Chapter - 09 Murachs PHP & MySQL

Chapter 9
How to work with

strings and numbers
© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C9, Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Use any of the functions and techniques presented in this chapter
to work with strings.
2. Use any of the functions and techniques presented in this chapter
to work with numbers.

Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Describe the way variable substitution is used to assign a string to
a variable.
2. Describe the way PHP escape sequences can be used to insert
special characters into strings and how the htmlentities() function
can be used to display special characters correctly in a browser.
3. Describe these terms as they apply to a PHP string: length,
substring, and position.
4. Describe the use of the PHP string functions that return string
lengths or substrings, search for or replace characters in a string,
modify a string, convert between strings and arrays, and compare
two strings.

Objectives (continued)
Knowledge (continued)
5. Describe the PHP is_infinite() and is_finite() functions, and
describe these PHP constants: PHP_INT_MAX, INF, and -INF.
6. Describe these PHP functions for working with numbers: max(),
min(), pow(), round(), sqrt(), rand(), mt_rand(), and random_int().
7. Describe the use of the sprint() function for formatting strings and
numbers.
8. Describe the use of type casting and the use of the intval() and
floatval() functions.

Assign strings with single quotes
$language = 'PHP';
$message = 'Welcome to ' . $language;
$query = 'SELECT firstName, lastName

FROM Users';
Assign strings with double quotes

Using variable substitution
$language = "PHP";
$message = "Welcome to $language";
Using braces with variable substitution

$count = 12;
$item = "flower";
$message1 = "You bought $count $items.";
$message2 = "You bought $count ${item}s.";

Assign a string with a heredoc
$language = 'PHP';
$message = <<<MESSAGE
The heredoc syntax allows you to build multi-line
strings in $language. Inside, it acts like a
double-quoted string and performs variable substitution.
MESSAGE;
Assign a string with a nowdoc

$message = <<<'MESSAGE'
The nowdoc syntax also allows you to build multi-line
strings in PHP. However, no variable substitution takes
place inside the nowdoc string. This is similar to
single-quoted strings.
MESSAGE;

Key terms
 Heredoc
 Nowdoc
 Variable substitution
 Interpolation

Escape sequences only use in some strings
 \\
 \'
 \"
Escape sequences used in double-quoted strings

and heredocs
 \$
 \n
 \t
 \r
 \f
 \v
 \ooo
 \xhh

Escape sequences with single quotes
$dir = 'C:\\xampp\\php';
$name = 'Mike\'s Music Store';
$quote = "He said, \"It costs \$12.\"";
$comment1 = "This is a\nmulti-line string.";
$comment2 = 'Not a\nmulti-line string.';

The htmlentities() function
htmlentities($str [, $quotes])
Examples of the htmlentities() function

An example that doesn’t use the htmlentities() function
$copyright1 = "\xa9 2017";
echo $copyright1;
An example that uses the htmlentities() function

$copyright2 = htmlentities("\xa9 2017");
echo $copyright2;

Key term
 Escape sequence

A URL for a list of all PHP string functions
http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.strings.php
Functions for working with string length

and substrings
empty($str)
strlen($str)
substr($str, $i[, $len])

Code that determines if a string is empty
if (empty($first_name)) {
$message = 'You must enter the first name.';
}
Code that gets the length of a string

and two substrings
$name = 'Ray Harris';
$length = strlen($name);
$first_name = substr($name, 0, 3);
$last_name = substr($name, 4);
$last_name = substr($name, -6);

Code that formats a phone number in two ways
$phone = '5545556624';
$part1 = substr($phone, 0, 3);
$part2 = substr($phone, 3, 3);
$part3 = substr($phone, 6);
$format_1 = $part1 . '-' . $part2 . '-' . $part3;
$format_2 = '(' . $part1 . ') ' . $part2 . '-' . $part3;
Code that displays each letter in a string

on a separate line
$input = 'JAN';
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($input); $i++) {
$vert_str .= substr($input, $i, 1);
$vert_str .= '<br>';
}

