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    Microbiology

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    Moatiz Riaz
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without a microscope. This includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. Bacteriology focuses specifically on the study of bacteria. Bacterial cells consist of structures like flagella, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, and plasmids. Bacteria are classified based on characteristics like their cell wall structure (as seen with gram staining), shape, arrangement, and oxygen requirements. While many bacteria are harmless normal flora, some can cause infectious diseases if they are able to multiply faster than the body can fight them off. Pathogenic bacteria may enter the body through various ports of entry and cause both localized and systemic infections.

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    Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Moatiz Riaz
    76 views42 pages
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without a microscope. This includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. Bacteriology focuses specifically on the study of bacteria. Bacterial cells consist of structures like flagella, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, and plasmids. Bacteria are classified based on characteristics like their cell wall structure (as seen with gram staining), shape, arrangement, and oxygen requirements. While many bacteria are harmless normal flora, some can cause infectious diseases if they are able to multiply faster than the body can fight them off. Pathogenic bacteria may enter the body through various ports of entry and cause both localized and systemic infections.

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    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without a microscope. This includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. Bacteriology focuses specifically on the study of bacteria. Bacterial cells consist of structures like flagella, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, and plasmids. Bacteria are classified based on characteristics like their cell wall structure (as seen with gram staining), shape, arrangement, and oxygen requirements. While many bacteria are harmless normal flora, some can cause infectious diseases if they are able to multiply faster than the body can fight them off. Pathogenic bacteria may enter the body through various ports of entry and cause both localized and systemic infections.

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    76 views42 pages

    Microbiology

    Uploaded by

    Moatiz Riaz
    Microbiology is the study of microorganisms too small to be seen without a microscope. This includes bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, and algae. Bacteriology focuses specifically on the study of bacteria. Bacterial cells consist of structures like flagella, cell walls, cytoplasmic membranes, ribosomes, and plasmids. Bacteria are classified based on characteristics like their cell wall structure (as seen with gram staining), shape, arrangement, and oxygen requirements. While many bacteria are harmless normal flora, some can cause infectious diseases if they are able to multiply faster than the body can fight them off. Pathogenic bacteria may enter the body through various ports of entry and cause both localized and systemic infections.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Microbiology

    Microbiology
    Definition
    Microbiology is the study of small living things. Generally
    this means living things that are too small to see without
    the use of a microscope. These life forms are called
    microorganisms or microbes. Microorganisms include
    • Bacteria,
    • Viruses,
    • protozoa (single-cell eukaryotes like amoeba),
    • microscopic fungi and yeasts, and
    • microscopic algae (plant-like organisms)
    Bacteriology
    • Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. This
    subdivision of microbiology involves the
    identification, classification, and
    characterization of bacterial species. A person
    who studies bacteriology is a bacteriologist.
    Structure of Bacterial Cell
    The bacterial cell consists of various structural elements. These
    elements are as follows:
    • Flagella
    • Capsule
    • Cell Wall
    • Cytoplasmic Membrane
    • Cytoplasm
    • Ribosome
    • Plasmid
    • Nucleoid
    • Spores (Resting Forms of Certain Bacteria)
    Capsule
    • In some types of bacteria (e.g. Klebsiella), the
    cell wall is surrounded by a mucous layer
    referred to depending on its thickness, as the
    capsule or microcapsule.
    • As capsule contains 99% water it prevents
    from dehydration.
    • Capsule enhances the pathogenecity by
    helping bacteria to escape from WBCs.
    Cell Wall
    • The cell of bacteria is enclosed by a firm but
    elastic wall, which is responsible for the shape
    of the cell and which provides protection.
    • The cell wall is constantly being transformed
    and resynthesized, which necessitates in turn
    a high degree of enzymatic activity in this part
    of the cell.
    Cytoplasmic Membrane

    • The Cytoplasmic membrane lies below the cell wall. It


    retains the cytoplasm, it serves as selective permeable
    barrier, allowing only particular molecules to pass into
    or out of the cell. Prevents the loss of essential
    components.

    • The permeability of the membrane influence both the


    uptake of substances from the environment in which
    the cell lives and also the release of metabolites from
    the cell into its environment.
    Cytoplasm:

    • The cytoplasm is the gel-like substance


    residing between the cell membrane holding
    all the cell's internal sub-structures.
    • The cytoplasm is about 80% water and usually
    transparent.
    • The chief process that takes places in the
    cytoplasm is the synthesis of endogenous
    proteins.
    RIBOSOME
    • Ribosomes are found free in cytoplasm, these
    are the sites of protein synthesis. A ribosome
    is composed of two units, 50S and 30S.
    PLASMID
    • Plasmids are extra chromosomal genetic
    materials, found independently in cytoplasm.
    They are not necessary for life but give extra
    characteristics to bacteria.
    • Antibiotic resistance is most common function
    of plasmid.
    Nucleoid

    • Bacteria do not possess a genuine nucleus


    surrounded by a membrane. Instead the central
    portion of the cell is occupied by a large
    structure known as the nucleoid.

