cement.
3.02 Qualities
of Good - This usually varies from 5 to 7 gallons, with 6.5
Concrete
3.03 Materials of gallons as average for ordinary job conditions. The
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
less water used in mixing, the better the quality of
3.05 Proportioning concrete.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - The ideal mix is one that is plastic and workable. It
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing should not be too dry that it becomes too difficult to
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms place in the forms, nor too wet that separation of the
ingredients result.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE WATER – CEMENT RATIO
4.01 Types of
Processed
Assumed 28-day Maximum water-cement ratio Pounds of water per
Concrete Compressive strength U.S. gallons of water per sack 100 lbs. of cement
4.02 Aggregates (lbs. per sq. inch) Cement of 94 lbs.
for Light-
2,000 7.00 62.0
weight Conc.
2,500 6.50 57.5
3,000 5.75 51.0
3,750 5.00 44.5
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF - used for measuring the consistency of a concrete mix.

CEMENT - Consistency may be defined as the “state of fluidity of
3. CONCRETE the mix”, and it includes the entire range of fluidity from
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the wettest to the dries possible mixtures.
of Good
Concrete In this test the tendency of a mix to “slump”, or reduce its
3.03 Materials of
Concrete height due to gravity action, is measured. The apparatus
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
consist of metal cone, the bottom opening being 200mm (8”)
3.06 Mixing in diameter, the top opening being 100mm (4”), and the
3.07 Transporting
and Placing height exactly 300mm (12”).
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF In making the test, the slump tester is

CEMENT
placed on a flat, smooth surface and is
3. CONCRETE filled with newly mixed concrete from
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities mixer. In filling the mold with concrete,
of Good the latter is tamped in with a 12mm (½”)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of rod pointed at one end and the top of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test the concrete is smoothed off exactly
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
level. The mold is then slowly raised
3.07 Transporting vertically and the height deducted from
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage the original height of 300mm (12”)
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures represents the slump.
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
No
CONCRETE SLUMP slump
4.01 Types of Collapsed
Processed slump
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.

Bucket TOO WET SUITABLE TOO DRY

1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.04 SLUMP TEST
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF A harsh mix is efficient for slabs, pavements, or mass

CEMENT
concrete where the lowest possible water-cement ratio is
3. CONCRETE desirable.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
of Good
The following table gives the permissible slump for various
Concrete types of concrete in relation to their uses:
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
CONSISTENCY (SLUMP)
3.07 Transporting Maximum Minimum
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Reinforced foundation walls and 125mm (5”) 50mm (2”)
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms footings
4. PROCESSED Plain footings, caissons, and 100mm (4”) 25mm (1”)
CONCRETE substructure walls
4.01 Types of
Processed Slabs, beams, thin reinforced walls & 150mm (6”) 75mm (3”)
Concrete building columns
4.02 Aggregates
for Light- Pavements and floor laid on ground 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
weight Conc.
Heavy mass construction 75mm (3”) 25mm (1”)
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Briefly stated, the principles of proper proportioning are as

CEMENT
follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Use good quality materials: Portland cement, water,
3.02 Qualities
of Good and aggregate.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete b. Determine the strength of the concrete using the
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
water-cement ratio. (The strength increases as the
3.06 Mixing water-cement ratio decreases).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage c. Determine the consistency of the mix using the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures slump test using as dry a mix as practicable.
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED d. Add correct proportions of aggregates to the

CONCRETE cement and water as will give a mix of the desired
4.01 Types of
Processed consistency.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates e. Make a mix that’s workable, not harsh.
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The strength of a workable concrete mix depends upon the

CEMENT
water-cement ratio.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition The economy of the mix depends upon the proper
3.02 Qualities
of Good
proportioning of the fine and coarse aggregates.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of There are several methods of proportioning concrete:
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test
3.07 Transporting
and Placing c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing modulus
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Proportioning concrete by the arbitrary selection of the
4. PROCESSED proportions is the oldest, the most commonly used, the most
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
convenient and the least scientific method.
Processed
Concrete In this method, the aggregates are measured by loose
4.02 Aggregates volume, that is, its volume as it is thrown into a measuring
for Light-
weight Conc. box. One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft. Enough water
is used to give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Proportioning by arbitrary proportions

