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Ce 214 Fundamentals of Surveying Lec 4: Engr. Gene Johanno Nieto Janno Nieto 09063127099

The document discusses leveling methods in surveying. It defines key terms like level surface, level line, horizontal surface, and elevation. It then describes various leveling methods like direct or spirit leveling, reciprocal leveling, profile leveling, trigonometric leveling, stadia leveling, barometric leveling, cross section leveling, and borrow pit leveling. Direct or spirit leveling is the most precise method and involves determining elevation differences between points using a leveling instrument along a selected route.

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186 views25 pages

Ce 214 Fundamentals of Surveying Lec 4: Engr. Gene Johanno Nieto Janno Nieto 09063127099

The document discusses leveling methods in surveying. It defines key terms like level surface, level line, horizontal surface, and elevation. It then describes various leveling methods like direct or spirit leveling, reciprocal leveling, profile leveling, trigonometric leveling, stadia leveling, barometric leveling, cross section leveling, and borrow pit leveling. Direct or spirit leveling is the most precise method and involves determining elevation differences between points using a leveling instrument along a selected route.

Uploaded by

AudreyJadeYabut
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
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CE 214 FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING

LEC 4
Engr. Gene Johanno Nieto
[email protected]
Janno Nieto
09063127099
OUTLINE:

 Leveling

 Definition of Terms

 Leveling Methods

 Types of Levels
Leveling

Process of directly or indirectly


measuring vertical distances to
determine the elevation of points or
their differences in elevation.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Level Surface

It is a curved surface which is at any


point perpendicular to the direction of
gravity or the plumbline.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Level Line

Curved line in a level surface all


points of which are normal to the
direction of the gravity and
equidistant from the center of the
Earth.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Horizontal Surface

Plane tangent to a level surface at a


particular point.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Horizontal Line

Straight line in a horizontal plane


which is tangent to a level line at one
point.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Vertical Line

Line parallel to the direction of the


gravity.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Mean Sea Level

An imaginary surface of the sea


which is midway between high and
low tides.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Mean Sea Level

Reference surface to which most of


the ground elevations are referred.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Datum

Any convenient level surface


coincident or parallel with mean sea
level to which elevations of a
particular area are referred.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Elevation

Vertical distance above or below


mean sea level or any other selected
datum.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Difference in Elevation

The vertical distance between two


level surface of the points.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Leveling Methods

Direct or Spirit Leveling


Reciprocal Leveling
Profile Leveling
Trigonometric Leveling
Stadia Leveling
Barometric Leveling
Cross Section Leveling
Borrow Pit Leveling

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Direct or Spirit Leveling

Commonly employed method of


determining the elevation of points
some distances apart by a series of
setups of a leveling instrument along
a selected route.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Direct or Spirit Leveling

Forms of Direct Leveling are


Differential leveling, Double-rodded
leveling and Three-wire Leveling

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Direct or Spirit Leveling

Most precise method

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Reciprocal Leveling

Used to determine the difference in


elevation between two intervisible
points

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Reciprocal Leveling

Usually when it is impossible to setup


instrument midway between the
points

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Profile Leveling

Used to determine the elevations


along a designated line (Center lines
or Alignments) in which these data
are used for design or construction

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Trigonometric Leveling

This is employed with the use of


trigonometric functions on the
measured horizontal distance and
vertical angles.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Stadia Leveling

Combines features of direct leveling


and trigonometric leveling.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Barometric Leveling

Elevations are determined by


measuring the variations of
atmospheric pressure between two
points.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Cross Section Leveling

Used to get the representative


ground surface to determine the
necessary earthworks to be done.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008


Borrow Pit Leveling

Method of determining relative


elevations of points to be used for
earthworks.

From “Elementary Surveying”, Juny Pilapil La Putt, 2008

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