POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

(Lecture 2)

EET308/3
Book: Power System Analysis
Hadi Saadat

1 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 CHAPTER 4

SYMMETRICA
L
FAULT
(Lecture 2)

2 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 4.3 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
Measure the electrical strength of the bus.
Also called as short-circuit MVA
Stated in MVA
Determines the dimension of bus bar and the
interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker
Short-circuit capacity (SCC) or short-circuit MVA at bus k
is given by;
VLk = Line-to-line
SCC  3VLk I k  F  10-3 MVA voltage in kV at bus k
Ik(F) = Fault current at
bus k in Ampere.
Equation 1

3 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 4.3 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
 The symmetrical fault current in p.u.
Vk (0)= per unit
Vk  0
I k  F  pu
prefault bus voltage.
 Xkk = per unit
X kk reactance to the point
of fault.

 System resistance and capacitance are neglected and only

inductive reactance is allowed.
 The base current is given by;

S B  10 3
IB  SB in MVA
VB in kV
3VB
4 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 4.3 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
Fault current in Ampere;
Vk  0 S B103
Ik  F   Ik  F  pu  I B  
X kk 3VB
Equation 2

Substituting Equation 2 into Equation 1;

Vk  0 S B VL
SCC 
X kk VB
5 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
 4.3 SHORT CIRCUIT CAPACITY
If the rated voltage equal to base voltage, VL = VB ;

Vk  0 S B
SCC
X kk
The prefault voltage is usually assumed to be 1.0
pu. So;
SB
SCC 
X kk

6 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 EXAMPLE 4.2
Determine the short circuit capacity on bus 3 in
Example 4.1.
j0.2 j0.4
j0.8
1 2

j0.4
j0.4
3

I3(F) Zf = j0.16

7 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
The equivalent impedance from source to the fault point

Z 33  j 0.34 pu From previous example 4.1

Base MVA = 100 MVA

The short circuit capacity at bus 3;

SB 100 MVA
SCC3    294 MVA
X 33 0.34

8 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 4.4 SYSTEMATIC FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
The network reduction used in the previous example
is not efficient and not applicable for large network.
By using the elements of bus impedance matrix, fault
current as well as bus voltages during fault are readily
and easily calculated.
Bus impedance matrix also can be gained by inverting
the bus admittance matrix;
1
Z bus  Y
bus

9 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 4.4 SYSTEMATIC FAULT ANALYSIS USING BUS
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
However, matrix inversion of a large power system
with a large number of buses is not feasible.
A computationally attractive and efficient method to
find Zbus matrix is “building” or “assembling” the
impedance matrix by adding one network element at
a time.
For small and medium size networks, direct building
of the bus impedance matrix is less effort.
For large size networks, sparse matrix programming
is preferred

10 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF BUS
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
Graph technique helps explain the building process of
the bus impedance matrix.
The graph of a network describes the geometrical
structure of the network.
The method consist of redrawing the network, with a
line representing each element of the network.
The buses are represented by nodes or vertices.
Impedances are represented by line segments called
elements or edges.
The connected graph is a like a tree.

11 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF BUS
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
The elements of a tree are called branches.
The number of branches, b is always one less than the nodes.
b=n-1
n = number of nodes including the reference node 0.
After determine the number of branches or b, the remaining elements are
referred as links.
The collection of links is called as cotree.
The number of links or l in a cotree is;
l=e–b
Where e = total number of elements in a graph.
The impedance bus matrix can be built up starting with single element
and the process is continued until all nodes and elements are included.
Zbus is of order m x m.

12 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 ALGORITHM FOR FORMATION OF BUS
IMPEDANCE MATRIX
The following figure represents the graph of the
network in example 4.1.
reference node
links
bus nodes
branches

line segments / elements

13 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 ZBUS BUILDING RULES
RULE 1: ADDITION OF A TREE BRANCH TO THE
REFERENCE
 Start with branches connected to reference node.
 Addition of a branch zq0 between a new node q and the
reference node 0 to the given Zbusold matrix of order
(mxm) results in Zbusnew matrix or order (m+1)x(m+1).
 This matrix is diagonal with the new diagonal element is
the impedance of the added branch, zq0.
 New off diagonal row and column filled with 0.

14 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 ZBUS BUILDING RULES

 Z11  Z1m 0
     
Z new

bus
 Z m1  Z mm 0
 
 0  0 zq 0 
Filled with zero

15 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 ZBUS BUILDING RULES
RULE 2: ADDITION OF A TREE BRANCH FROM A NEW
BUS TO AN OLD BUS
 Addition of a branch zpq between a new node q and the
existing node p to the given Zbusold matrix (mxm) results
in the Zbusnew matrix, (m+1) x (m+1).
 The new diagonal element filled with the impedance zpq
plus diagonal impedance Zpp.
 The new off diagonal row and column filled with a copy
of row p and column p.

16 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 ZBUS BUILDING RULES

 Z11  Z1p  Z1m Z1p 

        

 Z p1  Z pp  Z pm Z pp 
Zbus  
new

       
Zm1  Zmp  Zmm Zmp 
 
Z p1  Z pp  Z pm Z pp  z pq 

17 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II

 ZBUS BUILDING RULES
 RULE 3: ADDITION OF A COTREE LINK BETWEEN 2
EXISTING BUSES
 When a link with impedance zpq is added between two
existing nodes p and q, we augment Zbusold matrix with a
new row and a new column.
 The new off diagonal row and column filled with a copy
of row q minus row p and column q minus column p.
 The new diagonal element, Zll filled with zpq + Zpp + Zqq - 2
Zpq.
 Then, the new row and new column are eliminated
using;
ZΔZ
T
Z new
bus Z old
bus 
18 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II Z ll
 ZBUS BUILDING RULES