Key terms
 Length
 Substring
 Position

Functions that search a string
strpos($str1, $str2[, $offset])
stripos($str1, $str2[, $offset])
strrpos($str1, $str2[, $offset])
strripos($str1, $str2[, $offset])
Code that searches a string for spaces

$name = 'Martin Van Buren';
$i = strpos($name, ' ');
$i = strpos($name, ' ', 7);
$i = strrpos($name, ' ');
Code that searches a string for a substring

$name = 'Martin Van Buren';
$i = strpos($name, 'Van');
$i = strpos($name, 'van');
$i = stripos($name, 'van');
$i = strripos($name, 'A');

Code that splits a string into two substrings
$name = 'Ray Harris';
$i = strpos($name, ' ');
if ($i === false) {
$message = 'No spaces were found in the name.';
} else {
$first_name = substr($name, 0, $i);
$last_name = substr($name, $i+1);
}

Functions that replace part of a string
str_replace($str1, $new, $str2)
str_ireplace($str1, $new, $str2)
Code that replaces periods with dashes

$phone = '554.555.6624';
$phone = str_replace('.', '-', $phone);
Code that replaces one string with another string

$message = 'Hello Ray';
$message = str_ireplace('hello', 'Hi', $message);

Functions that modify strings
ltrim($str)
rtrim($str)
trim($str)
str_pad($str, $len [, $pad[, $type]])
lcfirst($str)
ucfirst($str)
ucwords($str)
strtolower($str)
strtoupper($str)
strrev($str)
str_shuffle($str)
str_repeat($str, $i)

Code that trims and pads a string
$name = ' ray harris ';
$name = ltrim($name);
$name = rtrim($name);
$name = str_pad($name, 13);

$name = str_pad($name, 16,
' ', STR_PAD_LEFT);
$name = trim($name);
Code that works with capitalization

$name = ucfirst($name);
$name = lcfirst($name);
$name = ucwords($name);
$name = strtolower($name);
$name = strtoupper($name);

Code that changes the sequence of the characters
$name = strrev($name);
$name = str_shuffle($name);
Code that repeats a string

$sep = str_repeat('*', 10);

Functions that convert strings and arrays
explode($sep, $str)
implode($sep, $sa)
How to convert a string to an array

$names = 'Mike|Anne|Joel|Ray';
$names = explode('|', $names);
$name1 = $names[0];
$name2 = $names[1];
How to convert an array to a string

$names = implode('|', $names);
How to convert an array to a tab-delimited string

$names = implode('\t', $names);

Functions that convert between strings
and ASCII integer values
chr($value)
ord($string)
How to convert an integer value to a character

$char = chr(65); // $char is 'A'
$char = chr(66); // $char is 'B'
How to convert a character to an integer value

$val = ord('A'); // $val is 65
$val = ord('B'); // $val is 66
$val = ord('Bike'); // $val is 66

Key term
 ASCII character set

Functions that compare two strings
strcmp($str1, $str2)
strcasecmp($str1, $str2)
strnatcmp($str1, $str2)
strnatcasecmp($str1, $str2)
How a case-sensitive comparison works

$result = strcmp('Anders', 'Zylka'); // $result = -1
$result = strcmp('Anders', 'zylka'); // $result = 1
$result = strcasecmp('Anders', 'zylka'); // $result = -25
How a “natural” number comparison works

$result = strcmp('img06', 'img10'); // $result = -1
$result = strcmp('img6', 'img10'); // $result = 1
$result = strnatcmp('img6', 'img10'); // $result = -1

How to compare two strings
$result = strnatcasecmp($name_1, $name_2);
if ($result < 0) {
echo $name_1 . ' before ' . $name_2;
} else if ($result == 0) {
echo $name_1 . ' matches ' . $name_2;
} else {
echo $name_1 . ' after ' . $name_2;
}

