Tema 1-4 Josan Patricia
Tema 1-4 Josan Patricia
Tema 1-4 Josan Patricia
Executat:Josan Patricia
Controlat :Roman Livandovschi
Objectives
O 1.Tourism and the tourist
O 2.The tourism sector
O 3.The damnd-side apptoach and the input-
output analysis
O 4.Tourism within the national accounting
system
O 5. The tourism sattelite account
O Since the beginning of time humans have
traveled. Food, water, safety or acquisition of resources
(trade) was the early travel motivations. But the idea
of travel for pleasure or exploration soon emerged. Travel
has always depended upon technology to provide the
means or mode of travel. The earliest travelers walked or
rode domesticated animals. The invention of the wheel and
the sail provided new modes of transportation. Each
improvement in technology increased individuals
'opportunities to travel. As roads were improved and
governments stabilized, interest in travel increased for
education, sightseeing, and religious purposes. One of the
earliest travel guides was written by Pausanias, a Greek,
which was a 10 volume Guide to Greece, for
Roman tourists.
1.Tourism and the tourist
O Definition of Tourism
Mathieson and Wall (1982) created a good working definition
of tourism as "the temporary movement of people to
destinations outside their normal places of work and residence,
the activities undertaken during their stay in those destinations,
and the facilities created to cater to their needs."
O Excursionist:Persons traveling for pleasure in a period
less than 24 hours (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
O Foreign Tourist:Any person visiting a country, other
than that in which he/she usually resides, for a period of at
least24 hours (Committee of Statistical Experts of the
League of Nations, 1937).
O Travel:The act of moving outside one's home community for
business or pleasure but not for commuting or traveling to or
from school (Macintosh and Goeldner, 1986).
O How has tourism grown?
O The tourist industry in MEDCs has grown significantly over the
last 50 years. People are taking longer holidays,
are travelling more frequently and travelling to destinations
further away. There are a number of reasons for this. These
include:
O increase in income
O the introduction of holiday pay
O developments in transport
O people have more holiday time from work
O cheap flights from budget airlines
O the growth of tourism has had a positive effect on income and
development in many countries therefore tourism is
actively encouraged
O changes in lifestyle and interests mean people are more interested
in travelling to more exotic and unusual destinations.
2.The tourism sector
• Accommodation
O Accommodation is one of the basic needs for any tourism
activity. Travelers and tourists need lodging for rest, while
they are on a tour. Accommodation in the form of low budget
lodges/hotels to world class luxury hotels is available at all
the major tourist destinations to provide the tourist a home
away from home. These are establishments that provide a
place for the tourist to stay lodging facilities which are paid
for the duration of the stay by the tourist. There are various
types of accommodation which are being used by tourists
regularly. Travel agents and tour operators generally include
one of the following types of accommodation in the itinerary.
• Recreation
O Recreation can be defined as the pursuit of leisure activities
during one’s spare time (Tribe, 2011) and can include vastly
different activities such as golfing, sport fishing, and rock
climbing. Defining recreation as it pertains to tourism,
however, is more challenging.
O Adventure tourism can be “soft” or “hard.” Differentiating
between the two is somewhat subjective, but is loosely based
on the level of experience required, the level of fitness
required, and the degree to which the participant is exposed
to risk (UNWTO, 2014). Examples of soft adventure include
wildlife viewing or moderate hiking, whereas river rafting or
rock climbing would usually be considered hard adventure.
• Food and beverage
O The food and beverage sector grew out of simple origins: as people
travelled from their homes, going about their business, they often had a
need or desire to eat or drink. Others were encouraged to meet this
demand by supplying food and drink. As the interests of the public
became more diverse, so too did the offerings of the food and beverage
sector.
O In the present research paper, Frankie and Benny’s Restaurant has been
chosen which is one of the most popular restaurant chains in UK and is
highly dedicated towards delivering of quality services to its increasing
consumer and client base. It is commended that F&B operations serve
more than 22 million guests by working in partnership with different
hotels and other leading restaurants in UK. This includes list of
different people such as restaurateur, chefs, bartenders, operational
managers etc.
The types of food preparation
methods:
O One off production: This is the method that is used when
consumer makes order for something that he wants with his
own specifications. Like for example, if Frankie and Benny’s
get an order for wedding cake, then in this case, off production
takes place depending upon the ways in which designs are
intricate and ability of the chef to get involved in the same
O Batch cooking: This is the method that is used at the time when
size of market is not specified and there are ranges of things to
be done within product line. In Frankie and Benny’s, they may
bake a limited number of specific baked goods and with help of
batch cooking; they can estimate the number of consumers that
will aspire to buy that product
O Just in time: This is the method that is highly used in most of the
restaurants of Frankie and Benny’s. In this system, all the components of
the product are available in –house and from that consumer make his
choice Then after with the fresh ingredient, that product is prepared for
the consumer.
