Theme:1

The tourism sector in the economy

Executat:Josan Patricia
Controlat :Roman Livandovschi
 Objectives
O 1.Tourism and the tourist
O 2.The tourism sector
O 3.The damnd-side apptoach and the input-
output analysis
O 4.Tourism within the national accounting
system
O 5. The tourism sattelite account
O  Since the beginning of time humans have
traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisition of resources
(trade) was the early travel motivations. But the idea
of travel for pleasure or exploration soon emerged. Travel
has always depended upon technology to provide the
means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers walked or
rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and
the sail provided new modes of transportation. Each
improvement in technology increased individuals
'opportunities to travel. As roads were improved and
governments stabilized, interest in travel increased for
education, sightseeing, and religious purposes. One of the
earliest travel guides was written by Pausanias, a Greek,
which was a 10 volume Guide to Greece, for
Roman tourists.
1.Tourism and the tourist
O  Definition of Tourism
Mathieson and Wall (1982) created a good working definition
of tourism as "the temporary movement of people to
destinations outside their normal places of work and residence,
the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations,
and the facilities created to cater to their needs."
O Excursionist:Persons traveling for pleasure in a period
less than 24 hours (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
O Foreign Tourist:Any person visiting a country, other
than that in which he/she usually resides, for a period of at
least24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of the
League of Nations, 1937).
O Travel:The act of moving outside one's home community for
business or pleasure but not for commuting or traveling to or
from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
O How has tourism grown?
O  The tourist industry in MEDCs has grown significantly over the
last 50 years. People are taking longer holidays,
are travelling more frequently and travelling to destinations
further away. There are a number of reasons for this. These
include: 
O increase in income
O the introduction of holiday pay
O developments in transport
O people have more holiday time from work
O cheap flights from budget airlines
O the growth of tourism has had a positive effect on income and
development in many countries therefore tourism is
actively encouraged
O changes in lifestyle and interests mean people are more interested
in travelling to more exotic and unusual destinations.
2.The tourism sector
 • Accommodation
O Accommodation is one of the basic needs for any tourism
activity. Travelers and tourists need lodging for rest, while
they are on a tour. Accommodation in the form of low budget
lodges/hotels to world class luxury hotels is available at all
the major tourist destinations to provide the tourist a home
away from home. These are establishments that provide a
place for the tourist to stay lodging facilities which are paid
for the duration of the stay by the tourist. There are various
types of accommodation which are being used by tourists
regularly. Travel agents and tour operators generally include
one of the following types of accommodation in the itinerary.
 • Recreation
O Recreation can be defined as the pursuit of leisure activities
during one’s spare time (Tribe, 2011) and can include vastly
different activities such as golfing, sport fishing, and rock
climbing. Defining recreation as it pertains to tourism,
however, is more challenging.
O Adventure tourism can be “soft” or “hard.” Differentiating
between the two is somewhat subjective, but is loosely based
on the level of experience required, the level of fitness
required, and the degree to which the participant is exposed
to risk (UNWTO, 2014).  Examples of soft adventure include
wildlife viewing or moderate hiking, whereas river rafting or
rock climbing would usually be considered hard adventure.
 • Food and beverage
O The food and beverage sector grew out of simple origins: as people
travelled from their homes, going about their business, they often had a
need or desire to eat or drink. Others were encouraged to meet this
demand by supplying food and drink. As the interests of the public
became more diverse, so too did the offerings of the food and beverage
sector.
O In the present research paper, Frankie and Benny’s Restaurant has been
chosen which is one of the most popular restaurant chains in UK and is
highly dedicated towards delivering of quality services to its increasing
consumer and client base. It is commended that F&B operations serve
more than 22 million guests by working in partnership with different
hotels and other leading restaurants in UK. This includes list of
different people such as restaurateur, chefs, bartenders, operational
managers etc.