 Z11  Z1p Z1q  Z1m Z1q  Z1p 

         ΔZ

 Z p1  Z pp Z pq  Z pm Z pq  Z pp 
new  
Zbus   Zq1  Zqp Zqq  Zqm Zqq  Zqp 
        
 
 Zm1  Zmp Zmq  Zmm Zmq  Zmp 
Z  Z  Zqp  Z pp Zqq  Z pq  Zqm  Z pm Zll 
 q1 p1

Z ll  z pq  Z pp  Z qq  2Z pq
19 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
 ZBUS BUILDING RULES

 Z1q  Z1p 
  
 
Zpq  Zpp 
Z   
 Zqq  Zqp 
  
 
Zmq  Zmp
20 EET 102 ELECTRIC CIRCUIT II
 EXAMPLE 4.3
Construct the bus impedance matrix in Example 4.1.

21 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
Construct the tree diagram

n=4
e=5
b = n -1 = 3
l=e–b=2

Line adding order: 1-0, 2-0, 1-3, 1-2, then 2-3

22 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
Start with those branches of the tree connected to
the reference node
Add branch 1, z10 = j0.2 between new node q = 1 and
reference node 0.
According to rule 1, we have
 1
Z bus   Z11    z10    j 0.2 1 x 1 matrix
Next, add branch 2, z20 = j0.4 between new node q = 2
and reference node 0. According to rule 1, we have
 2  Z11 0   Z11 0   j 0.2 0 
Z bus     
j 0.4
2 x 2 matrix
0 Z 22   0 z 20   0

23 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
The off-diagonal elements of the bus impedance
matrix are zero.
There is no more branches from a new bus to the
reference.
Add branch 3, z13 = j0.4 between new node q = 3 and
existing node p = 1.
According to rule 2

 Z11 Z12 Z11   j 0.2 0 j 0.2

 3
Z bus   Z 21 Z 22 Z 21    0 j 0.4 0  3 x 3 matrix
 Z11 Z12 Z11  z13   j 0.2 0 j 0.6

24 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
 All tree branches are in place. Now proceed with the links.
 Add link 4, z12 = j0.8 between node q = 2 and node p = 1.
 According to rule 3;

 Z11 Z12 Z13 Z12  Z11 

 Z Z Z Z  Z 
 4
Z bus  21 22 23 22 21 
4 x 4 matrix
 Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 32  Z 31 
 
Z
 21  Z 11 Z 22  Z 21 Z 23  Z 13 Z 44 
 j 0.2 0 j 0.2  j 0.2
 0 j 0. 4 0 j 0. 4 
   Z
 j 0.2 0 j 0.6  j 0.2
Z T  
 j 0.2 j 0.4  j 0.2 j1.4 
Z 44  z12  Z11  Z 22  2Z12  j 0.8  j 0.2  j 0.4  2 j 0   j1.4
25
 SOLUTION
and

 j 0.2
Z  Z T
1    j 0.2 j 0.4  j 0.2
 j 0. 4
Z 44 j1.4  
 j 0.2
 j 0.02857  j 0.05714 j 0.02857 
  j 0.05714 j 0.11428  j 0.05714
 j 0.02857  j 0.05714 j 0.02857 

26 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
The new bus impedance matrix
Z   Z T
new
Z bus  Z bus
old

Z ll
 4  3 Z  Z T
Z bus  Z bus 
Z 44
 j 0.2 0 j 0.2  j 0.02857  j 0.05714 j 0.02857 
  0 j 0.4 0    j 0.05714 j 0.11428  j 0.05714
 j 0.2 0 j 0.6  j 0.02857  j 0.05714 j 0.02857 
 j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.17143
  j0.05714 j0.28571 j0.05714 3 x 3 matrix
 j0.17143 j0.05714 j 0.57143
27 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 SOLUTION
 Finally, add link 5, z23 = j0.4 between node q = 3 and node p = 2.
According to rule 3;
 Z11 Z12 Z13 Z13  Z12 
 Z Z Z Z  Z 
 5
Z bus  21 22 23 23 22 
4 x 4 matrix
 Z 31 Z 32 Z 33 Z 33  Z 32 
 
Z
 31  Z 21 Z 32  Z 22 Z 33  Z 23 Z 44 
 j 0.17143 j 0.05714 j 0.17143 j 0.11429 
 j 0.05714 j 0.28571 j 0.05714  j 0.22857
   Z
 j 0.17143 j 0.05714 j 0.57143 j 0.51429 
Z T  
 j 0. 11429  j 0 .22857 j 0 . 51429 j1 . 14 
Z 44  z23  Z 22  Z 33  2 Z 23
28  j 0.4  j 0.28571 j 0.57143  2 j 0.05714  j1.14
 SOLUTION
and

 j 0.11429 
Z  Z T
1   j 0.11429  j 0.22857
  j 0. 22857 j 0.51429
Z 44 j1.14  
 j 0.51429 
 j 0.01143  j 0.02286 j 0.05143 
  j 0.02286 j 0.04571  j 0.10286
 j 0.05143  j 0.10286 j 0.23143 

29 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

 SOLUTION
The new bus impedance matrix

 4 Z   Z T
Z bus  Z bus 
Z 44
 j0.17143 j0.05714 j0.17143   j 0.01143  j 0.02286 j 0.05143 
  j0.05714 j0.28571 j0.05714    j 0.02286 j 0.04571  j 0.10286
 j0.17143 j0.05714 j 0.57143  j 0.05143  j 0.10286 j 0.23143 
 j 0.16 j 0.08 j 0.12
  j 0.08 j 0.24 j 0.16 3 x 3 matrix
 j 0.12 j 0.16 j 0.34

30 EET308 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS