Cell Cycle (Rubina)

By
Farzana Azam
Team Leader
Objectives:
Upon completing this section,
Participants will be able to:
Name the four phases of the cell

cycle
Name the four phases of mitosis
Distinguish between normal and
malignant cell growth.
Introduction
The cells of the body are continuously wearing
out and being destroyed, so they constantly must
be replaced by new cells. The rate of replacement
is variable from one tissue to another. For
example, it is slow in in the liver and heart ,and
rapid in bone marrow and gut mucosa.
The process by which cells reproduce is called
cell division, and involves the division of a single
cell into two new daughter cells. In normal cell
division ,both daughter cells contain 46
chromosomes and the exact genetic information
found in the parent cell
The Cell Cycle
* Cell cycle is the series of
changes that the cell goes
through from the time it
is first formed until it
divides into two daughter
cells .
* All cells, nonmalignant and
malignant,progress
through the five phases
of the cell cycle.
G0 (post mitotic resting) phase
G0 phase encompasses that
period of the cell cycle when
normal renewable tissue is not
actively proliferating.
In this phase cell performs all
functions except those related
to proliferation. This category
includes no dividing cell and
resting phase. Normal cells in G0
are activated to re-enter the
reproductive cycle only by
certain stimuli (e.g., death of a
cell of the same type).
G1 (growth & post mitotic presynthesis)
phase
G1 phase, starts from the
completion of the previous cell
division to the beginning of
chromosome replication. This is
the period of decreased
metabolic activity.
Cells carry out their designated
physiologic function,
synthesizing proteins needed in
the formation of RNA. The G1
phase is primarily a stage of
readiness to enter S phase.
S phase (synthesis)
In the ‘S’ phase which lasts
for approximately 10 to 20
hrs, RNA is synthesized,
which is essential for the
synthesis of DNA. DNA
synthesis is limited
exclusively to this phase.
Histones, the basic protein
of chromatin, are also
synthesized in the S phase.
Cells are more vulnerable to
damage during the S phase.
G2 (postsynthetic/premitotic) phase
It lasts from 2 to 10 hrs, is
one of the relative hypo-
activity, as cells await entry
in to the mitotic phase. This
phase encompasses the
interval from the termination
of DNA synthesis to the
beginning of cell division.
Some additional proteins
synthesis occur during G2,
Some additional RNA also
occurs.
Cell Phase Cycle functions and Time
Phase Function Time

G1 Manufacture DNA synthesis Varies greatly
enzymes
S Double DNA component 10-20 hours
G2 Synthesize mitosis proteins 02-10 hours
Mitosis Cell Division 30-60 minutes
G0 Resting (not in cell cycle ) Varies greatly
Mitosis Phase
Mitosis which lasts for
30mins to 1hr, is continues
process without distinct
breaks between stages, but
for the sake of
convenience it can be
separated in to four
phases, called
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
 Telophase
Interphase
DNA has replicated, but

has not formed the
condensed structure of
chromosome. They
remain as loosely coiled
chromatin.
The nuclear membrane is
still intact to protect the
DNA molecules from
undergoing mutation.
Prophase
The separation of
centrosomes
proceeds during
prophase until the
centrosomes are
located at opposite
poles.
Metaphase
During metaphase the
paired chrosomes become
lined up between the
centriols.They are
positioned in such a way
that when the chromatid
separate, each daughter
cell will have a complete
set of chrosomes.
Anaphase
During the third phase of
mitosis, the chromatids are
pulled towards the Centrioles
by the microtubules: one
chromatid from each pair
goes to each daughter cell.
Some drugs such as
Vincristine and Vinblastine
destroy the microtubules and
interrupt cell division
between metaphase and
Anaphase.
Telophase
The fourth phase of mitosis can be divided in to
two parts.
 Telophase I
 Telophase II
Telophase I
 The chromosomes become more
polarized and are transformed
from rod-like structure in to
the thread like structures
observed in the nucleus
interphase. A nuclear membrane
then forms around each set of
chromosome, there by forming
a new nucleus , in which nucleoli
appear. As the microtubules
disappear , the Centrioles
duplicate.
Telophase II
Where actual division of
the cell occurs, is the
cytokinesis phase. Here
the cytoplasm splits and
two new daughter cells,
both exact replicas of the
parent cell, are formed.
Normal Growth Control Mechanism
It is not still clear how the body control its growth

