Metallurgical Defects of Cast Steel: Seminar
Metallurgical Defects of Cast Steel: Seminar
Metallurgical Defects of Cast Steel: Seminar
Seminar
Claudia Dommaschk
TU Bergakademie Freiberg
Foundry Institute, Germany
1
Structure
• Gas cavities
inclusions
• Shrinkage cavities
• Hot tear
2
Gas cavities
3
Gas cavities
4
Gas cavities
Prevention:
• use of dry materials and ladles
• use of clean charge
• degasification of the melt
• look at the mould sands (permeability of gas, vent…)
5
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions
6
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions
Slag inclusions
GX3CrNiMoN17-13-5 GX2CrNiMo18-14-3
7
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions
Prevention:
• use of clean charge
• optimization of gating and feeding system (lamellar flow)
• decrease of the dissolved oxygen
• decrease of the overheating temperature
8
Oxide and slag inclusions, nonmetallic inclusions
Example: G42CrMo4
• nonmetallic inclusions arise by
reason of the reactions during the
melting process
9
Shrinkage cavities
Specific volume
shrinkage cavities
Solidification
• the shrinkage volume of cast steel is shrinkage
about 4-7 %
• the inner surface is rough shrinkage
RT TS TL TP
10
Shrinkage cavities
11
Shrinkage cavities
Prevention:
• use of optimal feeding system (calculation and simulation)
• warranty of directional solidification
• use of exothermic feeder sleeve
• decrease of the pouring temperature
12
Hot tear
13
Hot tear
15
Hot tear
16
Hot tear
Prevention:
• design appropriate to casting, prevention of residual stresses, wide
difference in the wall thickness and hot spots)
• prevention of hot sand effects
17
Primary grain boundary fracture (“Rock candy or shell fracture”)
Al-N-precipitations
G24Mn5
• Caused by Al-N-precipitations
• high content of Al and N and thick-walled castings
18
Defects caused by heat treatment
GS33NiCrMo
• left: quenching and tempering not correct – ferrite, pearlite and bainite
lower ductility
19
Defects caused by heat treatment
G30Mn5 GS25
• Decarburization of the surface area caused by heat treatment without
protective atmosphere Chance of properties in the surface area
21
Defects caused by heat treatment
GX3CrNiMo20-18-7
• temperature of solution heat
treatment to low and/or cooling
rate not correct
• precipitation of delta-ferrite
• these components are brittle
• lower ductility
22
Defects caused by heat treatment
GX 120Mn13
• temperature of austenitizing to high
• coarse grain bad mechanical properties
23
Defects caused by heat treatment
24
Defects caused by heat treatment
GX 5CrNiMo19-11-2
• intercrystalline corrosion
• heat treatment not correct precipitation of Cr-carbides on the grain
boundary corrosion was possible
25
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