How to assign a decimal value (base 10)
$number_1 = 42;
$number_2 = +72;
$number_3 = -13;
$number_4 = -(-39);
$number_5 = --39; // Error
How to find the maximum

and minimum integer values (base 10)
$max_int = PHP_INT_MAX;
$min_int = (-1 * PHP_INT_MAX) - 1);

How to assign an octal value (base 8)
$octal_1 = 0251; // Must begin with 0
$octal_2 = -0262;
How to assign a hexadecimal value (base 16)

$hex_1 = 0X5F; // Must begin with 0x or 0X
$hex_2 = 0x4a3b; // Upper and lower case allowed

Key terms
 Integer
 Whole numbers
 Decimal
 Octal
 Hexadecimal

How to assign floating-point values
Using normal notation
$float_1 = 3.5; // Must contain a decimal point
$float_2 = -6.0; // May be negative
$float_3 = .125; // Same as 0.125
$float_4 = 1.; // Same as 1.0
Using exponential notation

$exp_1 = 9.451e15; // Expands to 9.451 × 1015
$exp_2 = 6.022e+23; // Plus sign is optional
$exp_3 = 1.602e-19; // Exponent may be negative
$exp_4 = 9.806e0; // Exponent may be zero
$exp_5 = -1.759e11; // Mantissa may be negative
$exp_6 = 3e9; // Mantissa may be a whole number

Two functions for working with infinity
is_infinite($value)
is_finite($value)
Working with infinity

Getting an infinite value
$inf_x = INF; // Positive infinity, case-sensitive
$inf_x = -INF; // Negative infinity
$inf_x = 1e200 * 1e200; // Result is INF
$inf_x = 1 + INF; // Result is INF
$inf_x = 1 / INF; // Result is 0
$inf_x = 1 / 0; // Generates a warning
Testing for an infinite value

$result = 1e200 * 1e200;
if (is_infinite($result)) {
echo('Result was out of range.');
} else {
echo('Result is ' . $result);
}

Key terms
 Floating-point number
 Floats
 Doubles
 Real numbers
 Exponential notation

URL for a list of all PHP math functions
http://www.php.net/manual/en/ref.math.php
Common mathematical functions

abs($value)
ceil($value)
floor($value)
max($n1, $n2[, $n3] ...)
min($n1, $n2[, $n3] ...)
pi()
pow($base, $exp)
round($value[, $precision])
sqrt($value)

How to round a number
$subtotal = 15.99;
$tax_rate = 0.08;
$tax = round($subtotal * $tax_rate, 2);
How to get the square root of a number

$num1 = 4;
$root = sqrt($num1);
How to work with exponents

$num2 = 5;
$power = pow($num2, 2);

How to calculate the distance between two points
$x1 = 5; $y1 = 4;
$x2 = 2; $y2 = 8;
$distance = sqrt(pow($x1 - $x2, 2) + pow($y1 - $y2, 2));
How to place a maximum bound on a number

$value = 15;
$max_value = 10;
$value = min($max_value, $value); // 10

Functions that generate random numbers
rand($min, $max)
mt_rand($min, $max)
random_int($min, $max)
How to simulate a random dice roll

$dice = random_int(1, 6);
How to generate a random value

between 0 and 1 with 5 decimal places
$number = 0;
$places = 5;
for($i = 0; $i < $places; $i++) {
$number += mt_rand(0,9);
$number /= 10;
}
echo $number;

How to generate a random password
$password_length = 8;
// Add a symbol to the password

$symbols = '~!@#$%^&*()-_=+[]{};:,.<>?';
$symbol_count = strlen($symbols);
$index = random_int(0, $symbol_count - 1);
$password = substr($symbols, $index , 1);
$password .= chr(random_int(48, 57));

// Add lowercase letters to reach the specified length

while (strlen($password) < $password_length) {
}
$password = str_shuffle($password);
echo $password;

The sprintf() function
sprintf($format, $val1[, val2] ...)
Data type code

Character Formats…
s The value as a string.
d The value as an integer.
f The value as a floating-point number.
e The value using exponential notation.
c An integer value as its corresponding ASCII character.
b An integer value as a binary number.
o An integer value as an octal number.
x An integer value as a hexadecimal number (lowercase).
X An integer value as a hexadecimal number (uppercase).

