OSTEOLOGY I

Bones of the Upper Limb

Assoc Prof dr. Hamiadji Tanuseputro S.Anat.

A cheerful heart is good medicine,

but a crushed spirit dries up the
bones. (Pr 17:22)
A cheerful look brings joy to the heart, and good
news gives health to the bones. (Pr 15:30)
Mata yang bersinar-sinar menyukakan hati, dan kabar yang baik
menyegarkan tulang.
 THE ANATOMICAL POSITION

• In this Anatomical Position, the

body is assumed to be
standing, the feet together, the
arms to the side, and the head
and eyes and palms of the
hands facing forwards.

• Here's the Anatomical

Position as shown by a
skeleton: Anatomical
Position
 INTRODUCTION

There are about 205

bones in the
body.These bones can Functions:
be classified according 1. Protection
to the location or
according to the form. 2. Attachment of
muscles
[]
Location: Axial and 3. Mineral storage
Appendicular bones
4. Formation of blood
[]
Form: Long, short, flat, 5. Support
irregular, sesamoid
bones.
 The appendicular bones include
the bones of the upper and lower
limbs and the pectoral and pelvic
girdles that support the upper
and lower limbs.
[]
The axial bones can be
subdivided into;
skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid,
vertebral column and the
thoracic cage
 BONES OF PECTORAL GIRDLE
The clavicle and the scapula 1.spine
position the shoulder joint. 2.acromion
Help the upper extremity 3.superior border
(limb), and provide a base for 4.supraspinous fossa
muscle attachment. 5.infraspinous fossa
6.medial (vertebral)
border
7.lateral (axillary)
border
8.inferior angle
9.superior angle
10.glenoid fossa
CLAVICULA (lateral angle)
11.coracoid process
12.superior scapular
notch
13.subscapular fossa
14.supraglenoid
tubercle
15.infraglenoid
SCAPULA
tubercle
 BONES OF THE PECTORAL GIRDLE

1.head
2.neck
3.greater
tubercle
4.deltoid
tuberosity

The scapula articulates with the humerus at the shoulder joint

(scapulohumeral joint). Both the coracoid process(11) and the acromion
process(2) are attached to ligaments and tendons. The acromion
articulates with the the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint.
The scapular spine crosses the scapular body.
 THE HUMERUS

The capsule of the shoulder joint

attaches to the humerus at the
anatomical neck.
The greater tubercle and lesser
tubercle are important sites for
muscle attachment.
Other important features include;
deltoid tuberosity, the radial groove,
the medial and lateral epicondyles,
and the articular condyles.
 THE HUMERUS

POSTERIOR VIEW ANTERIOR VIEW

 Distally the humerus
articulates with the radius
and ulna.
The medial trochlea extends
from the coronoid fossa to
the olecranon fossa.
The radius and the ulna are
bones of the forearm
(antebrachium)
The olecranon fossa
accomodates the olecranon
during extension of the
humeroulnar joint.
The coronoid and radial
fossae accommodate the
coronoid process.
 BONES OF THE FOREARM
(ANTEBRACHIUM)
The radius and the m supinator
ulna are bones of the
forearm.
The radius is the
lateral bone and the
ulna the medial bone
of the forearm.
The proximal
radioulnar
articulation permits
rotation, when this
occurs, this
movement is called
pronation.
The reverse
m. pronator teres & m.
movement is called
Supination and Pronation pronator quadratus
supination.
 THE CARPAL BONES
(CARPALIA)

The bones of the wrist

are 8 in numbers and
form two rows.
Proximal: scaphoid,
lunate, triangulate,
and pisiform.
Distal: trapezium,
trapezoid, capitate,
and hamate.

The scaphoid & lunate are in direct contact with

the radius. Prone to fracture of the scaphoid!
BONES OF THE HAND

The 5 metacarpals
articulate with the distal
row of the carpals.
Distally metacarpals
articulate with the
phalanges.
Four of the fingers contain
3 phalanges, except the
pollex (thumb) only 2.
Some of the metacarpals
have sesamoid bones.
RADIUS AND ULNA

The interosseous membrane

joints the radius and the ulna
as a syndesmosis.