 The types of food preparation
methods:
O One off production: This is the method that is used when
consumer makes order for something that he wants with his
own specifications. Like for example, if Frankie and Benny’s
get an order for wedding cake, then in this case, off production
takes place depending upon the ways in which designs are
intricate and ability of the chef to get involved in the same
O Batch cooking: This is the method that is used at the time when
size of market is not specified and there are ranges of things to
be done within product line. In Frankie and Benny’s, they may
bake a limited number of specific baked goods and with help of
batch cooking; they can estimate the number of consumers that
will aspire to buy that product
O Just in time: This is the method that is highly used in most of the
restaurants of Frankie and Benny’s. In this system, all the components of
the product are available in –house and from that consumer make his
choice Then after with the fresh ingredient, that product is prepared for
the consumer.
O Call order: In this method, the description of service is provided to the
customer in the form of a printed menu. This is also quite famous in
Frankie and Benny’s where orders are taken from the customers and then
they are served plated. The required cutlery is provided at the same time
for the order.
O Traditional style: Over here, the orders are taken from the people those
who are seated in the restaurant at that point of time and the waiters bring
in their orders. Chefs are also involved in it and the processes like
chopping, grinding, blending, etc are undertaken manually. This style is
not followed in a great extent in Frankie and Benny’s .
O Cook chill: This method of cooking and food production is used with the
principle of low heat or temperature cooking. Thus this method helps in
controlling to conserve the quality of food that has been processed.
 • Transportation
O The transportation sector is vital to the success
of our industry. Put simply, if we can’t
move people from place to place — whether
by air, sea, or land — we don’t have an
industry. This chapter takes a broad approach,
covering each segment of the transportation
sector globally, nationally.
O Air
O According to the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), in 2014, airlines transported 3.3
billion people across a network of almost 50,000 routes
generating 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion in business
activity
O The first commercial (paid) passenger flight took
place in Florida on New Year’s Day 1914 as a single
person was transported across Tampa Bay . 
O Rail
O Historic significance of railways as they laid the
foundation for the modern tourism industry. That’s because
in many places, trains were an unprecedented way to move
people across vast expanses of land.
O Water
O Travel by water is as old as civilization itself. However, the industry
as we know it began when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam
engine in 1712. The first crossing of the Atlantic by steam engine
took place in 1819 aboard the SS Savannah, landing in Liverpool,
England, after 29 days at sea. Forty years later, White Star Lines
began building ocean liners including the Olympic-class
ships (the Olympic, Britannic, and Titanic), expanding on
previously utilitarian models by adding luxurious amenities
O Land
O While much of this text has placed significance on the emergence
of the railways as critical to the development of our industry,
roadways have also played an integral role.
O Today, land-based travel is achieved through a complex web
of local transit, taxis, rentals, walking, and short-term sightseeing.
This section briefly explores these options.
 • Travel services
O The travel services sector is made up of a
complex web of relationships between a variety
of suppliers, tourism products, destination
marketing organizations, tour operators, and
travel agents, among many others. Under the
North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS), travel services comprises businesses
and functions that assist with planning and
reserving components of the visitor experience.
O Components of travel services as identified under NAICS,
exploring the function of each area and ways they interact:
O Travel agencies
O Online travel agencies (OTAs)
O Tour operators
O Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)
O Other organizations
 3. The demand-side approach and
the input-output analysis
The Supply-Side Approach
O It focuses on an ex ante definition of the tourism sector
based on the structure of its supply: Smith and Medlik
(1988) identify two parts of the tourism supply:
O One part only supplies to tourists and that would not exist
without tourism (hotels, travel agencies, etc.)
O The other part supplies to both tourists and non tourists
(restaurants, taxis, etc.)
O Distinction between:
O Core services (transportation, accommodation, catering,
attractions, travel organization sector, destination
management);
O Complementary services (tourism schools, infrastructures,
banks, insurance companies, etc).
O Set of Departments (Hospitality, Food & Beverage,
Transport, Congress & Conferences, Catering, Leisure
Management, Real Estate, Financial services,
Infrastructure management, Trip planning and
management, Travel Agencies, Education, Public
Administration)
The Demand-Side Approach
O It helps define the boundaries of the tourism sector by
investigating tourism expenditure:
O By observing the tourists’ spending, one can indirectly
determine the amount of production (and its distribution
among sectors) that is actually needed to satisfy the
tourism demand, by implicitly estimating its economic
impact.
 4.Tourism within the national accounting system

The standard methodology that is adopted to identify and

assess the economic sectors of a country is not applicable to
tourism. The criteria used in Economics to identify an
industry are:
• The technological criterion, for which an industry is a set
of firms using a similar production technology.
• The market criterion, which identifies an industry
according to the degree of similarity between goods,
which is intended as whether the consumer possibly
accepts to substitute one good with another.
The tourism industry does not exist in any national
accounting system The setting up of a statistical system
aimed at measuring the economic impact of tourism is a
complex task which can be tackled by two different
approaches:
• the supply-side approach;
• the demand-side approach.
5. The tourism satellite account
O “Satellite accounts are one way in which the System of
National Accounts may be adapted to meet differing
circumstances and needs. They are closely linked to the main
system but are not bound to employ exactly the same concepts
or restrict themselves to data expressed in monetary terms.
Satellite accounts are intended for special purposes such as
monitoring the community’s health or the state of the
environment, or tourism activities”
O Satellite accounts integrate the national accounting system with
monetary, physical, and geographical information, by mixing
alternative statistical information (such as sample observation
of tourists’ spending) in a coherent way with national statistics.
Two types of satellite accounts can be identified, according to
the their relationship with the national systems:
O accounts that allow alternative analysis;
O accounts for special functions or objectives (such as tourism)
 Dimensions of the
tourism phenomenon

Elaborat: Josan Patricia

Controlat:Livandovschi Roman
1.1 determinate factors of tourism development
 1. Environmental factors
O
Two main environmental factors that have led to the growth of tourism:
O Good climate : Good climate is one of the most important features of attraction
for any tourist place. Pleasant climate with warmth and ample of sunshine
attracts tourists who come from the temperate and colder regions. For example,
most of the sea-side resorts in U.S.A and U.K are located on a warmer
southeast. On other hands, people from summer areas migrate to cooler regions
to seek pleasure of cold fresh environment. For instance, in India places like
Lonavala, Mahabaleshwar near Mumbai, Kullu and Manali, Shillong, Kashmir,
so on are well-known for their cool and pleasant climate. Other countries with
cooler climate that attract tropical tourists are Switzerland, Sweden, etc.
O Beautiful scenery : Tourism booms at picnic spots with beautiful sceneries. For
example, sunrise and sunset points, long sea beaches, fresh water lakes,
waterfalls, etc., often attract large numbers of tourists.
 2. Socio-economic factors
O
Four important socio-economic factors that influence the development of tourism:
O Accessibility : Of all socio-economic factors, accessibility is the most important one. All tourist centers
must be easily accessible by various modes of transportation like roads, railways, air and water. To enjoy
nature's beautiful sites seeing traveling by roads and railways is a better option. If a tourist plans to reach a
remote tour-destination in the quickest possible time, then airway is the most suitable choice. Generally,
waterways are seldom selected unless a tourist decides to enjoy a luxury cruise experience in sea and/or
interested to visit an isolated archipelago.
O Accommodation : Places of tourists' interest must be capable enough to provide good accommodation and
catering facilities. A type of accommodation required by tourists depends on their lives-styles, standard of
living, capacity to spend money, nature of services expected, etc. Classification of accommodation centers
(i.e. various hotels, motels, dormitories, etc.) on basic of rating like five stars and below are essential so that
tourists can make a proper choice and plan their trips appropriately. Generally, tourism mostly prospers in
those areas where good lodging and food facilities are available at reasonable prices.
O Amenities : Growth of tourism at a particular place is also influenced crucial factors like; how well the site
is maintained for touring activities like skiing, roping, paragliding, rowing, fishing, surfing, safari adventure,
etc. Whether emergency facilities are available or not, so on.
