Lesson 2: IMPORTANCE OF

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ACROSS FIELDS (Penslar &
Porter, 2010)
illustrates the importance of quantitative research across fields CS_RS12-Ia-c-2
 01 illustrates the importance
Objective of research across fields

02 Identify the different types

of variables

03 illustrates the generic

structure of a quantitative
research
04 Identify the parts of a
quantitative research
 Importance of
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
General Academic Strand (GAS)
1. Teachers in the basic education are engrossed in
researches and devote time and effort in conducting
researches to improve educational practices that may lead to
more quality learning of the students.

2. Researches also validate, test and challenge existing

educational practices that may lead to reforms which are
more contextualized, localized, and responsive to the
needs of the learners.
Accounting, Business and Management
(ABM)
1. Researches can help design a new product or service,
figuring out what is needed and ensure that the development
of a product is highly targeted towards demand.

2. It may also help a small business decide if a procedure

or strategy should be changed to meet the requirements of
the customer base.
Science, Technology, Engineering, and
Mathematics (STEM)
1. Medical practitioners, for example, conduct researches to
obtain significant information about disease trends and risk
factors, results of various health interventions, patterns of
care, and health care costs and use

2. As for the engineers, architects, and other builders,

research helps in providing designs which are creatively
beautiful and at the same time give more convenience and
efficiency as they utilize modern technology to adapt to the
ever changing society.
 Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMSS)
1. Research aims to provide solutions to the social problems
directly felt by people.

2. Researchers in this field deal more on societal behaviors

and social issues such as stress, work ethics, organizational
commitment, leadership style, child labor, teenage
pregnancy, human trafficking to drug addiction and other
forms of criminality.
Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL)
1. Research in this academic discipline incorporates in its
curriculum as many pertinent life’s skills that will help
students succeed independently in their chosen career paths.

2. Through research, it emphasizes on personal

development, decision making, and intrapersonal skills. It
allows students to acquire the necessary decision making,
social, and communicative skills which are important for
occupational success.
 Other fields
Quantitative Research and Behavioral Science
> The output of this research focuses on how human behavior relates with another
people and also the individual differences that may affect human relations.

Quantitative Research in Educational and Psychology

> Many educational principles in understanding human behavior are the offshoot of this
research.

Quantitative Research and Social Science

> The method employed in this type of quantitative social research are mostly typically
the survey and the experiment.
Other fields
Quantitative Research and Anthropology
> Many discoveries in this field like human behavior in the society, racial conflicts
and human evolution have given enormous contributions to the improvement of
human life.

Quantitative Research and Communication

> Researchers are often interested in how an understanding of a particular
communication phenomena might be generalized to a larger population.

Quantitative Research and Medicine

 This tends to be predominantly observational research based on surveys or
correlational studies.
 Experimental research designs may enhance the quality of medical education.
 1. It is more reliable and objective

2. It can use statistics to generalize a finding

Why do these
fields/ Disciplines
3. It often reduces and restructures a complex
Use Quantitative
problem to a limited number of variables Research?

4. It looks at relationship between variables

and can establish cause and effect in highly
controlled circumstances
 5. It tests theories or hypotheses

6. It assumes sample is representative of the

Why do these
population fields/ Disciplines
7. Subjectivity of researcher in methodology
Use Quantitative
is recognized less Research?

8. It is less detailed than qualitative data

 Lesson 3:
NATURE OF VARIBLES

differentiates kinds of variables and their uses CS_RS12-Ia-c-3

NATURE OF VARIABLES
What is a variable?
Variable - anything that may assume varied numerical or categorical values. It
is a central concept in research and has a measurable characteristic that changes
in value.

It is a measurable characteristics that varies. It may change from group to

group, person to person, or even within one person over time.

The research variables, any scientific or research process, are factors that can be
manipulated or measured.
 Types of Variables
These are the types of variables as
defined by Blog (2019).

Continuous Independent
variables variables

Discrete Dependent
variables variables
 Continuous Variable
A variable that can take infinite number on the value that can occur within a
population. Its values can be divided into fractions.

1.1. Interval variable. A measurement where the difference between two values
does have meaning.

1.2. Ratio variable. It possesses the properties of interval variable and has a
clear definition of zero, indication that none of that variable
 Discrete Variable
Also known as categorical or classificatory variable, on the other hand, is
any variable that has a limited number of distinct values and which cannot be
divided into fractions.

2.1. Nominal variable. A variable with no quantitative value. It has two or more
categories but does not imply ordering of cases. A sub-type of nominal scale with
only two categories just like sex (e.g. male/female) is known as dichotomous.

2.2. Ordinal variable. A variable that has two or more categories which can be
ranked. (e.g. “Very satisfied”, “Satisfied”, “Indifferent”, “Dissatisfied”, “Very
dissatisfied”)
 Independent Variable
The cause variable or the one responsible for the conditions that act on
something else to bring about changes.

Those variables that may influence or affect other variable

Example: The effect of mobile game addiction to the

academic performance of the student
 Dependent Variable
Also called the outcome variable which is the result or
effect of the changes brought about by another variable.

