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    Introduction To Welding Metallurgy

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    uma maheswari j

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    Introduction To Welding Metallurgy

    Uploaded by

    uma maheswari j
    8 views46 pages

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    Introduction to Welding Metallurgy

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    8 views46 pages

    Introduction To Welding Metallurgy

    Uploaded by

    uma maheswari j

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 46

    INTRODUCTION TO WELDING

    METALLURGY

    Dr.R.SIVASANKARI
    ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
    DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL ENGINEERING
    PSG COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
    COIMBATORE
    WELDABILITY

    • Weldability is the ease of a material or a combination of


    materials to be welded under fabrication conditions into a
    specific, suitably designed structure, and to perform
    satisfactorily in the intended service
    WELDING METALLURGY

    • Welding metallurgy describes a microcosm of


    metallurgical processes occurring in and around a weld
    that influence the microstructure, properties, and
    weldability of the material

    • D
    ƒ ue to the rapid heating and cooling rates associated
    with most welding processes, metallurgical reactions
    often occur under transient, non-equilibrium conditions
    WELDING METALLURGY
    WELDING METALLURGY
    Regions of a fusion weld
    VARIOUS ZONES OF WELDMENT
    STRUCTURE OF WELDMENT
    STRUCTURE OF WELDMENT
    STRUCTURE OF WELDMENT
    SIGNIFICANCE OF WELD THERMAL
    CYCLE
    WELD THERMAL CYCLE

    • HEATING RATE
    • PEAK TEMPERATURE
    • COOLING RATE
    WELD THERMAL CYCLE
    • HEAT INPUT
    • PREHEAT
    • WELD GEOMETRY
    • MATERIAL THERMAL PROPERTIES
    EFFECT OF WTC
    • SOILDIFICATION RATE
    MODE OF SOILDIFICATION
    MICROSTRUCTURE

    • GAS METAL REACTION


    • POROSITY

    • SLAG METAL REACTION


    • INCLUSIONS
    WELD THERMAL CYCLE AND METAL
    SYSTEM
    • COLD WORKING
    • PRECIPITATION HARDENING
    • GRAIN REFINEMENT
    • TRANSFORMATION HARDENING
    EFFECT OF WTC

    Liquid
    Zone 1: Solidified weld
    Zone 2: Unmixed zone + FZ
    L+γ

    Zone 3: Coarse grain HAZ γ


    Zone 4: Fine grain HAZ
    γ + 𝐹𝑒3𝐶
    Zone 5: Intercritical HAZ
    Zone 6: Tempered HAZ
    Zone 7: UBM
    𝛼 + 𝐹𝑒3𝐶
    EFFECT OF WTC IN COLD WORKED
    STEEL
    PRECIPITATION HARDENED ALLOY WELDED IN FULL HARD CONDITION
    PRECIPITATION HARDENED ALLOYS WELDED IN SOLUTIONED CONDITION
    TRANSFORMATION HARDENING
    • FORMATION OF MARTENSITE
    • CRITICAL COOLING RATE
    • CRACKING CONTROL- HEAT INPUT AND PREHEAT
    • WELDED IN SOFT CONDITION
    WELDABILITY OF CARBON STEELS AND
    LOW ALLOY STEELS
    Graville Diagram
    WELDABILITY OF STEELS

    • Cracking in Steel Welds


    • Hydrogen Induced Cracking
    • Hot Cracking
    • Lamellar Tearing
    • Reheat cracking
    SOLUBILITY OF HYDROGEN IN PURE IRON
    Methods of Prevention of HIC
    • By reducing hydrogen levels
    – Use of low hydrogen electrodes
    – Proper baking of electrodes
    – Use of welding processes without flux
    – Preheating
    • By modifying microstructure
    – Preheating
    – Varying welding parameters
    • Thumb rule (based on experience / experimental
    results):
    – No preheat if:
    • CE < 0.4 & thickness < 35 mm
    – Not susceptible to HIC if
    • HAZ hardness < 350 VHN
    WELDING CONSUMABLE SELECTION
    USE AUSTENITIC ELECTRODES/FILLER METALS
    HOT CRACKING
    (Solidification Cracking / Liquation Cracking)

    • Cracking during solidification


    • Low melting constituents
    HOT CRACKING -CAUSES
    LAMELLAR TEARING

    High welding stresses in thro’ thickness direction

    Inclusions
    SOLUTIONS
    • Weld joint design to minimise thro’ thick strain.
    • Butter the plate surface.
    • Use steel plates with high thro’ thick properties.
    • Use forging / casting instead of plates.
    Changes in Weld Design t avoid lamellar tearing
    REHEAT CRACKING
    • PWHT Cracking
    • Strainage Cracking
    • Stress Rupture Cracking

     Embrittlement of prior austenite grains by P, Sn, Sb, As

     Cracks along grain boundaries.

     Occurs in CG – HAZ of plates during PWHT, especially


    stress relieving.

     Mainly in steels containing any two of Cr, Mo, V, B.


    REHEAT CRACKING
    SOLUTIONS

    • Avoid CG – HAZ by suitable techniques.

    • Grain refinement.

    • Buttering

    • Use temper beads.


    Thank you

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