CEMENT 1 foot
Proportioning concrete by
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
the arbitrary selection of
3.02 Qualities the proportions is the
of Good
Concrete oldest, the most
3.03 Materials of
Concrete commonly used, the most
3.04 Slump Test convenient and the least
3.05 Proportioning

1 foot
3.06 Mixing scientific method.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage In this method, the
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures aggregates are measured
3.11 Forms by loose volume, that is, 1 foot

4. PROCESSED its volume as it is thrown

CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
into a measuring box.
Processed
Concrete One sack of cement is taken as 1 cu. ft.
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
Enough water is used to give the desired consistency.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Common mixes expressed in proportions by volumes of

CEMENT
cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate are as follows:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition CONCRETE PROPORTIONS
3.02 Qualities
of Good Class “AA” 1 : 1.5 : 3 For concrete under water, retaining walls
Concrete
3.03 Materials of For suspended slabs, beams, columns, arches,
Concrete Class “A” 1: 2 :4
3.04 Slump Test stairs, walls of 100mm (4”) thickness
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing Class “B” 1 : 2.5 : 5 For walls thicker than 100mm (4”), footings,
3.07 Transporting steps, reinforced concrete slabs on fill.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage Class “C” 1: 3 :6 For concrete plant boxes, and any non-critical
3.09 Curing concrete structures.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms For mass concrete works.
Class “D” 1 : 3.5 : 7
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE The proportion is to be read:
4.01 Types of
Processed Class A : 1 part cement is to 2 parts sand is to 4 parts gravel.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates Each ‘part’ is equivalent to one cubic foot which is the measure of
for Light-
weight Conc. the box constructed to be 1 foot (12 inches) on each of the three
sides.
Each bag of cement is equivalent to approximately one cubic foot.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. Proportioning by the water-ratio and slump test

CEMENT
There are two steps to be observed:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition - Select the amount of water to be added to the cement
3.02 Qualities
of Good to give the desired strength (see Table)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete - Add just enough mixed aggregate to the water and
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
cement to give a concrete mix the desired consistency.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting It is customary to specify
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
- the cement in sacks
3.10 Admixtures - the water in gallons per sack of cement and
3.11 Forms
- the mixed aggregate in cu. ft. per sack of cement.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Proportions of cement to fine aggregate to coarse
4.01 Types of
Processed aggregate may be given if desired.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.05 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Proportioning by water-ratio, slump and fineness

CEMENT
modulus
3. CONCRETE
This method is the same as the second except that the
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities proportions of the fine and coarse aggregate are
of Good
Concrete
determined by the fineness modulus method.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete For economy, proportion the fine coarse aggregates so
3.04 Slump Test that the largest quantity of mixed aggregate may be used
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
with a given amount of cement and water to produce a mix
and Placing of the desired consistency of slump.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Comparatively, the coarse aggregate has a lesser total
3.11 Forms
surface to be covered with cement paste and, therefore, is
4. PROCESSED more economical.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
However, there must be enough fine aggregate present to
Concrete fill the voids in the coarse aggregate, or extra cement paste
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
will be needed for this purpose. A well-graded aggregate
weight Conc. contains all sizes of fine and coarse particles in such
proportions that the voids in the combined aggregate will
be a minimum.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Reinforced-concrete work should be mixed by machine

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Machine-mixed concrete is usually or more uniform
3.01 Definition quality than that mixed by hand and is generally less
3.02 Qualities
of Good
expensive when in large volume.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • The strength of concrete is very largely dependent upon
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test the thoroughness of mixing.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT
In machine-mixing, the mixing of each batch should
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
continue not less than one minute after all the materials
3.02 Qualities are in the mixer and whenever practicable, the length of
of Good
Concrete the mixing time should be increased to 1.5 or 2 minutes.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
The entire contents of the drum should be discharged
3.04 Slump Test before recharging the mixer. The mixer should be
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing cleaned at frequent intervals while in use.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Concrete mixers may be divided into two general classes:
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures Batch mixers -
3.11 Forms
into which sufficient
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
materials are placed at one
4.01 Types of time to make a convenient
Processed size batch of concrete, the
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates whole amount being
for Light-
weight Conc.
discharged in one mass
after it is mixed.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. MACHINE MIXING