    • The latter consists of one chromosome (double


    stranded deoxyribonucleic acid) and contains the
    genetic information necessary for the continued
    existence and proliferation of the microorganism.
    Bacteria - what comes to mind?
    • Diseases
    • Infections
    • Epidemics
    • Food Spoilage
    • Only 1% of all known bacteria cause human
    diseases
    • About 4% of all known bacteria cause plant diseases
    • 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
    Classification of Bacteria
    Bacteria names are based on individual properties
    that distinguish them from each other:
    • Cell wall structure (staining)

    • Shape and (Arrangement) growth pattern


    (morphology)

    • Oxygen requirement (Metabolic


    reactions)
    GRAM STAINING
    • Because bacteria are colorless and usually
    invisible to light microscopy, colorful stains
    have been developed to visualize them. The
    most useful is the Gram staining, which
    separates organisms into 2 groups:
    – Gram-positive
    – Gram-negative
    APPEARANCE IN GRAM STAINING
     
    – Gram-positive = BLUE
    – Gram-negative = RED
     
    GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA
     Bacteria that takes the color of primary dye
    and don’t decolorize by alcohol, and don’t
    take the color of secondary dye is called
    GRAM POSITIVE BACTERIA.
    GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA
     Bacteria that takes the color of primary dye
    and decolorize by alcohol, and take the color
    of secondary dye is called GRAM NEGATIVE
    BACTERIA.
    BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY

    • Bacteria have 4 major shapes:

    1) Cocci: are spherical or ovoid in shape and are further divided


    according to the way they form groups: Diplococci occur in pairs,
    Staphylococci in clusters, streptococci in chains

    2) Bacilli: rod like or cylindrical. Short bacilli are called coccobacilli.

    3) Vibrios: comma-shaped, S-shaped, or cylindrical

    4) Spirilla: Rigid spiral rods.


    Bacterial Morphology & Arrangement

    • Staphylo
    Cocci

    • Bacterium

    • Vibrio
    • Diplo
    • Strepto
    Bacilli
    • Spiral
    Metabolic Characteristics of Bacteria

    Bacteria can be divided into groups based on


    their metabolic properties. Two important
    properties include:

    1) How the organism deals with oxygen, and

    2) What the organism uses as a carbon and


    energy source.
    Classification of Bacteria according to oxygen
    requirement.

    • Aerobes: These organisms must have oxygen


    in order to survive.

    • Anaerobes: These microbes die in the


    presence of oxygen. are killed in the presence
    of oxygen
    NORMAL FLORA
    • The normal flora are organisms that exist at various
    locations of the body without necessarily causing disease.
    Beside normal flora, environmental flora are organisms
    that inhabit the air and in animate objects.

    • Normal flora are referred to as commensals, organisms that


    benefit from the host (the organism susceptible to
    infection by Microorganisms), while neither helping nor
    harming it. Normal flora have the potential, however, to
    produce disease if the host’s resistance changes. Generally,
    levels of normal flora remain constant at specific sites.
    NORMAL FLORA

    Type of Normal Flora Skin Eye Lower URT Mouth Vagina


    G.I. tract
    Staphylococcus    
    Eschericha Coli   
    Micrococci  
    Bacteroides   
    Diptheroids      
    Lactobacillus  
    Alpha-Hemolytic 
    Streptococci   
    Non-Hemolytic  
    Streptococci  
    Proteus  
    Enteric Gram-Negative  
    Rods
    Bacterial Pathogenicity
    Pathogen:
    • A pathogen is a microorganism that is able to
    cause disease in a plant, animal or insect.
     
    Pathogenicity
    • Pathogenicity is the ability to produce disease
    in a host organism.
    INFECTION

    • Infection is a state, caused by the multiplication of the pathogenic


    micro-organisms within the body.”

