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    C-Ied: IED Awareness Ground Signs - Indicators

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    Орце Николов
    This document provides information about IED awareness and ground signs related to IED detection. It defines an IED and describes common components like switches, initiators, main charges, and containers. It outlines considerations around IED threats and emplacement tactics. The document discusses principles of observation for detecting ground signs of IEDs, like discarded articles, color changes in soil, irregular shapes in vegetation, signs of material transference, and flattened areas of ground that indicate a buried device. The goal is to educate soldiers on identifying indicators that could suggest the presence of an IED.

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    C-Ied: IED Awareness Ground Signs - Indicators

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    Орце Николов
    999 views61 pages
    This document provides information about IED awareness and ground signs related to IED detection. It defines an IED and describes common components like switches, initiators, main charges, and containers. It outlines considerations around IED threats and emplacement tactics. The document discusses principles of observation for detecting ground signs of IEDs, like discarded articles, color changes in soil, irregular shapes in vegetation, signs of material transference, and flattened areas of ground that indicate a buried device. The goal is to educate soldiers on identifying indicators that could suggest the presence of an IED.

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    This document provides information about IED awareness and ground signs related to IED detection. It defines an IED and describes common components like switches, initiators, main charges, and containers. It outlines considerations around IED threats and emplacement tactics. The document discusses principles of observation for detecting ground signs of IEDs, like discarded articles, color changes in soil, irregular shapes in vegetation, signs of material transference, and flattened areas of ground that indicate a buried device. The goal is to educate soldiers on identifying indicators that could suggest the presence of an IED.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    999 views61 pages

    C-Ied: IED Awareness Ground Signs - Indicators

    Uploaded by

    Орце Николов
    This document provides information about IED awareness and ground signs related to IED detection. It defines an IED and describes common components like switches, initiators, main charges, and containers. It outlines considerations around IED threats and emplacement tactics. The document discusses principles of observation for detecting ground signs of IEDs, like discarded articles, color changes in soil, irregular shapes in vegetation, signs of material transference, and flattened areas of ground that indicate a buried device. The goal is to educate soldiers on identifying indicators that could suggest the presence of an IED.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 61

    C-IED

    IED Awareness
    Ground signs -
    Indicators LT. Nikolov Orce
    SFC. Vanevski Sasho
    Considerations and Exceptions

     This training is intended to provide you with current IED information and
    awareness, it is NOT intended to supersede any of the following:
     Rules of Engagement (ROE)
     FRAGOs

     OPORDs

     Chain of Command
     Unit Standard Operating Procedures
    What is an IED?

    A device placed or fabricated in an improvised


    manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious,
    pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to
    destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may
    incorporate military stores, but is normally devised
    from non-military components. Refers to a type of IED
    incident that involves a complete, functioning device.
    IED Threats
    Facts of an IED

     Weapon of choice for the enemy

     Responsible for the majority of combat causalities


     Coalition
     Afghanistan National Security Forces (ANSF)
     Enduring World Wide threat

     Bomb makers are only limited by the availability of


    components and their imagination
    IED Components
     Five main components (S.I.M.P.C.)
     Switch or Trigger
    Victim Operated
    Command
    Time
     Initiator
    Military, Commercial, or Improvised
     Main Charge
    Military Ordnance/Homemade Explosives
     Power Source
    Batteries
     Container
    Military ordnance
    Metal / plastic jugs
    Anything that can be used to store the main charge.
    Victim Operated Pressure Plate

    Snap back
    Carbon Rod (LMC)

    Push Button Compression Spring Ball Bearing


    Victim Operated Pressure Plate

    MAIN
    CHARGE

    + -

    BATTERY
    INITIATOR
    CONTAINER
    CONDUCTIVE METAL STRIPS

    WOODEN BOARD
    RUBBER INSULATION
    Victim Operated Pressure Release
    Victim Operated Pressure Release

    MAIN CHARGE
    Victim Operated Trip / Pull Wire
    Victim Operated Trip / Pull Wire

    Trip Wire or Command Pull + -


    Clothes Pin
    BATTERY

    MAIN
    CHARGE
    INITIATOR
    CONTAINER
    Command Initiated - Command Wire
    Command Initiated CWIED

    INITIATOR
    - +
    FIRING
    SYSTEM
    ANT TRAIL
    FIRING POSITION
    MAIN
    CHARGE
    CMD Initiated Receivers (RCIED)
    Personal
    RFT (Remote Mobile Radio
    Frequency Transmitter) Cellular Telephone PMR
    CMD Radio Controlled (RCIED)

    TRANSMITTER

    RECEIVER

    MAIN
    CHARGE
    FIRING
    POSITION INITIATOR
    Switch – Time

    Analog

    Mosque Clock
    Alarm Clock

    Mechanical Timer
    Digital Timer Rudimentary Timer
    Initiators

    Commercial Electric CapsImprovised made w/plastic pen

    Improvised Electric Time Fused Blasting Cap


    Initiator
    Main Charge / Military
    Main Charge / Homemade
    Power Source

    Car Battery Motorcycle Battery

    D cell Battery 9 V Battery


    Containers
    Suicide IED Suicide Vests
    IED Emplacement TTPs
    Deliberate Emplacement
    Hasty Emplacement
    What’s wrong here?
    What’s wrong here?

    Possible “warning markers” as they are


    not really natural, and there’s a direct line
    between them with the IED on it.

    IED Emplacement
    Where is the IED?
    Where is the IED?
    9 Principles of C-IED Combat

     Maintain an Offensive Mindset


     Develop and Maintain Situational Awareness
     Stay Observant
     Avoid Setting Patterns
     Maintain Standoff
     360 Degree Multi-Directional Security
     Maintain Tactical Dispersion
     Utilize Blast/Fragmentation Protection
     Utilize your available Technology
    BREAK
    Ground Sign Awareness
    General Observation Principles

     General observation principles


     Training the eyes requires training the mind.
     Eyes must be trained to notice little things-bending of grass when
    there is no wind.
     Learn to see things in proper perspective at distances.
     Learn to look through vegetation, not at it.
     When the sun is to your back, light will reflect from enemy’s optical
    equipment and visa versa.
     Factors affecting vision: Lack of vitamin A, colds, headaches, fatigue,
    narcotics, alcohol, smoking, exposure to bright light, etc.
    Eye and Brain Relationship

     Eye/Brain relationship
     Observation is a function of mentally processing
    images from the eyes.
     Mental filters are in place to prevent information
    overload.
     Can only “see” indicators for what they are after
    being exposed to them previously.
     Repetition allows indicators to be more easily
    detected.
    Observation Techniques

     Scanning
    A general and systematic examination of an area to
    detect any unusual or significant object or movement.
     Searching
    A thorough examination of a certain feature in the area.
    Positive Space

     Positive space is space that is taken up by solid objects such as buildings, trees,
    signs, and vehicles.

    − Typically, you cannot shoot or see through positive space.

    − The human eye will naturally move from positive space to positive space as the
    eye is attracted to this.

     For example, in tree lines, your eyes are attracted to trunks and prominent
    branches.
    Negative Space

     Negative Space is between positive spaces.


    − The human eye subconsciously does not recognize or consider.
    −Good camouflage resembles negative space.
    Key Observation Points

     Limited visibility/night observation principles.


     Eyes must be trained to recognize outline alone.
     Eyes undergo changes which constantly cause the eyes to change focus-
    eyes tire quicker.
     Night adaptation-allow approximately 30 minutes for eyes to adjust.
     Maneuver to catch the light.
     Place object between yourself and light.
     Observer can pick up more light by lowering his body.
     Off-center vision-resist looking directly at object.
    Observation Exercise

     Prepare to Observe
    Observation Exercise
    Check on Learning
    1. Scanning is defined as the
    thorough examination of a False
    certain feature in the area. True
    or False?
    2. Observation is a function of
    mentally processing images from True
    the eyes. True of False?

