CS-323 Programming Fundamentals 4 (3-2) CS-323 Programming Fundamentals 4 (3-2)

CS-323
CS-323 Programming
Programming Fundamentals
Fundamentals
4(3-2)
4(3-2)
Lecture#
Lecture#55
Parts
Parts of
of the
the Sample
Sample Program
Program
Programming Fundamentals 2
C++
C++ escape-sequence
escape-sequence characters
characters
• \a Alarm (the terminal’s bell)
• \b Backspace
• \n Newline (carriage return and line feed)
• \t Tab
• \\ Backslash (\)
• \? Question mark
• \’ Single quotation mark
• \” Double quotation mark
Constant
Constant Variables
Variables
• A constant never changes and a variable holds values
that change.
• In C++ terminology, you can declare variables to be
constants with the const keyword.
• Throughout your program, the constants act like
variables; you can use a constant variable anywhere, but
you cannot change constant variables.
• To declare a constant, put the keyword const in front of
the variable declaration, for example:
const float PI =3 .14159;

const int days_of_week = 7;
Relational
Relational Operators
Operators
< less than
<= less than or equal to
== equal to
>= greater than or equal to
> greater than
!= not equal to
Logical
Logical Operators
Operators
• To combine the relational Expressions
AND &&
OR ||
• In C / C++
– if (a > b && c > d)
– if (age > 18 || height > 5)
Unary
Unary Not
Not Operator
Operator (!)
(!)
• !true = false
• !false = true
If (! (amirAge > saleemAge))

?
if ((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks))
{
cout << “ Welcome to BIMS”;
}
If (!((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks)))

?
Decision
Decision // Control
Control Structure
Structure
• A computer can process a program in one of the
following ways:
– Sequential execution
– Selection or Decision (the program executes specific statements

depending on some condition(s)
– Loop or Repetition (the program repeats specific statements for
specified number of times based on some condition(s).
Decision
Decision // Control
Control Structure…
Structure…
Selection
Selection or
or Decision
Decision Structure
Structure
• if Structure
• if…else Structure
• Conditional Operator (? :)
• switch Structure
ifif Statement
Statement // Structure
Structure (One-Way
(One-Way Selection)
Selection)
ifif Statement
Statement // Structure
Structure (One-Way
(One-Way Selection)
Selection)
• if (condition)
statement1 ;
For example;
if (age1 > age2)
cout << “Student 1 is older than student 2” ;
• if (condition)
{
statement1 ;
statement2 ;
:
}
ifif –– else
else
if (condition)
{
statement ;
-
-
}
else
{
statement ;
-
-
}
Nested
Nested ifif
Conditional
Conditional Operator
Operator (?:)
(?:)
• Certain if. . .else statements can be written in a more
concise way by using C++’s conditional operator.
– The conditional operator, written as ? :, is known as ternary
operator, which means that it takes three arguments.
• Syntax: expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

– Example: Var = Condition ? trueCase : falseCase
The
The Switch
Switch Structure
Structure
• Large decision tree
– Depends on the value of same variable
– Switch statement instead of ladder of
if... else or if... elseif
The
The break
break statement
statement
• The break statement, when executed in a switch structure,
provides an immediate exit from the switch structure.
• Similarly, you can use the break statement in while, for,
and do. . .while loops.
• When the break statement executes in a repetition
structure, it immediately exits from the structure.
• The break statement is typically used for two purposes:

 To exit early from a loop.
 To skip the remainder of the switch / loop structure.
The
The switch-break
switch-break Structure
Structure
Assignment#
Assignment# 11 (Own
(Own Handwritten
Handwritten ++ Demo)
Demo)
1. Draw a Flowchart for addition, multiplication of two

numbers a, b and display their results.
2. Draw a Flowchart for nested if structure that display

the Grade of different students as ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ etc.
Assignment#
Assignment# 22 (Own
(Own Handwritten
Handwritten ++ Demo)
Demo)
1. Write a program that produces the following output :
Output: a = 0, b = 0, x = 0, y = 35
a = 9, b = 7, x = 16, y = 16
2. Write a program that compute and print the area using

formula area = radius * radius * PI
– Instruction-1: Declare a constant value for PI.
– Instruction-2: Input values via key-board for radius and area.
3. Write a program to find the largest number between two

numbers.
THANK
THANK YOU
YOU

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CS-323

const float PI =3 .14159;

<= less than or equal to

>= greater than or equal to

> greater than

– if (age > 18 || height > 5)

If (! (amirAge > saleemAge))

If (!((interMarks > 45) && (testMarks >= passMarks)))

– Selection or Decision (the program executes specific statements

• Syntax: expression1 ? expression2 : expression3

– Switch statement instead of ladder of

if... else or if... elseif

• The break statement is typically used for two purposes:

 To skip the remainder of the switch / loop structure.

1. Draw a Flowchart for addition, multiplication of two

2. Draw a Flowchart for nested if structure that display

2. Write a program that compute and print the area using

– Instruction-2: Input values via key-board for radius and area.

3. Write a program to find the largest number between two

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