O Ancillary services : If a tour destination is equipped by ancillary (supplementary) services like banking and
finance, the Internet and telecom connectivity, hospitals, insurance, so on, then such a place succeeds to
hold (retain) more tourists for a longer time. This overall helps to boost the local economy to some extend.
 3. Historical and cultural factors
O
Many tourists are attracted to places of historical
significance and that which have a legacy of rich cultural
heritage. People love and enjoy exploring destinations
where there are famous ancient monuments, marvelous
forts, castles and palaces of earlier kings and queens, etc.
O Examples of places that are famous throughout the world
for their historical and cultural accounts are; Taj Mahal in
India, Nazca lines and Machu Picchu in Peru, Pyramid of
Giza in Egypt, Great wall of China and Stonehenge in
England.
 4. Religious factors
O
People often make pilgrims to places of religious
importance to seek inner peace, get blessing of their
favorite deities and gurus, attain salvation before death,
etc. Here, faiths, beliefs and sentiments of people
contribute in booming tourism at holy places.
O Examples of places that are well-known for their religious
significance are Jerusalem in Israel, Mecca and Medina in
Saudi Arabia, Varanasi and Amritsar in India, etc.
 5. Other factors
O
Sometimes other factors also contribute toward growth of
tourism at unexpected places.
O For example, UFO crash site in Roswell, New Mexico
(USA) attracts many tourists from around the world.
O Research activities and adventures of deep seas and caves,
geological studies of hot-water springs and geysers,
seismic analysis of active volcanoes, investigation of
paranormal-activities in abandoned ghost towns, etc. also
contribute in developing tourism on some scale.
O So, these are some of the main factors influencing the
growth of tourism.
1.2 domestic and international tourism of RM
 3. Tourist circulation
O 3.1 Forms of tourism structure,charateristics,interaction
O 3.2 Tourist circulation measuring and difficulties
acknowledge of tourist phenomen
Form of tourism
 Structure
O ATTRACTIONS are either natural in themselves or are man-
made.It is easy to think of natural attractions eg Lake District or
Blackpool Beach that has some 6million visitors each year.Man-
made attractions are constructed for tourists.Alton Towers is a
very famous theme park full of activities for the family originating
as a stately home.Other very famous attractions are the London
Eye,Tower of London,Eden Project Legoland Windsor.
O TRANSPORT forms at least 25% of a tourist’s outlay for a
trip.With many ways of getting around it forms a major role in the
tourism industry.In order to get to their destination it usually
involves at least two forms of transport.The public in the UK
expect a high standard of service involving all forms of travel
information.
O TOUR OPERATORS produce holidays in the form of a package.A contract is
negotiated with accommodation and transport providers.Buying in bulk reduces overhead
costs and the holiday is presented as a brochure to the travel agents.And then sold;either
directly or via the agent.There are four types of tour operators.Mass Market;examples are
Thomas Cook,Thomson,First Choice.Holidays offered would be an all-inclusive city
break,the Lakes and Mountains.Specialist Holidays for the special interests of the
holidaymaker.18-30 Club;Seniors(Young at Heart).Domestic Holidays such as
Butlins;Health Spas.Holidays for overseas tourists visiting the country.Usually providing
guides for the history and culture of the UK.Catering mainly for the Americans and
Japanese.
O TRAVEL AGENTS do their job of selling the brochures.This is the link between tour
operators and the public.They usually cater for specialist holidays.There are multiple
travel agents with agencies all around the UK.The most famous are Going
Places,Thomson and Lunn Poly.There are miniples consisting of about twenty to thirty
shops.Independent travel agents are small and family owned.Very popular are Call
Centres where the customer can book a holiday by phone.
O TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Tourist boards offer information concerning the region
involved to prospective visitors.Clients can pop into a tourist information centre to obtain
literature and anything else concerning the area.The tourist information board is
concerned with promotion in any form.For advice and information and to undertake
research.Blue Badge Guides have very intensive and specific training to provide tours of
their respective regions for visitors.
