Introduction To Infectious Diseases Final
Introduction To Infectious Diseases Final
Introduction To Infectious Diseases Final
Maia
Zhamutashvili
MD- PhD
What is infection and Infectious disease
Definition
Infection:
is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-
causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction
of host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they
produce.
Infectious disease:
also known as transmissible disease or communicable
disease, is illness resulting from an infection.
Infectious Diseases as a Cause of Death
• Infectious diseases are responsible for a quarter to a third of all
deaths worldwide.
Definition of infection
Complex process of interaction between pathogen
and human body
Three factors are involved in the infection:
pathogen, host and environment
Factors Influencing Disease Transmission
Agent Environment
Infectivity Weather
Pathogenicity Housing
Virulence Geography
Immunogenicity Occupational setting
Antigenic stability Air quality
Survival Food
Age
Sex
Host Behaviour
Nutritional status
Health status
Classification of Infectious Diseases
–Communicable Diseases:
Spread from one host to another, directly or indirectly.
Example: Tuberculosis, herpes, flu, AIDS, chickenpox,
mumps, polio, hepatitis and others.
–Contagious Diseases:
Spread easily from one person to another.
Example: Chickenpox, measles, Varicella and etc .
Classifying Infectious Diseases
• Subclinical Infection :
without significant sign and symptoms
•Opportunistic Infections :
caused by non-pathogenic low virulence microorganisms in
immunocompromised individuals (in people with weakened
immune systems, including people with HIV).
Opportunistic Pathogens
By duration
Acute − develops and runs its course quickly.
Chronic − develops more slowly and is usually less
severe, but may persist for a long, indefinite period of
time.
Latent − A latent infection is hidden, inactive,
or dormant. characterized by periods of no symptoms
between outbreaks of illness.
Classification of infectious diseases
By location
Local − limited to a specific area of the body.
Systemic − a generalized illness that infects most of
the body with pathogens distributed widely in tissues.
By timing
Primary − initial infection in a previously healthy
person.
Secondary − infection that occurs in a person
weakened by a primary infection.
Emerging and re-emerging Infectious Diseases
• Emerging infections
are those that have recently appeared within a
population, increasing rapidly. (ex: HIV, SARS, Ebola,
COVID 19 and etc.).
• Re-emerging Infectious
Diseases whose incidence had significantly declined
in the past, but have again reappeared. (ex: tuberculosis
and etc.).
Relationships Between the Microbiota and the Host
E.coli
Septicemia
Presence of rapidly multiplying highly pathogenic
bacteria in the bloodstream. Septicemia can lead to;
• Sepsis
• Pyaemia
• Toxemia
Other Definitions
Sepsis;
A whole-body inflammatory state leading to multiple organ
failure and death resulting from sepsis-induced hypotension and
diffuse intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Pyaemia;
A diseased state in which pyogenic bacteria are circulating in the
blood, by development of abscesses in various organs.
Toxemia;
Blood poisoning by toxins from a local bacterial infection
Other Definitions
Viremia
Circulating viruses in the blood stream
Latent virus infection
Reactivation of infection from virus in latent phase
e.g. Herpes zoster: reactivation of Varicella Zoster Virus after
recovery from varicella
An epidemic
(from Greek ἐπί epi "upon or above" and δῆμος demos "people") is
the rapid spread of infectious disease to a large number of people in
a given population within a short period of time. An attack rate in
excess of 15 cases per 100,000 people for two consecutive weeks is
considered an epidemic.
A pandemic
(from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic
of disease that has spread across a large region; for instance multiple
continents, or even worldwide
The Ways of Transmission
Infectious Diseases
Ways of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
• Vertical transmission:
from mother to embryo, fetus or baby during
pregnancy or labour. Ex: HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B, Herpes
simplex and etc
Ways of Transmission of Infectious Diseases
• Iatrogenic transmission:
due to medical procedures: injection or
transplantation infected material.
• Vector-borne transmission:
transmitted by a vectors (which include mosquitoes,
ticks, and fleas). Vector is an organism that
does not cause disease itself but transmits infection from
Tuberculosis
Scarlet Fever
Tetanus
Gonorrhea
Diptheria
Streptococcal Infections
Pneumonia (can also be viral or fungal)
Pertussis
Bubonic Plague
Viral Diseases
*Common Cold
*Influenza
*HIV/AIDS
*Herpes (Simplex and Zoster)
*Hepatitis A,B,C, D, E, F and G.
*Measles, Mumps and Rubella.
*Poliomyelitis.
*Infectious mononucleosis.
Taxonomy Size Site of Propagation Examples
Disease
Prions 30–50 kD Intracellular Prion protein Creutzfeld-Jacob
disease
Viruses 20–300 nm Obligate intracellular Poliovirus Poliomyelitis
The prodromal period
Period of decline
Immunofluorescent stains
General Rule
• Live-attenuated vaccines
• Inactivated vaccines (killed)
• Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and
conjugate vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines
Live-attenuated vaccines
Live vaccines use a weakened (or attenuated) form of the pathogen
(germ).
Inactivated vaccines:
• Hepatitis A
• Flu
• Polio
• Rabies
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, conjugate vaccines
Subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, and conjugate vaccines use
specific pieces of the germ — like its protein(antigen) or capsid.
One limitation of these vaccines is that you may need booster shots
These vaccines are used to protect against:
• Diphtheria
• Tetanus
Passive immunity
• Passive immunity is the transfer of active humoral
immunity of ready-made antibodies.
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Hepatitis C (HCV)
Examples:
Prevention
Hepatitis B (HBV)
HBV vaccine and HBIG
Hepatitis C (HCV)
No prophylaxis exists
Treatment of Infectious
diseases
Antimicrobial therapy
Treatment of Infectious
diseases
Antibacterial therapy
Antiviral therapy
Antiprotozoal therapy
Antifungal therapy
Treatment of Bacterial Infections
• Antibacterial agents (antibiotics), like all antimicrobial
drugs, are directed against unique targets of the bacteria
cell
• Bactericidal antibiotics kill the bacteria that are within
their spectrum of activity;
• Bacteriostatic drugs only inhibit bacterial growth.
• Interferons
• DAA
• Other
Antiviral therapy
• Interferons
Conventional
Pegylated
Antiviral therapy
(DAA)