    • How bacteria cause infections

    – All bacteria have potential to cause infection

    – Infectious disease occurs when the pathogen’s ability to


    reproduce in the body exceeds the body’s ability to protect
    against the bacterial invasion.
    INFECTION
    • Invasion
    • Proliferation (Multiplication)

    • Portals of Infection
    – Respiratory
    – Gastro-Intestinal
    – Uro-Genital Tract
    – Skin
    – Mucous Membrane
    • Sources of Infection
    – Man Coughing, Sneezing, Speaking, Direct Contact, Carrier –
    Typhoid

    – Insects Mosquito, Flies, Lice

    – Infected
    Substances Air, Food Stuff, Water, Dust
    TYPES OF INFECTIONS
    • Mixed Infection
    – Caused by several types of pathogens
    • Super Infection
    – Infection in the presence of original infection
    • Re-infection
    – Infection by the same pathogen after recovery
    • Secondary Infection
    – If the organisms power of resistance are so weakened
    by an infection, that other pathogens subsequently
    cause a further infection. Then the later is referred to
    secondary infection
    TYPES OF INFECTIONS
    • Systemic Infection
    – Pathogenic Bacteria enter into blood stream and produce toxins
    • Opportunistic Infection
    – Caused by opportunistic bacteria when body resistance
    becomes weakened.
    TYPES OF INFECTIONS
    • Community – Acquired Infection
    – An Infection acquired in the community at large, any where
    except hospital or clinical setting
    • Hospital Acquired Infection (Nosocomial)
    – Infection acquired in hospital or clinical setting. Generally caused
    by different pathogens due to procedures performed in hospitals.
    Infection 48 hours after hospitalization and within 48 hours after
    discharge
    • Opportunistic Infection
    – An Infection caused by organism not infective under normal
    circumstances (Normal Flora) becomes pathogenic if opportunity
    presents
    Infection Cause by GRAM + VE BACTERIA

    • BACTERIA DISEASE

    • COCCI
    • Staphylococcus aureus Noscomial Infections
    • Respiratory Infections
    • Streptococcus Pneumonia Pneumonia, Bronchitis
    • Streptococcus Pyogenes Upper & Lower Resp. Infection Septicemia
    • Enterococcus Intestinal Infections
     
    • BACILLI
    • Coryne bacterium Diphtheriae Diphtheria
    • Mycobacterium Tuberculae Tuberculosis (Acid fast)
    • Clostridium Tetani Tetanus
    • Mycobacterium Laparae Leprosy (Acid fast)
    Infection Cause by GRAM - VE BACTERIA

    BACTERIA DISEASE
    • COCCI
    • Morexella Catarrhalis Broncopulmonary Infection
    • Nisseria Gonorrhoea Gonorrhoea
    • Nisseria Meningitidis Meningitis, Septicemia
    •  
    • BACILLI
    • Escherichia Coli Enteritis, UTI
    • Hemophilus Influenzae Bronchitis, Influenza
    • Klebsiella Pneumoniae Pneumonia
    • Shigella Shigalosis
    • SolmonellaEnteric Fever, Bacterial
    Dysentery
    Antibiotics

    • A substance produced by or derived from


    certain bacteria, fungi or other organisms
    that can destroy or inhibit the growth of
    other microorganisms.
    The word antibiotic comes from the Greek anti
    meaning 'against' and bios meaning 'life' (a
    bacterium is a life form).' Antibiotics are also
    known as antibacterial.
    Types of Antibiotics
    Although there are well over 100 antibiotics, the majority come from only a few types of drugs.
    These are the main classes of antibiotics.

    • Penicillins such as penicillin and amoxicillin


     
    • Cephalosporins such as cephalexin

    • Macrolides such as erythromycin ,clarithromycin and azithromycin

    • Fluoroquinolones such as ciprofloxacin levofloxacin, and ofloxacin


     
    • Sulfonamides such as co-trimoxazole and trimethoprim

    • Tetracyclines such as tetracycline and doxycycline

    • Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin and tobramycin


    Spectrum of Antibiotics
    Broad-spectrum antibiotic:
    – The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic
    that acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria.
    A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-
    positive and Gram-negative bacteria

    Narrow-spectrum antibiotic:
    – Narrow-spectrum antibiotic is effective against specific
    families of bacteria
    ACTION

    • Bactericidal Activity
    They may kill the organisms out right
     
    * Aminoglycosides * Penicillins
    *Cephalosporins * Polypeptides
    *Quinolone
     

    • Bacteriostatic Activity
    They may prevent further growth of the organisms, leaving the natural
    defenses of the body to complete the final destruction
     
    * Tetracyclines * Macrolides
    * Chloramphenicol
    Bacterial Resistance

    Antibiotic resistance occurs when an antibiotic has lost


    its ability to effectively control or kill bacterial growth; in
    other words, the bacteria are "resistant" and continue to
    multiply in the presence of therapeutic levels of an
    antibiotic.
     
    Bacterial Resistance
    Why do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?
     Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria change in some way that
    reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other
    agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and
    continue to multiply causing more harm. Bacteria can do this through
    several mechanisms.
    • Some bacteria develop the ability to neutralize the antibiotic before it
    can do harm,
     
    • Others can rapidly pump the antibiotic out,
     
    • And still others can change the antibiotic attack site so it cannot affect
    the function of the bacteria.

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