 Charateristics
O Perishability is one of the most important characteristics of the
tourism industry. The products/services in the tourism and travel
industry are consumed as they are produced. Hotel rooms and
cable car seats cannot be warehoused for futures sales. When a
hotel room is not booked tonight, you cannot take ‘tonight’ and
sell it tomorrow. Once the train left the station, unused capacity
cannot be sold afterwards – provided that it was no time-
traveling train.
O As an uncertainty in customer demand leverages this issue,
hotels and travel agencies tend to overbook available rooms and
seats. Finding an alternative product for the customer and living
with the consequences of overbooking is statistically more
economical.
O Inconsistency
Products of the tourism industry always differ. Even the same
hotel room in the same week with the same weather can be
perceived differently due to the mood of the chef. It is always
about the experience that the customer makes. Rational
product attributes like price, nights of stay, and additional
services can only be compared to a minor degree. It is
challenging to deal with the customer perception of the
product (the perceived quality) as it is highly affected by
numerous uninfluenceable aspects such as weather,
construction sites, other customers etc. Hence, the product is
very inconsistent and cannot be standardized.
O Investment and immobility
O Talking about hotels and other accommodations there
is usually a big capital lockup in the assets. Hotels
have furniture, restaurants, TV-sets, laundry-service,
pools, saunas etc. – invested capital that has to pay off.
O And that’s not all – all those investments are attached
to one locality which means that those tourism
companies are to a huge extent dependent on the
attractiveness of the region, the country, its
surroundings and so forth.
O People-oriented
O The tourism industry builds entirely upon people.
The interaction between the staff and the
customer determines the perceived product
quality. Unlike tangible products where the
customer buys certain features, production
quality, durability etc. the holiday quality results
from personal interactions starting with the
information and booking process over the stay up
to the journey home.
O Inseparability
O Most travel products are first sold and the produced and
consumed at the same time. This is an aspect which clearly
sets tourism apart from tangible products. When you buy a
new computer it is produced and shipped before you see it
on the website or at the retailer’s premise. The consumption
of that computer – using it – takes place after purchase at
your home. You cannot take the hotel room home – only the
small bottles of shampoo and toothpaste. And you cannot
enjoy the alpine sleigh ride in your living room. Tourism
products can only be consumed at the supplier’s premise.
O Intangibility
O Tourism products are intangible. A night in a hotel, a day in a ski-
resort, the calm flight with the nice attendant, and the smiling tour-
guide taking you to the peak of an alpine mountain – all this
cannot be touched. Tourism is all about the time spent and the
experience made. The products sold by tourism companies both
can’t be reproduced or reused. Nor can the feeling of consumption
be captured to its full extent. There are merely attempts with
photographs and video cameras. Probably everybody was already
in the situation where you showed your holiday pictures to your
family or friends and said “Well, it looked better when I was there.
The picture cannot really reproduce the sentiment)… Tourism is a
subjective picture planted into the customers’ minds.
O Inflexibility
O Travel products are fairly inflexible in terms of
fluctuation. Hotels cannot change their capacities
quickly enough to react on spontaneous
fluctuations in demand. Hence, such companies
try to balance between high and low demands, so
that it’s not too much of a pain for the company
when restaurant tables remain empty and for
customers when there are no more tables
available.
O Imitability
O Offers and products by tourism companies are generally easy
to copy. When the neighbor hotel adds a masseur to its SPA
offer you more or less only need somebody with a firm grip
and here you go. So how can hotels build a unique selling
proposition? Originality, consistency, location etc. – but not
by hoping that their services are not imitable.
O These are all relevant characteristics, which have to be taken
into consideration for marketing activities.  In my further
posts I will discuss traditional marketing measures and social
media marketing for this industry and I will slowly approach
the ubiquitous ROI. So stay with me!