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE Continuous mixers -

3.01 Definition into which the materials
3.02 Qualities
of Good are fed constantly and
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
from which the concrete
Concrete is discharged in a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning steady stream.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
Concrete mixers may also be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
classified as:
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
- drum mixers
4. PROCESSED -
CONCRETE
trough mixers
4.01 Types of - gravity mixers, and
Processed - pneumatic mixers.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
The drum mixers are the most
common type.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- hand-mixing must be
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
done on a water-tight
3.02 Qualities platform.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - cement and fine
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
aggregate shall first
3.05 Proportioning be mixed dry until the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting whole is a uniform
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage color.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - water and coarse
aggregate shall then
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE be added and the
4.01 Types of entire mass turned at
Processed
Concrete least three times, or
4.02 Aggregates until a homogeneous
for Light-
weight Conc. mixture of the
required consistency
is obtained.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.06 MIXING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. HAND MIXING

CEMENT
- since initial set of concrete takes place 1 to 3 hours
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
after mixing, a batch may be used anytime before
3.02 Qualities initial set takes place, provided that the mix is plastic.
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of - Regaging or retempering of concrete that has been
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
allowed to stand more than ½ hour is not to be
3.05 Proportioning permitted.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Fresh concrete should be transported from the

CEMENT
mixer as rapidly as practicable by methods that will
3. CONCRETE permit the placing of the concrete in the forms
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities before initial set occurs and without loss or
of Good separation of materials.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • The delivery of the
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
concrete from the mixer
3.06 Mixing to the forms should be
3.07 Transporting
and Placing fairly continuous and
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing uninterrupted.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • The time of
4. PROCESSED transportation should
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
not exceed 30 minutes.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The concrete may be transported by

CEMENT
means of barrows, buggies, buckets,
3. CONCRETE cableways, hoists, chutes, belts and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities pipes.
of Good
Concrete • When chutes are used, the slope
3.03 Materials of
Concrete should not be more than 1 vertical to 2
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
horizontal or less than 1 vertical to 3
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
horizontal. The delivery end of the
and Placing chutes shall be as close as possible to
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing the point of deposit.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.07 TRANSPORTING AND PLACING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Before placing concrete, the

CEMENT
forms shall be cleaned and
3. CONCRETE inspected, surfaces wetted or
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities oiled, and reinforcement
of Good properly secured.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Concrete should be deposited in
3.04 Slump Test approximately horizontal layers
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
in wall, column and footing
and Placing forms. They should not be piled
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing up in the forms which may result
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms in the separation of the cement
4. PROCESSED
mortar from the coarse
CONCRETE aggregate.
4.01 Types of
Processed • Concrete should never be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates allowed to drop freely over 5 ft.
for Light- for unexposed work and over 3
weight Conc.
ft. for exposed work.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.08 SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE & TEMPERATURE CHANGES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Shrinkage of concrete due to hardening and contraction

CEMENT
from temperature changes, causes cracks the size of
3. CONCRETE which depends on the extent of the mass. They cannot
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities be counteracted successfully but they can be minimized
of Good by placing reinforcement so that large cracks can be
Concrete
3.03 Materials of broken up to some extent to smaller ones.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • In long continuous length of concrete, it is better to place
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting shrinkage or contraction joints. Shrinkage cracks are
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage likely to occur at joints where fresh concrete is joined to
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures concrete which has already set, and hence in placing the
3.11 Forms
concrete, construction joints should be made on
4. PROCESSED horizontal and vertical lines.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • Concrete must be allowed to “cure” or harden after it is

CEMENT
placed.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Hardening is a rather slow process in which the cement
3.02 Qualities
of Good
and water unite to form compounds that give strength and
Concrete durability to the concrete. It continues as long as the
3.03 Materials of
Concrete temperatures are favorable and moisture is present.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• Three main factors that affect hardening are:
3.07 Transporting
and Placing - age or time
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing - temperature, and
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms - moisture.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • In order that the hardening may proceed favorably, the fresh
CEMENT
concrete, for about 7 days after placing, should be protected
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
from, excessive vibration, loads, extreme heat or cold, too
3.02 Qualities rapid drying, and contact with impurities which may interfere
of Good
Concrete with the chemical action.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • The strength of the concrete increases with age when the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing curing conditions remains favorable.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The increase in strength is rapid during the early