    3. Approximately how long


    should you wait for eyes to d. 30 min
    adjust your night visions?
    a.10 min c. 20 min
    b.15 min d. 30 min
    Indicators

     Indicators are nothing but a small piece of the puzzle that we


    use to help identify a possible threat.
     Indicators can be stacked rocks, disturbed earth, or parts of a
    road way that everyone seems to avoid.
     Ground signs, markers, or anything that doesn’t seem to
    belong could be an indicator.
     Indicators do not have to be on the ground.
    Scan for Indicators

     Ground signs, markers, or anything that doesn’t seem to


    belong could be an indicator.
    Reference
    Markers

    Buried
    Wire

    Translated as: I Give My Life


    Make a Threat Assessment

     Determine the enemy’s likely course of action.


    Definition of a Ground Sign

     Any evidence of change from the natural state that is


    inflicted upon the environment by the passage of
    man, animal, or machinery.
     Concealment of an IED will inevitably leave an element of ground sign.
     Markers and indicators can be left to warn others of the presence of an
    IED.
     Environment plays a key part into the likely location of IEDs.
     Weather may degrade observable evidence.
    Ground Signs
     Identify all potential indicators of IED emplacement
    on your route.
     Identifying these indicators left behind by the
    insurgents will enhance your threat assessment and
    target process:
     Discardables
     Color Changes
     Regularity
     Transference
     Flattening
     Disturbance
     Markers
    Common Discarded Articles
     Common articles left behind at IED emplacement sites include:
     Cigarette butts
     Wire ends
     Bits of tape
    Ground Color Changes
     Soil from the hole may differ in color from the surrounding area.
     Known to pour water or urine on the top of the emplaced IED to
    pack soil back into the hole.
    Regularity
     Unnatural Ground Lines
     Look for unnatural lines that may be in circular, rectangular, or
    square shape which may reveal the outlines of mines or pressure
    plates.

    Wire
    Ground Transference
     Occurs when an insurgent takes soil or any other material from
    one area to conceal an IED.
     Often the transferred material will not naturally blend in the
    surrounding area.

    Main Charge / VOIED


    Battery 4m away
    Flattening
     Occurs after the hole is filled in.
     Evident after it rains and after extended periods of
    time.
    Ground Disturbance
     Any evidence of change or rearrangement from the natural state caused by the
    passage of an individual.
    Markers
     Insurgents use markers for multiple purposes
     May be used as aiming stakes or may be used to warn locals
    about the presences of IEDs along routes or paths.

    second aiming Rock used as aiming stake


    stake first aiming
    stake

    CWIED emplacement
    CW
    Check on Learning
    1. Markers are used only to warn
    the enemy of the presence of False
    IEDs along routes and paths.
    True or False?

    2. A common marker is stacked


    rocks. True of False? True

    3. A piece of cloth hanging from a


    True
    tree could be a marker. True or
    False?
    Ground Sign Linked to Emplacement

     Concealing an IED will inevitably leave an element of a


    ground sign.
     Can be in the form of foot print or the signature left behind
    from concealment.
     Different in any given area.
     Ground signs may vary with enemy emplacements.
     Hasty Emplacement
     Deliberate Emplacement
    Hasty Emplacement – Site Prepared

     Hasty Emplacement
     Known movement route
     Rapid employment of IED

    White Lamp Cord

    Command Wire
    Deliberate Emplacement
     Deliberate Emplacement
     Site prepared
     Pre-determined IED location, insurgent reconnaissance
     Accomplished by unarmed personnel
    Elevated Emplacement

     It’s important to know that not all IEDs are placed on


    the ground.

    IED Emplacement
    Check on Learning

    1. The two types of emplacements


    are referred to as ___ and ___ . Hasty and Deliberate
    Deliberate .
    2. Hasty emplacement can be just
    laying command wire on top of True
    the ground. True of False?
    3. All IEDs are placed in the
    ground. True or False? False
    71

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