process, and why the different cell stop growing
once an organ such as the heart or a structure
like the hand has been formed. It is clear,
however, that :
1-Every cell has built-in growth-control mechanism
limiting its size and shape.
cont…….
Cont.…
2-Every cell is acted on by growth factors, such as
Pituitary growth hormones, platelets derived
factor,etc. For example : liver cells rarely
divides ,yet, after partial hepatectomy ,the cells
of liver begin DNA synthesis and enter successive
waves of mitosis until the liver has grown to its
preoperative weight.
The Cancer Cell
Like normal tissues ,the development of malignant
tissues also begin at the cellular level. However, in
ways as yet not fully explained ,malignant result in the
partial or complex break down of normal growth –
control mechanisms, thereby producing the tissue
growth we know as cancer
The basic organization of normal cells and cancer cells
is similar.
Both are composed of same material.
Cancer cells utilize the same nutrients and produce
the same waste products as do normal cells.
Properties of a Cancer Cell
Cancer cells differ from
normal cells in their growth
properties with regard to
proliferation, contact
inhibition, adhesion, and
differentiation. This is
presumed to be due to
genetic changes at multiple
sites on the genome.
Properties of Normal Cell
1) Proliferation
2) Contact Inhibition to slow growth
3) Adhesion
4) Differentiation
Properties of Cancer Cell
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in four
functional ways:
1) Uncontrolled proliferation
2) Loss of Contact Inhibition to slow growth
3) Lack of adhesion requirement for growth
4) Inability to differentiate fully

Uncontrolled proliferation
Proliferation occurs in
normal cells as well as
in cancer cells. But
normal cells stop
dividing after a certain
size has been reached
where as cancer cells
do not.
Contact inhibition
Normal cells stop moving
and growing when they
come in direct contact
with other cells. This is
form of communication
called “contact inhibition”.
Cancer cells seems to have
lost this contact
inhibition .Therefore ,they
have greater –than-normal
ability to grow and extend.
Lack of adhesion
Normal cells also adhere to one
another and “stay home for”
example, lung cells stick to the lung
cells. This tendency of cells to
stick together is called adhesion. In
cancer cells ,there is lack of
adhesion that gives them ability to
“breakoff” from the original
neoplastic clone and allows those
cells to deseminate.
Lack of adhesion
Differentiation
Differentiation is the increasing specialization of
cells and tissues. The differentiation process
goes from immature to mature.
 Well-differentiated
 Undifferentiated
Cont,
A well differentiated cell is
“mature "and takes on cellular
function. It also lose its
ability to divide .
A undifferentiated cell
maintain its stem cell and
does not take on a normal
cellular function. Cancer cells
tend to be less
differentiated than normal
cells and maintain their
reproductive capability
 Stem Cells are reserve cells
that have the ability to
change into many different
types of cells and grow
indefinitely. Stem Cells are
undifferentiated biological
cells, which means that they
are not specialized in any
matter, but have the ability
to differentiate into
specialized cells, as well as
divide and replicate to
produce more stem cells.
It is important in the research for and
development and use of antineoplastic
chemotherapeutic agents to understand that
although the growth of cancer cells is
uncontrolled ,they do cycle through the same
phases as normal cells .

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By

Name the four phases of the cell

Phase Function Time

DNA has replicated, but

It is not still clear how the body control its growth

2) Contact Inhibition to slow growth

2) Loss of Contact Inhibition to slow growth

3) Lack of adhesion requirement for growth

4) Inability to differentiate fully

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