CEMENT
ages and continues more slowly as time goes on.
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
The compressive strength reaches about 60% of
3.02 Qualities its own maximum value at an age of 28 days and
of Good
Concrete about 80% at an age of 3 months.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Curing consists primarily in keeping the concrete from drying

CEMENT
out too rapidly. This may be done by:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities a. Covering the concrete. Floors shall be covered with
of Good
Concrete paper sacking wetted down at the edges or with burlap,
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
sand or earth that is kept moist, after the concrete is
3.04 Slump Test hard enough to walk on.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting b. Removal of forms at prescribed time. Forms shall not
and Placing be removed until after the time specified.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures c. Sprinkling with water. Beams, columns and walls are
3.11 Forms
sprinkled or sprayed with water as soon as the forms are
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE removed.
4.01 Types of
Processed d. Using curing compounds (see ADMIXTURES).
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
FOOTINGS a. Massive footings a. 1 day (24 hours)
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities b. Cantilever footings b. 5 days (120 hours)
of Good c. Slab footings c. 5 days (120 hours)
Concrete
3.03 Materials of WALLS a. Massive walls, 30 a. Up to 2 M. high: 1 day (24 hours). Add 1 day
Concrete AND cms. thick or more (24 hours) for every additional meter or
3.04 Slump Test fraction thereof.
3.05 Proportioning PLASTERS
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting b. Thin walls less b. Up to 2 M. high: 2 days (48 hours. Add 1-1/2
and Placing than 30 cms. days (36 hours) for every additional meter or
3.08 Shrinkage Thick fraction thereof
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms c. Without loads, same as (b).
c. Cantilever walls,
4. PROCESSED buttresses,
CONCRETE
counter forts,
4.01 Types of
Processed diaphragms.
Concrete a. Ratio of height to a. 2 days (48 hours)
4.02 Aggregates
COLUMNS
for Light-
least diameter up
weight Conc. to 4
b. Add to the above number 1 day (24 hours)
b. Ratio of height to for every additional meter or height or
least diameter fraction there of but not more than 28 days
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.09 CURING OF CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Parts of Structure CURING PERIOD or TIME REQUIRED

CEMENT
FOR THE REMOVAL OF FORMS
3. CONCRETE
SLABS a. 3 to 7 ft. spans a. 3 ft. span, 5 days (120 hours). Add ½ day
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities (12 hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
of Good fraction thereof.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of b. Over 7 ft. span b. 7 ft. span, 7 days (168 hours). Add 1 day (24
Concrete hours) for every additional 1 ft. span or
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning fraction thereof but not more than 28 days
3.06 Mixing (672 hours).
3.07 Transporting
and Placing BEAMS a. Sides a. 3 days
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing AND b. Bottoms b. Up to 14 ft., 14 days (336 hours). Add 1 day
3.10 Admixtures GIRDERS
3.11 Forms for every 1 ft. additional span or fraction
thereof but not more than 28 days (672
4. PROCESSED hours).
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of ARCHES a. Spandrel walls a. 7 days (168 hours).
Processed b. Spandrel arches b. 14 days (336 hours)
Concrete c. Main arches c. 21 days (504 hours)
4.02 Aggregates
for Light- BALUSTRADES a. Steel & side forms a. 1 day (24 hours)
weight Conc. , COPINGS,ETC.
R.C. PILES and a. Sides. a. 3 days (72 hours)
R.C. POSTS b. Bottom b. 14 days (336 hours)
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Substances added to cements, mortars, and

CEMENT concrete for the purpose of improving or imparting
3. CONCRETE particular properties, such as:
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities • To improve workability of concrete, e.g. hydrated lime
of Good • To improve durability by entertainment of air
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • To accelerate setting or hardening (accelerators) e.g.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test calcium chloride
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
• To retard setting (retarders).
3.07 Transporting • To improve wear resistance
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • To impart water-repellant or water-proofing qualities e.g.
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures hydrated lime, KAOLINE, CELITE
3.11 Forms • To impart water-repellant or waterproofing qualities, e.g.,
4. PROCESSED hydrated lime, waterproofing compounds, KAOLINE,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
CELITE.
Processed • To impart color, MINERAL OXIDES, COLORCON,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates METALICHROME.
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures may be grouped into three categories:

CEMENT • those for mixing into concrete
3. CONCRETE • those for mixing into mortar
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities
• those for surface application or finish.
of Good
Concrete Admixtures come in powder, paste, and liquid form, and
3.03 Materials of
Concrete
are usually patented and sold under trademark names.
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Concrete admixtures include:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE a. Accelerators - to speed up setting time, to develop

3.01 Definition earlier strength, and to reduce length of time for
3.02 Qualities
of Good protection. Principal ingredients are calcium chloride.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Maximum amount added is 2 lbs. per bag of cement.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Disadvantages: they increase the expansion and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing contraction of concrete, reduce resistance to sulfate
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
attack, and increases efflorescence and corrosion of
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
high tension steels.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms b. Retarders - to slow down the hydration of the cement
4. PROCESSED during very hot weather. Principal ingredients include
CONCRETE zinc oxide, calcium lignosulfonate, derivatives of adipic
4.01 Types of
Processed acid.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates Disadvantages: may cause some loss of early strength
for Light-
weight Conc. and will therefore require careful control and more
frequent slump tests, also reduces the expansion and
contraction of concrete.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Air-entraining agents - introduce minute air bubbles to

CEMENT
greatly increase the resistance of concrete to freezing
3. CONCRETE
and thawing, increase plasticity and reduce bleeding.
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities Addition of air-entraining admixtures is usually in the
of Good proportion of 3 to 6% of the volume of concrete. They
Concrete
3.03 Materials of are manufactured from such ingredients as rosin, beef
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test tallow, stereates, foaming agents (soap).
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Disadvantages: These require careful control and more
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
frequent slump tests. They may also cause some loss of
3.09 Curing strength.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
d. Inert, finely divided powders such as powdered
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
glass , silica sand, stone dust, hydrated lime - are
4.01 Types of added to improve workability, used as per
Processed manufacturer’s directions. Hydrated lime is usually in the
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates proportion of 10 to 15% of the cement by volume.
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF e. Waterproofing (permeability-reducing) compounds

CEMENT
- reduce the capillary attraction of the voids in the
3. CONCRETE concrete or mortar, but while it may decrease water
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities absorption of the concrete or mortar, it does not render
of Good concrete waterproof. They are manufactured from
Concrete
3.03 Materials of stearic acid or its compounds, mainly calcium
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test steareate, and include asphalt emulsions. They are
3.05 Proportioning introduced usually in the amounts of 0.1 to 4.0% of the
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting weight of cement.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF f. Colored pigments are mainly to used to give color to

CEMENT
concrete floors. There are two types:
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition • Dry-cast, broadcast or dust-on, for surface
3.02 Qualities
of Good coloring. They are dusted on, usually in two coats,
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
after all surface water has disappeared. The surface
Concrete is then finished with a steel trowel .
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning • Integral colors, for body coloring. Integral color
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting pigments are incorporated in the mortar topping.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
They are mixed dry with the cement and aggregate
3.09 Curing before water is added. Amount of color pigment
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms required is not more than 10% of the cement by
4. PROCESSED weight, generally 3 to 6 lbs. per bag of cement .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.10 ADMIXTURES
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Admixtures for mixing into mortar include:

