Managing Data Resources: Management Information System BCMP-302

MANAGING DATA
RESOURCES
Management Information System
BCMP-302
Objectives
◦ Why do businesses have trouble finding the information
they need in their information systems?
◦ How does a database management system help businesses
improve the organization of their information?
The database approach
The database approach is an improvement on the shared file solution as the use of a database
management system (DBMS) provides facilities for querying, data security and integrity, and
allows simultaneous access to data by a number of different users.
At this point we should explain some important terminology:
◦ Database: A database is a collection of related data.
◦ Database management system: The term 'database management system', often abbreviated to DBMS,
refers to a software system used to create and manage databases. The software of such systems is
◦ complex,
◦ consisting of a number of different components
◦ System catalogue/Data dictionary: The description of the data in the database management system.
◦ Database application: Database application refers to a program, or related set of programs, which use
the database management system to perform the computer-related tasks of a particular business function,
such as order processing.
Traditional File Processing System
◦ Before the use of computer, a manual file system was used to maintain the records and files.
◦ All the data was stored in files and it makes it easy to find any information.
◦ But this system was good only for small organizations having small number of items.
It has many disadvantages given below:
◦ It was time consuming.
◦ Inefficient to maintain the record of big firm having large number of items.
◦ It requires a lots of labor work to do.
◦ It becomes more complex when anyone requires changing the information.
• It was totally computer based system where all the information is store in different
computer files.
• Also traditional files system stores data in a manner that all the departments of an organization
have their own set of files that creates data redundancy.
For example:
lets us take an example of: College where student record for examination is stored & their library
record is stored in different file that creates many duplicate values like roll Number, Name and Father
Name.
Figure 1-7
Traditional File Processing

Purpose of Database
◦ A database should be a repository of data needed for an organization's data processing. That
data should be
◦ accurate,
◦ private, and
◦ protected from damage.
Advantages of Using Databases

◦ Database minimizes data redundancy to a great extent.
◦ The database can control the inconsistency of data to a large extent.
◦ Sharing of data is also possible using the database.
Purpose of Database
Advantages of Using Databases
◦ Database enforce standards.
◦ The use of Databases can ensure data security.
◦ Integrity can be managed using the database
Risks of the database approach

◦ New specialized personnel: Need to hire or train new personnel e.g. database administrators and
application programmers.
◦ Need for explicit backup
◦ Organizational conflict: Different departments have different information needs and data representation.
◦ Large size: Often needs alarmingly large amounts of processing power.
◦ Expensive: Software and hardware expenses.
◦ High impact of failure: Concentration of processing and resources makes an organization vulnerable if
the system fails for any length of time.
Components of DBMS
DBMS have several components,
each performing very
significant tasks in the database
management system environment.
Below is a list of
components within the database
and its environment.
Basic Terminologies Related to Database
Relation: In general, a relation is a table, i.e., data is arranged in rows and columns. A relation has the
following properties:
◦ In any given column of a table, all the items are of the same kind, whereas items in different columns
may not be of the same kind.
◦ For a row, each column must have an atomic value, and also for a row, a column cannot have more
than one value.
◦ All rows of a relation are distinct.
◦ The ordering of rows in a relationship is irrelevant.
◦ The column of a relation are assigned distinct names, and the ordering of these columns is irrelevant.
Basic Terminologies Related to Database
◦ Tuple: The rows of tables in a relationship are generally termed as Tuples.
◦ Attributes: The columns or fields of a table is termed as Attributes.
◦ Degree: The number of attributes in a relation determines the degree of relation. A relation
having three attributes is said to have a relation of degree 3.
◦ Cardinality: The number of tuples or rows in a relation is termed as cardinality.
Types of databases
A database is a collection of data or records. Database management systems are designed to manage
databases.
There are several types of database management systems. Here is a list of some common database
management systems:
• Relational DBMS
• Hierarchical and Network DBMS
• Object-Oriented Databases
Relational DBMS
• Represents data as two-dimensional
tables called relations
• Relates data across tables based on
common data element
• Examples: DB2, Oracle, MS SQL
Server
Figure 2-7
Hierarchical DBMS
• Organizes data in a tree-like structure
• Supports one-to-many parent-child relationships
• Prevalent in large legacy systems
Figure 3-7
Network DBMS
◦ Depicts data logically as many-to-many relationships
◦ A network database looks more like a cobweb or interconnected network of records.
◦ In network databases, children are called members and parents are called occupiers. The
difference between each child or member is that it can have more than one parent.
Network DBMS
Object Oriented Database
◦ It takes more than the storage of programming language objects. Object DBMS's increase the semantics
of C++ and Java.
◦ Object-oriented DBMS: Stores data and procedures as objects that can be retrieved and
shared automatically
Relation

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MANAGING DATA

Traditional File Processing

Advantages of Using Databases

Risks of the database approach

• Hierarchical and Network DBMS

• Supports one-to-many parent-child relationships

• Prevalent in large legacy systems

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