Example: The effect of mobile game

addiction to the academic performance of the
student
1. Zip code
2. Grade (A, B, C, D, F)
3. SAT score
4. Height
4. Gender (male, female)
5. IQ Weight
6. Eye color (blue, brown, green, hazel)
7. Judging (first place, second place, etc.)
8. Temperature
9.Time
10. Salary
 Other types of variables
Moderating Variable- is one that has a strong contingent effect on
the independent variable- dependent variable relationship.

Intervening Variable- It comes between the independent and

dependent variables and show the link or mechanism between
them.

Extraneous Variable- are all variables, which are not the

independent variable, but could affect the results of the
experiment.
Generic structure
of a Written
Quantitative
Research Paper
Initial Pages
TITLE PAGE
Include the title, First name and surname of the researcher/s /author/s,
name of school and department lastly the place and date of completion

APPROVAL SHEET
This is to prove that the researcher has passed the requirements
needed for passing the course

ABSTRACT
An abstract presents a brief summary of your thesis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This page is focused on expressing gratitude to all that gave help to
the researcher.
Initial Pages
DEDICATION
This is the page for dedicating the thesis to certain people or groups who
have inspired the researcher/s while doing the research work

TABLE OF CONTENTS
the table of contents is essentially a topic outline of the thesis

LIST OF TABLES/ LIST OF FIGURES

Include a list of figures(illustrations) and a list of tables if you have
one or more items in theses categories
TITLE OF CHAPTERS
Chapter 2. Review Chapter 3.
of Related Literature Presentation, Analysis
and Studies and Interpretation of
Data

Contents Title Contents Title Contents Title Contents Title Contents Title

Chapter 1. Chapter 3. Summary,

Problem and its Methodology Conclusion and
Background of the Study Recommendati
on
Chapter I. Problem and its Background
Introduction Statement of the Conceptual/ Theoretical
This is where Problem Frame Work
you provide an The problem must be Conceptual frame
introduction to the reflected to your title so work is based on
topic of your that the readers are generally accepted
research work informed about your methods, practices
where you give the problems just by reading etc.
context terms of your topic Theoretical frame
the research work deals with
interrelated theories
which must be
presented in more
details as they are not
totally tangible
Chapter I. Problem and its Background
Significance of the Scope and Definition of terms
study Delimitation
The significance of The scope is The definition of
the study mainly focuses mainly the terms must be arranged
on the questions “Who coverage of your in alphabetically. It must
will benefit from the study and the be also stated if you
study?” delimitation is the used your definition of
limitation of your terms technically or
study operationally.
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature and
Studies
Related Literature and Studies
In this part, you must get your data and information from
any books, magazines and newspaper.

As much as possible, get the latest published materials.

John Wastson Max Jones Tony Wilson
Programmer Designer Manager
Must be also organized to cover specific problems.
Chapter II. Review of Related Literature and
Studies
Related Literature and Studies
It must be related to your topic. If not do not include it

Unpublished material should not be older than 5 years if

possible.
John Wastson Max Jones Tony Wilson
Programmer Designer Manager

On the last part, have a statement on why you have

included those topics
Chapter III. Methodology of the Study
Research Design
The appropriate research design should be specific and described.

Population Samples
Describe the population of interest and the sampling subjects used in the
study.

Research Instrument
Describe the instrument and what it will measure. State the qualification
of the respondents of the study
Chapter III. Methodology of the Study
Validation of the Procedure
Discuss how the validity and the reliability will be established specify the
level of reliability

Data Gathering Procedure

Describe how instrument will be administered

Data Processing Procedure and Statistical Treatment

Describe the processing and treatment of data
Chapter IV. Presentation, Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Presentation
01
of Data
03
Interpretation
of Data

02 Analysis of
Data
Presentation 01 Present the findings
of the study in order
of Data of the specific
problem as stated in
the statement of the
problem.

02 Present the data in these

forms: Tabular- Textual-
Graphical(optional)
04
 01 Data may be analyzed
Analysis of quantitatively or
qualitatively depending
on the level of
Data measurement and the
number of dimensions
and variables of the
study.
02 Analyze in depth to give meaning
to the data presented in
presented data in the table.

State statistical descriptions in

0403
declarative sentences.
Interpretation 01 Establish
interconnection
of Data between and among
data

02 Check for indicators

whether hypothesis/es is
are supported or not by
finding.

03 Link the present finding with

04 the previous literature
Chapter V. Summary of Findings, Conclusions,
and Recommendations

Summary Conclusions Recommendations

of
Findings
 This describes the problem, research design, and
the findings( answer to the question raised). The
recommended format is the paragraph form instead of
the enumeration form.
Summary
of For each of the problem, present:
i. The salient findings,
Findings ii. The results of the hypothesis tested
Conclusions
These are brief, generalized statements in answer
to the general and each of the specific sub-problems.

These contains generalized in relation to the

population. These are general inferences applicable to
a wider and similar population.

Flexibility is considered in making conclusions.

Conclusions may be used as generalizations from a

micro to a macro-level or vice versa
Recommendations
They should be based on the findings and
conclusion of the study.

Recommendations may be specific or general or

both.

They should be in non-technical language.

They should be feasible, workable, flexible, doable,

adaptable.
 References

•Author(alphabetically arrange)
•Title (this should be in italics)
•Type of thesis
•Academic institution
•Year of publication
 Curriculum Vitae

Resume of the researcher/s

 Infographic Style

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