CEMENT
• Accelerators
3. CONCRETE
• plasticizing agents (correctly called water-reducing
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities agents) to lower water cement ratio and make the mix
of Good
Concrete
more workable
3.03 Materials of • waterproofing agents, and
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test • color pigments
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing Surface application finishes for concrete consist of:
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • hardeners
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • color pigments
4. PROCESSED
• special aggregates
CONCRETE • sealers
4.01 Types of • abrasive materials
Processed
Concrete • waterproofing agents, and
4.02 Aggregates •
for Light-
fillers and patchers.
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
Lumber used in form
3.02 Qualities construction should only
of Good
Concrete be partially seasoned.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Kiln-dried lumber has a
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning tendency to swell when
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting soaked by the concrete,
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage and this swelling causes
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
bulging and distortion of
3.11 Forms the forms.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Green lumber, on the other hand, dries out and shrinks if
4.01 Types of
Processed
allowed to stand too long before the concrete is placed.
Concrete This tendency of green lumber to check and warp may,
4.02 Aggregates
for Light- however, be prevented to some extent by keeping the
weight Conc. boards thoroughly saturated with water.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
When using natural, well
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities seasoned lumber, care
of Good
Concrete
should be taken not to
3.03 Materials of drive the work up too
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test close, since forms
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing should always be left in
3.07 Transporting a position to experience
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
some slight swelling
3.10 Admixtures without any undesirable
3.11 Forms
results.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Sheathing lumber dressed at least one side and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities both edges even are used where the removal and
of Good
Concrete
cleaning of the forms are necessary for re-use .
3.03 Materials of
Concrete • Sheathing lumber dressed on all four sides shall
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning be used in face work, where smooth and true surface
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting is important.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
• Tongue-and-groove lumber will achieve tight joints
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
between boards in floor and wall panel construction.
4. PROCESSED • Simply dressing the lumber true to edge form
CONCRETE square of butt joints in the forms for columns, beams,
4.01 Types of
Processed and girders.
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates Sizes of lumber frequently used :
for Light- • 2-inch thick for columns, beams and girder bottoms
weight Conc.
• 1-inch thick for floor panels and beam and girder sides
• 2x4s for struts, posts, shores, and uprights
• 1 or 2-inch thick for cleats
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
Use nails sparingly in
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities the construction of
of Good
Concrete
forms because
3.03 Materials of unnecessary nailing
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test not only adds to the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing labor of wrecking but
3.07 Transporting also renders the
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
lumber unfit for
3.10 Admixtures continued use. Where
3.11 Forms
nails must be used,
4. PROCESSED leave the head
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of protruding so that
Processed they may be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates withdrawn without
for Light- injury to the lumber.
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
All forms for concrete require a coating of some lubricant
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities to prevent concrete from adhering to the wood and thus
of Good
Concrete
make a rough, unpleasant appearance. Crude oil and
3.03 Materials of petroline preserve the forms against damage by
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test alternate wetting and drying. The forms should
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing preferably be oiled before they are set in place. Oil
3.07 Transporting should not be used, however, on forms against surfaces
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
which are to be plastered, as oil prevents adhesion of
3.10 Admixtures the plaster. In such cases, wetting with water will be
3.11 Forms
sufficient.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. LUMBER FORMS

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
The inside of forms which have been used once and
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities are to be used again shall be coated an approved
of Good
Concrete
soap or other approved material, or thoroughly wetted
3.03 Materials of before concreting. No application of soap or other
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test material should be made to forms after the
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing reinforcements are in place.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
The forms should be durable and rigid, and should be
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
well braced so that bulging or twisting cannot occur.
3.11 Forms The joints should be made tight enough to prevent
4. PROCESSED leakage of the mortar.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 3. CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 3.11 FORMS
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. PLYWOOD FORMS
3. CONCRETE Works best where a smooth surface is required. The
3.01 Definition plywood should be waterproof, Grade “A” and at least
3.02 Qualities
of Good 12mm (½”) thick.
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
Concrete c. STEEL FORMS
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Steel forms may be in the form of pans for concrete joist
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting construction or steel decking or corrugated steel for
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage concrete slabs and slab-and-joist construction. .
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms d. PLASTIC FORMS
4. PROCESSED Polystyrene forms are now
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of available for concrete work.
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. “AEROCRETE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE This is a light–weight, expanded structural concrete

3.01 Definition produced by adding a small amount of metallic
3.02 Qualities
of Good aluminum powder to the mixture of Portland cement
Concrete
3.03 Materials of
and sand of cinders.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test On the addition of water, a gas is generated which
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expands the wet mix and forms small air cells
3.07 Transporting throughout the material.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used for structural floor and roof slabs, partition
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms blocks for sound proofing, wall insulation, in rooms of
4. PROCESSED refrigerator plants, lightweight fill on top of structural
CONCRETE floor and roof slabs.
4.01 Types of
Processed In addition to its light weight, it has excellent fire-
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates resistive qualities.
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF b. “GUNITE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE This is the mixture of sand and cement deposited under