O We sustain that the UNWTO definition (www.untwo.org) of tourism is
the most representative for noticing what tourism is in fact and we
further consider that measuring tourism helps us understand some
problems that the decision factors must approach in planning tourism
and in the scenarios of subsequent development. There are three basic
reasons in trying to define tourism as an activity: 1. What is the
purpose of the trip? (for example, business trip, holidays, visiting
friends and relatives, other reasons) 2. What time dimension is implied
in tourism having as purpose the visit? (in the majority of cases,
tourism implies at least 24 hours and a maximum of 12 months away
from home (Minciu, R., 2004)) 3. What situations appear when some
countries can or cannot choose the inclusion of travelers into tourists?
(for example, the passengers on a cruise ship, the tourists in transit, the
holiday makers that stay less than 24 hours in a destination.
O ) Thus, we consider that there are some main reasons for which measuring tourism
is important: • in order to understand the spreading and the value of visitors for
certain destinations, countries and regions;
O • in order to understand how important tourism is concerning the balance of
payments of the reference countries;
O • in order to assist the tourism industry and the governments in planning and
anticipating the type of infrastructure necessary so that tourism increases and
develops; • in order to understand what type of marketing is necessary for tourists
to become consumers; • in order to help the tourism industry in making the
decisions concerning the type of action necessary for the future development in
the field;
O • in a general level, measuring tourism by collecting, analyzing and interpreting
the statistics is essential for the evaluation of the volume, the scale, the impact and
the value of tourism at different geographical scales, from the global level, to the
country level and to the individual destination level. availability of people to travel
for pleasure).
O THE NEW FACTORS AFFECTING TOURISM

O The tourist activity within the national economies and on a global level takes place under the
incidence of a complex of factors. In the specialized literature one can see different modalities of
grouping, the authors (Minciu R., 2004, Niță I., Niță C.m 2008), trying to complete one another in
analysing the typologies of factors which influence the development of tourism. The main groups
of factors are analyzed in the specialized literature as follows: • According to the nature of factors,
they divide into: - economic: the income of population, the prices and the tariffs, the touristic
offer; - demographic: the quantitative evolution of population, the structure on ages and social
categories, the modification of the average life duration etc; - social: leisure time; - political: the
visa regime, border formalities; - psychological and educational: level of education, individual
character etc; - technical: the advance of technologies in constructions, high performances of the
means of transport etc.
O ♦ According to their importance in influencing tourism, the factors are divided into: - primary:
leisure time, the income of the population, its movement, the tourist offer; - secondary:
supplementary services, facilities for getting a visa;
O ♦ According to the time duration of their action, one can distinguish the factors: - permanent: the
growth of leisure time, the modification of the incomes of the population; - conjuncture: natural
disasters, political instability, meteorological conditions.
O ♦ According to the basic components of the market, there are: - factors of tourism demand:
dynamics and the incomes of the population, leisure time; - factors of tourism offer: prices,
diversity and quality of services. One can mention other groups: objective and subjective factors,
endogenous (from the inside of the tourist system) and exogenous (outside it), factors of tourist
attraction,promotional factors.
O With the growth of leisure time and a better living standard, the tourism demand increased. On a global level
one can see an improvement of the revaluation of leisure time and the diminution of the time spent working. On
a national level, the things are a little different; even if one doesn’t recognize it (people work extra hours and
are not paid sufficiently), while by working less, people can take advantage of their free time and holidays.
O The economic factors are very important in the development of tourism and in the increase of the number of
tourists. If the personal or family income is big or medium, there are big chances for people to become tourists.
Depending on the budget, travelers can establish the place and the duration of their holiday. Concerning the
demographic factor, we know that people who live in the urban areas have bigger possibilities to travel,
especially from the point of view of the leisure time. The persons living in rural areas are not willing to leave
any time from their domicile because there are certain seasonal activities which cannot be omitted (agriculture,
sheep breeding etc). Thus, the increase of the degree of urbanization determines the growth of the national
tourist demand, phenomenon which manifested very dynamically in the last quarter of century.