A sprintf() function that formats two values
$message = sprintf('The book about %s has %d pages.',
'PHP', 800);
How to use sprintf() to convert numbers to strings

$s1 = sprintf('It cost %s dollars', 12);
$s2 = sprintf('%s', 4.5);
$s3 = sprintf('%s', 9451000.000000);
$s4 = sprintf('%f', 9.451e6);
$s5 = sprintf('%e', 9451000.000000);
$s6 = sprintf('%c', 65);
$s7 = sprintf('%x', 15);
$s8 = sprintf('%X', 15);
$s9 = sprintf('%s%%', 4.5);

Key terms
 Format string
 Format code

The parts of a format code
Specifier Required?
% Required
Sign Optional
Alignment Optional
Padding Optional
Width Optional
Precision Optional
Data Type Required

How to use the optional specifiers
$s1 = sprintf("%+d", 42);
$s2 = sprintf("%+d", -42);
$s3 = sprintf("%10s", 'PHP');
$s4 = sprintf("%-10s", 'PHP');
$s5 = sprintf("%-'*10s", 'PHP');
$s6 = sprintf("%6d", 42);
$s7 = sprintf("%06d", 42);
$s8 = sprintf("%02d-%02d-%04d", 9, 5, 2017);
$s9 = sprintf("%010.2f", 123.456);
How to generate a random HTML color

$color = '#';
for($i = 0; $i < 6; $i++) {
$color .= sprintf("%x", mt_rand(0,15) );
}
echo $color;

Two functions for converting strings to numbers
intval($var)
floatval($var)

How to convert a string to an integer
Using type casting
$value_1 = (int) '42';
$value_2 = (int) '42.5';
$value_3 = (int) '42 miles';
$value_4 = (int) '2,500 feet';
$value_5 = (int) 'miles: 42';
$value_6 = (int) 'miles';
$value_7 = (int) '10000000000';
$value_8 = (int) '042';
$value_9 = (int) '0x42';
Using the intval() function

$value = intval('42');

How to convert a string
to a floating-point number
Using type casting
$value_1 = (float) '4.2';
$value_2 = (float) '4.2 gallons';
$value_3 = (float) 'gallons';
$value_4 = (float) '1.5e-3';
$value_5 = (float) '1e400';
Using the floatval() function

$value = floatval('4.2');

Key terms
 Type casting
 Cast


Chapter - 09 Murachs PHP & MySQL

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Chapter - 09 Murachs PHP & MySQL

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Chapter 9

How to work with

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

$query = 'SELECT firstName, lastName

Assign strings with double quotes

Using braces with variable substitution

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Assign a string with a nowdoc

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Escape sequences used in double-quoted strings

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Examples of the htmlentities() function

An example that uses the htmlentities() function

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Functions for working with string length

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that gets the length of a string

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that displays each letter in a string

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that searches a string for spaces

Code that searches a string for a substring

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that replaces periods with dashes

Code that replaces one string with another string

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

$name = str_pad($name, 13);

Code that works with capitalization

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Code that repeats a string

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to convert a string to an array

How to convert an array to a string

How to convert an array to a tab-delimited string

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to convert an integer value to a character

How to convert a character to an integer value

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How a case-sensitive comparison works

How a “natural” number comparison works

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to find the maximum

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to assign a hexadecimal value (base 16)

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Using exponential notation

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Working with infinity

Testing for an infinite value

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Common mathematical functions

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to get the square root of a number

How to work with exponents

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to place a maximum bound on a number

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

How to simulate a random dice roll

How to generate a random value

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

// Add a symbol to the password

$password .= chr(random_int(48, 57));

// Add lowercase letters to reach the specified length