3.01 Definition high pneumatic pressure with a machine manufactured
3.02 Qualities
of Good under the trade name CEMENT GUN, to which the
Concrete
3.03 Materials of required supply of water is added just before the dry
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
constituents emerge from nozzle.
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing GUNITE is used for encasing structural steel, when
3.07 Transporting
and Placing reinforced, for floor and roof slabs and curtain walls. Ideal
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing for swimming pool construction.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.01 TYPES OF PROCESSED CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. “PORETE”
CEMENT

3. CONCRETE A Portland cement concrete to which a chemical foam

3.01 Definition is added to generate gases in the process of
3.02 Qualities
of Good deposition, resulting in light weight precast or shop-
Concrete
3.03 Materials of made unit in both hollow and solid forms. It is
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
manufactured in solid slabs for short spans roofs and
3.05 Proportioning siding of industrial buildings.
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage d. “HAYDITE”
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms This is processed concrete added with lightweight
4. PROCESSED aggregate .
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates have the following advantages:

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
• Reduction of dead loads saves structural steel, reduces
3.02 Qualities bearing on foundation and cuts cost of concrete forms
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • High insulating value is provided by numerous dead air
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
spaces .
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing • Rough texture of surfaces have good acoustical properties
3.07 Transporting .
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage • Lightweight allows easier handling of precast slabs and
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures blocks
3.11 Forms

4. PROCESSED
• Lightweight plaster has less tendency to crack and its heat
CONCRETE resistance makes it a good material for fireproofing
4.01 Types of
Processed
structural steel
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF The major disadvantages of lightweight aggregates

CEMENT
are a result paradoxically of the physical qualities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
which make them weight saving and good insulators
3.02 Qualities :
of Good • Porosity requires changes in the usual formulas for
Concrete
3.03 Materials of water and slump, and closer supervision of mixing.
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test Very light aggregates tend to float out of the mortar
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing and some coarse aggregate concrete mixtures
3.07 Transporting require the addition of a fine aggregate like sand to
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
prevent harsh working and serious bleeding.
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms • As aggregates become lighter they become
4. PROCESSED structurally weaker so the strength of the matrix
CONCRETE must be modified by adding more cement. More
4.01 Types of
Processed cement is needed, also to “wet” the greater
Concrete aggregate surface area, due to the irregularity of the
4.02 Aggregates
for Light- particles .
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF • The cost of raw aggregates is higher than for gravel,

CEMENT
rock, and sand because of small production facilities
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
and the additional processing that is sometimes
3.02 Qualities necessary .
of Good
Concrete
3.03 Materials of • Concrete using lightweight aggregate should not weigh
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
more than 75% of ordinary concrete. Since the
3.05 Proportioning aggregates compromise about 50 percent of the usual
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting mixes, its weight should not be more than 50 percent of
and Placing that of rock or gravel aggregates for the same volume.
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Grade rock, gravel aggregates weigh a little less than
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms 100 lbs. per cu. ft. thus a good lightweight aggregate
4. PROCESSED should weigh less than 50 lbs. per cubic foot.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF Lightweight aggregates can be divided into four general

CEMENT
classifications :
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition a. Aggregates of volcanic origin
3.02 Qualities
of Good
Concrete • Pumice, weighing from 25
3.03 Materials of
Concrete to 60 lbs.per cu. ft. is well
3.04 Slump Test qualified as a lightweight
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting
aggregate when dry and
and Placing well graded. It is hard to be
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing handled and mixed without
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms excessive breakdown.
4. PROCESSED Undesirable feature,
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of however, is its water
Processed absorption. This can be
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates mitigated by wetting the
for Light- aggregate before it is
weight Conc.
mixed with cement .
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF a. Aggregates of volcanic origin