O The social factors. Due to the fact that society evolved and the mentality of the individuals changed in
comparison to the years before democracy, the exceeding of some geographic habitats was reached. Through
tourism, the connection between societies, cultures, civilizations and some changes benefic for the evolution of
society are being achieved (Niță I., Niță C., 2008). The tourists who go abroad can see other cultures, traditions,
civilizations, other people and, returning to their domicile, have other ideas, outlooks, needs, demands, another
mentality.
O Thus, there is the connection between a society and another one, between a culture and another one, through
tourism. Also through tourism, the individuals can have other aspirations, being capable to evolve. Researching
those zones that are developing from the point of view of the international tourism, it is obvious that most part
of the trips abroad are made from the developed countries of Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific. In some
cases, tourists travel in the developing countries where the majority of the population lives at a level of
subsistence or at standards inferior to the visitors.
O The contrast between the well-being of the visitor and that of the host is often very big and reveals a clear
inequality between those who have the necessary income to enjoy the luxury of intern and international trips
and those who work in the industry for small wages and unskilled and badly paid jobs.
O This situation is worsened by the growth of the impact of globalization. In the case of
Romanian tourism, it is related to the performances of the Romanian economy, including the
transnationals in the country. The 24 years of transition wasted a good part of the Romanian
economy resources. The Romanian capitals didn’t succeed in entering the global circuits, and
the foreign capitals avoided or postponed penetrating the Romanian production sector,
including the services sector, limiting themselves to the exploitation of the market for the final
consumption.
O Only in the recent years, after the external market of Romania installed, they headed, with
uncertain results, towards the key sectors, immediately profitable, of the Romanian economy.
Responsible are the political factor and also the Romanian businessmen. No one can invoke the
lack of information concerning the mechanisms of the functioning of the global economy, at
least in comparison to their counterparts from other countries in similar conditions.
O Among the major effects of globalization on tourism in Romania of the last 2 decades, one can
mention:
O - promoting the durable development in tourism; - increasing the quality of tourist services;
O - changes in the lifestyle and the need to detach from the daily routine;
O - the growth of the number of well-informed tourists, following the education and the means of
communication;
O - the increase of competition between the holiday destinations and other forms of spending
leisure time;
O - imposing some highly ecological standards;
O - maximization of the positive effects on the environment and minimizing the negative ones;
O - changing the attitude towards the life quality and increasing the need to learn new things by
knowing new regions and cultures;
O - changes in the structure of the family by decreasing the birthrate, changes in the age structure
on the tourist market;
O - integration of local roads into the national infrastructure network;
4.The organization of tourism
activity
O 4.1 Coordinates of the tourism organization
O 4.2 The states role in tourism
4.1 Coordinates of the tourism organization

O The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) is the United Nations agency

responsible for the promotion of responsible, sustainable and universally
accessible tourism.
O It is the leading international organization in the field of tourism, which
promotes tourism as a driver of economic growth, inclusive development and
environmental sustainability and offers leadership and support to the sector in
advancing knowledge and tourism policies worldwide. It serves as a global
forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism knowledge.
O It encourages the implementation of the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism to
maximize the contribution of tourism to socio-economic development, while
minimizing its possible negative impacts, and is committed to promoting
tourism as an instrument in achieving the United Nations Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs), geared towards eliminating poverty and
fostering sustainable development and peace worldwide.
O UNWTO generates market knowledge, promotes
competitive and sustainable tourism policies and
instruments, fosters tourism education and training, and
works to make tourism an effective tool for
development through technical assistance projects in
over 100 countries around the world.
O UNWTO’s membership includes 158 countries, 6
territories and over 500 affiliate members representing
the private sector, educational institutions, tourism
associations and local tourism authorities. Its
headquarters are located in Madrid.
4.2 The states role in tourism
O State Roles: Planning
O • Tourism Planning Approaches
O – Boosterism
O – Economic
O – Physical/spatial
O – Community
O – Sustainability
O State Roles: Development
O • Regulatory instruments
O • Voluntary instruments Voluntary instruments
O • Expenditure
O • Financial incentives