The joint at the radial head and

the ulna is a pivot joint.

The joint between the humerus

and both the radius and ulna is
a hinge joint.
THE BONES OF THE HAND

Carpal bones
1. scaphoid
2. lunate
3. triquetrum
4. pisiform
5. trapezium
6. trapezoid
7. capitate
8. hamate
hook of
hamate
THE CARPAL TUNNEL

flexor retinaculum
(FR)
1 scaphoid
2 trapezium
3 pisiform
4 hamate

1.median nerve
2.tendons of flexor digitorum
superficialis
3.tendons of flexor digitorum
profundus
4.tendon of flexor pollicis longus
5.tendon of flexor carpi radialis
JOINTS OF THE UPPER LIMB
Sternoclavicular - moves in many
directions in a funnel-shaped manner
Acromioclavicular - moves with the
movements of the upper limb rotates and
slides anterior and posterior
Scapulothoracic – protraction retraction
medial & lateral rotation
Glenohumeral (shoulder) – extension,
abduction, adduction, medial rotation,
lateral rotation, circumduction
Radiohumeroulnar (elbow) - flexion
extension
Superior and inferior radioulnar joints -
supination, pronation
Radiocarpal (wrist) – flexion, extensio,
abduction, adduction
Carpometacarpal – flexion, extension
RADIOGRAPH OF THE SHOULDER
RADIOGRAPH OF THE ELBOW
 RADIOGRAPH OF THE HAND

•Mazmur 136:12 •(45-5) Dalam

Dengan tangan semarakmu itu
yang kuat dan majulah demi
kebenaran,
dengan lengan
perikemanusiaan
yang teracung! dan keadilan!
Bahwasanya Biarlah tangan
untuk selama- kananmu
lamanya kasih mengajarkan
setia-Nya. engkau perbuatan-
perbuatan yang
dahsyat!
 THANK YOU
A heart at peace gives life to the body, but envy rots
the bones. (Pr 14:30)
• Hati yang tenang menyegarkan tubuh, tetapi iri hati membusukkan tulang.

Pleasant words are a honeycomb, sweet to the soul

and healing to the bones. (Pr 16:24)
• Perkataan yang menyenangkan adalah seperti sarang madu, manis bagi
hati dan obat bagi tulang-tulang.

A cheerful heart is good medicine, but a crushed spirit

dries up the bones. (Pr 17:22)
• Hati yang gembira adalah obat yang manjur, tetapi semangat yang patah
mengeringkan tulang.
 Characteristics of a long bone

1. Has a diaphysis (shaft),

epiphysis (distal, proximal),
metaphysis (during growth of
bone)
2. Has a compact and spongious
part (red marrow)
3. Has a medullary cavity (yellow
marrow)
4. Contains Haversian system and
Volkmann vessels
5. Covered by periosteum (fibrous
and cellular)
6. Endosteum covers the inner
surface
7. Has a nutrien canal containing
an artery
The arterial supply of long bones

1. Has the nutrien artery,

metaphyseal and epiphyseal
arteries, and periosteal arteries
2. The blood flow in the
metaphyseal arteries is slow that
may cause focus of infection
3. May lead to subperiosteal,
articular abcess as well as
osteomyelitis

PLEASE STUDY THE PICTURE

 THANK YOU
The path of life leads upward for the wise to
keep him from going down to the grave. (Pr
15:24)
Jalan kehidupan orang berakal budi menuju ke atas, supaya ia
menjauhi dunia orang mati di bawah.

A cheerful look brings joy to the heart, and

good news gives health to the bones. (Pr
15:30)
Mata yang bersinar-sinar menyukakan hati, dan kabar yang baik
menyegarkan tulang.