O Call order: In this method, the description of service is provided to the
customer in the form of a printed menu. This is also quite famous in
Frankie and Benny’s where orders are taken from the customers and then
they are served plated. The required cutlery is provided at the same time
for the order.
O Traditional style: Over here, the orders are taken from the people those
who are seated in the restaurant at that point of time and the waiters bring
in their orders. Chefs are also involved in it and the processes like
chopping, grinding, blending, etc are undertaken manually. This style is
not followed in a great extent in Frankie and Benny’s .
O Cook chill: This method of cooking and food production is used with the
principle of low heat or temperature cooking. Thus this method helps in
controlling to conserve the quality of food that has been processed.
• Transportation
O The transportation sector is vital to the success
of our industry. Put simply, if we can’t
move people from place to place — whether
by air, sea, or land — we don’t have an
industry. This chapter takes a broad approach,
covering each segment of the transportation
sector globally, nationally.
O Air
O According to the International Air Transport
Association (IATA), in 2014, airlines transported 3.3
billion people across a network of almost 50,000 routes
generating 58 million jobs and $2.4 trillion in business
activity
O The first commercial (paid) passenger flight took
place in Florida on New Year’s Day 1914 as a single
person was transported across Tampa Bay .
O Rail
O Historic significance of railways as they laid the
foundation for the modern tourism industry. That’s because
in many places, trains were an unprecedented way to move
people across vast expanses of land.
O Water
O Travel by water is as old as civilization itself. However, the industry
as we know it began when Thomas Newcomen invented the steam
engine in 1712. The first crossing of the Atlantic by steam engine
took place in 1819 aboard the SS Savannah, landing in Liverpool,
England, after 29 days at sea. Forty years later, White Star Lines
began building ocean liners including the Olympic-class
ships (the Olympic, Britannic, and Titanic), expanding on
previously utilitarian models by adding luxurious amenities
O Land
O While much of this text has placed significance on the emergence
of the railways as critical to the development of our industry,
roadways have also played an integral role.
O Today, land-based travel is achieved through a complex web
of local transit, taxis, rentals, walking, and short-term sightseeing.
This section briefly explores these options.
• Travel services
O The travel services sector is made up of a
complex web of relationships between a variety
of suppliers, tourism products, destination
marketing organizations, tour operators, and
travel agents, among many others. Under the
North American Industry Classification System
(NAICS), travel services comprises businesses
and functions that assist with planning and
reserving components of the visitor experience.
O Components of travel services as identified under NAICS,
exploring the function of each area and ways they interact:
O Travel agencies
O Online travel agencies (OTAs)
O Tour operators
O Destination marketing organizations (DMOs)
O Other organizations
3. The demand-side approach and
the input-output analysis
The Supply-Side Approach
O It focuses on an ex ante definition of the tourism sector
based on the structure of its supply: Smith and Medlik
(1988) identify two parts of the tourism supply:
O One part only supplies to tourists and that would not exist
without tourism (hotels, travel agencies, etc.)
O The other part supplies to both tourists and non tourists
(restaurants, taxis, etc.)
O Distinction between:
O Core services (transportation, accommodation, catering,
attractions, travel organization sector, destination
management);
O Complementary services (tourism schools, infrastructures,
banks, insurance companies, etc).
O Set of Departments (Hospitality, Food & Beverage,
Transport, Congress & Conferences, Catering, Leisure
Management, Real Estate, Financial services,
Infrastructure management, Trip planning and
management, Travel Agencies, Education, Public
Administration)
The Demand-Side Approach
O It helps define the boundaries of the tourism sector by
investigating tourism expenditure:
O By observing the tourists’ spending, one can indirectly
determine the amount of production (and its distribution
among sectors) that is actually needed to satisfy the
tourism demand, by implicitly estimating its economic
impact.
4.Tourism within the national accounting system
O The tourist activity within the national economies and on a global level takes place under the
incidence of a complex of factors. In the specialized literature one can see different modalities of
grouping, the authors (Minciu R., 2004, Niță I., Niță C.m 2008), trying to complete one another in
analysing the typologies of factors which influence the development of tourism. The main groups
of factors are analyzed in the specialized literature as follows: • According to the nature of factors,
they divide into: - economic: the income of population, the prices and the tariffs, the touristic
offer; - demographic: the quantitative evolution of population, the structure on ages and social
categories, the modification of the average life duration etc; - social: leisure time; - political: the
visa regime, border formalities; - psychological and educational: level of education, individual
character etc; - technical: the advance of technologies in constructions, high performances of the
means of transport etc.
O ♦ According to their importance in influencing tourism, the factors are divided into: - primary:
leisure time, the income of the population, its movement, the tourist offer; - secondary:
supplementary services, facilities for getting a visa;
O ♦ According to the time duration of their action, one can distinguish the factors: - permanent: the
growth of leisure time, the modification of the incomes of the population; - conjuncture: natural
disasters, political instability, meteorological conditions.
O ♦ According to the basic components of the market, there are: - factors of tourism demand:
dynamics and the incomes of the population, leisure time; - factors of tourism offer: prices,
diversity and quality of services. One can mention other groups: objective and subjective factors,
endogenous (from the inside of the tourist system) and exogenous (outside it), factors of tourist
attraction,promotional factors.
O With the growth of leisure time and a better living standard, the tourism demand increased. On a global level
one can see an improvement of the revaluation of leisure time and the diminution of the time spent working. On
a national level, the things are a little different; even if one doesn’t recognize it (people work extra hours and
are not paid sufficiently), while by working less, people can take advantage of their free time and holidays.
O The economic factors are very important in the development of tourism and in the increase of the number of
tourists. If the personal or family income is big or medium, there are big chances for people to become tourists.
Depending on the budget, travelers can establish the place and the duration of their holiday. Concerning the
demographic factor, we know that people who live in the urban areas have bigger possibilities to travel,
especially from the point of view of the leisure time. The persons living in rural areas are not willing to leave
any time from their domicile because there are certain seasonal activities which cannot be omitted (agriculture,
sheep breeding etc). Thus, the increase of the degree of urbanization determines the growth of the national
tourist demand, phenomenon which manifested very dynamically in the last quarter of century.
O The social factors. Due to the fact that society evolved and the mentality of the individuals changed in
comparison to the years before democracy, the exceeding of some geographic habitats was reached. Through
tourism, the connection between societies, cultures, civilizations and some changes benefic for the evolution of
society are being achieved (Niță I., Niță C., 2008). The tourists who go abroad can see other cultures, traditions,
civilizations, other people and, returning to their domicile, have other ideas, outlooks, needs, demands, another
mentality.
O Thus, there is the connection between a society and another one, between a culture and another one, through
tourism. Also through tourism, the individuals can have other aspirations, being capable to evolve. Researching
those zones that are developing from the point of view of the international tourism, it is obvious that most part
of the trips abroad are made from the developed countries of Europe, North America and Asia-Pacific. In some
cases, tourists travel in the developing countries where the majority of the population lives at a level of
subsistence or at standards inferior to the visitors.
O The contrast between the well-being of the visitor and that of the host is often very big and reveals a clear
inequality between those who have the necessary income to enjoy the luxury of intern and international trips
and those who work in the industry for small wages and unskilled and badly paid jobs.
O This situation is worsened by the growth of the impact of globalization. In the case of
Romanian tourism, it is related to the performances of the Romanian economy, including the
transnationals in the country. The 24 years of transition wasted a good part of the Romanian
economy resources. The Romanian capitals didn’t succeed in entering the global circuits, and
the foreign capitals avoided or postponed penetrating the Romanian production sector,
including the services sector, limiting themselves to the exploitation of the market for the final
consumption.
O Only in the recent years, after the external market of Romania installed, they headed, with
uncertain results, towards the key sectors, immediately profitable, of the Romanian economy.
Responsible are the political factor and also the Romanian businessmen. No one can invoke the
lack of information concerning the mechanisms of the functioning of the global economy, at
least in comparison to their counterparts from other countries in similar conditions.
O Among the major effects of globalization on tourism in Romania of the last 2 decades, one can
mention:
O - promoting the durable development in tourism; - increasing the quality of tourist services;
O - changes in the lifestyle and the need to detach from the daily routine;
O - the growth of the number of well-informed tourists, following the education and the means of
communication;
O - the increase of competition between the holiday destinations and other forms of spending
leisure time;
O - imposing some highly ecological standards;
O - maximization of the positive effects on the environment and minimizing the negative ones;
O - changing the attitude towards the life quality and increasing the need to learn new things by
knowing new regions and cultures;
O - changes in the structure of the family by decreasing the birthrate, changes in the age structure
on the tourist market;
O - integration of local roads into the national infrastructure network;
4.The organization of tourism
activity
O 4.1 Coordinates of the tourism organization
O 4.2 The states role in tourism
4.1 Coordinates of the tourism organization