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Perlite is composed of stable silicates, and is inert
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities and thus durable for use as a lightweight aggregate
of Good
Concrete
or for insulation. Its disadvantages are its friability,
3.03 Materials of small particle size, and extreme lightness. The small
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test particle size requires more cement, while its
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing lightness, from 8 to 16 lbs. per cu. ft. increases the
3.07 Transporting tendency to float out of the mortar.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Perlite is useful where
4. PROCESSED
maximum strength is not
CONCRETE required, as in precast
4.01 Types of slabs and blocks and in
Processed
Concrete floor fill, fireproofing and
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
plaster .
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF
CEMENT
b. Micaceous minerals
3. CONCRETE
• Vermiculite is a micaceous mineral which expands on
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities application of heat to as much as 30 times its original
of Good
Concrete
volume.
3.03 Materials of
Concrete Dried ground ore is subjected to about 1,800 degrees
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning heat for 4 to 8 seconds, after which it weighs only 6 to
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting 12 lbs. per cubic ft.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing It is used as an aggregate in concrete fireproofing
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms
steel, for floor and roof fill, and for acoustic and
fireproof plaster.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF c. Expanded shales and clays

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Lightweight aggregates from shales and clays
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities require heating the material in a kiln to a
of Good
Concrete
temperature near its fusion point. The material
3.03 Materials of softens and coalesces to a sticky mass; escaping
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test gases are trapped, forming cellular structures and
3.05 Proportioning
3.06 Mixing expanding the volume of the material about 50%.
3.07 Transporting
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage The crushing and firing operations are varied with
3.09 Curing
3.10 Admixtures different processes. In some, the material is fired to
3.11 Forms
a clinker, then crushed and sized; the process is
4. PROCESSED often reversed with crushing operation first.
CONCRETE
4.01 Types of
Processed Examples of clay, shale aggregates are “AIROX”,
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates “ROCKLITE”, Diatomite, “HAYDITE”. .
for Light-
weight Conc.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF d. By-product Aggregates

CEMENT

3. CONCRETE
• Expanded Slag or “foamed” slags are made by treating
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities molten blast furnace slag with controlled quantities of water
of Good or steam. Some slags are expanded are expanded in pits in
Concrete
3.03 Materials of the ground; others are made in machines. Close control of
Concrete
3.04 Slump Test
steam is very important because too much granulates the
3.05 Proportioning slag, yielding soft, friable particles; too little gives a heavy
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting aggregate.
and Placing
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing • Foamed slag has been used for precast blocks, cast-in-
3.10 Admixtures place walls of houses and for panel filling of steel-framed
3.11 Forms
buildings.
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE • Cinders are composed of the ash components of the coal
4.01 Types of
Processed along with the various quantities of unburned or partially
Concrete burned combustible matter. Cinders containing a minimum
4.02 Aggregates
for Light-
amount of combustible material are satisfactory for use in
weight Conc. concrete but are not particularly weight saving. Lightweight
cinders often have unsound physical and chemical
properties.
1. CEMENTING 4. PROCESSED CONCRETE
MATERIALS
1.01 Lime
1.02 Gypsum 4.02 AGGREGATES FOR LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE
1.03 Cement

2. STORAGE OF WEIGHT OF AGGREGATE AND CONCRETE BY

CEMENT
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
3. CONCRETE
3.01 Definition
3.02 Qualities TYPE OF AGGREGATE Aggregate Weight per Cubic
of Good Weight per Foot of Concrete
Concrete
3.03 Materials of Cubic Foot Using Aggregate
Concrete (Lbs.) (Lbs.)
3.04 Slump Test
3.05 Proportioning Gravel 120 150
3.06 Mixing
3.07 Transporting Sand 90-100 150
and Placing Crushed Stone 100 145
3.08 Shrinkage
3.09 Curing Crushed Bank Slag 80 110-130
3.10 Admixtures
3.11 Forms Haydite (Expanded Clay, shale) 40-60 100-120
Foamed Slag 40-60 90-100
4. PROCESSED
CONCRETE Cinders 40-50 110-115
4.01 Types of Pumice 30-60 60-90
Processed Diatomite 28-40 55-70
Concrete
4.02 Aggregates Perlite 6-16 40-65
for Light- Vermiculite 6-10 25-50
weight Conc.
 End of
Div 03 CONCRETE