Chapter 3 (3)

How to use SQL

to work with
a MySQL database

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 1
Objectives
Applied
1. Code and run SELECT statements that use any of the language
elements presented in this chapter.
2. Code and run INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statements that
add, update, or delete rows.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 2
Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
1. Describe the use of the SELECT and FROM clauses in a SELECT
statement, including the use of column aliases.
2. Describe the use of the LIMIT clause in a SELECT statement.
3. Describe the use of the WHERE clause in a SELECT statement,
including the use of comparison operators, logical operators, the
IS NULL operator, and the LIKE operator.
4. Describe the use of the ORDER BY clause in a SELECT
statement.
5. Describe the use of an inner join, including one that uses table
aliases.
6. Describe the use of aggregate functions in SELECT statements.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 3
Objectives (continued)
Knowledge
7. Describe the use of the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses in a
SELECT statement, and distinguish between HAVING clauses
and WHERE clauses.
8. Describe the way subqueries can be used in the WHERE,
HAVING, FROM and SELECT clauses of a SELECT statement.
9. Describe the use of INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements, including the handling of null values and default
values when coding INSERT and UPDATE statements.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 4
The simplified syntax of the SELECT statement
SELECT select_list
FROM table_source
[WHERE search_condition]
[ORDER BY order_by_list]

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 5
Retrieve all rows and columns from a table
SELECT * FROM products

The result set

(3 rows of 10)

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 6
Retrieve three columns and sort them by price
SELECT productID, productName, listPrice
FROM products
ORDER BY listPrice

The result set

(6 rows of 10)

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 7
Retrieve rows in the specified price range
SELECT productID, productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 450
ORDER BY listPrice

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 8
Retrieve an empty result set
SELECT productID, productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 10

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 9
Use the AS keyword to specify an alias
SELECT productID,
productName AS name,
listPrice AS price
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 450
ORDER BY listPrice

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 10
Omitting the AS keyword works too
SELECT productID, productName name, listPrice price
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 450
ORDER BY listPrice

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 11
Use quotes to include spaces
SELECT productID AS "ID",
productName AS "Product Name",
listPrice AS "Price"
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 450
ORDER BY listPrice

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 12
The syntax of the LIMIT clause
LIMIT [rowOffset, ] maxRows

Retrieve the first three rows of the result set

SELECT productID, productName
FROM products
LIMIT 3

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 13
Another way to retrieve the first three rows
SELECT productID, productName
FROM products
LIMIT 0, 3

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 14
Retrieve three rows starting at the second row
SELECT productID, productName
FROM products
LIMIT 1, 3

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 15
The syntax of the WHERE clause
with comparison operators
WHERE expression_1 operator expression_2

The comparison operators

 =
 >
 <
 <=
 >=
 <>

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 16
A WHERE clause that selects products
where the product…
Is in the specified category
WHERE categoryID = 2

Has the specified name

WHERE productName = 'Gibson Les Paul'

Has a list price less than the specified price

WHERE listPrice < 499.99

Has a list price greater than or equal to the specified price

WHERE listPrice >= 499.99

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 17
A WHERE clause that selects products
where the product…
Has a name that starts with the letters A to F
WHERE productName < 'G'

Was added before the specified date

WHERE dateAdded < '2017-01-31'

Was added on or after the specified date

WHERE dateAdded >= '2017-01-31'

Has a discount percent that doesn’t equal the specified

amount
WHERE discountPercent <> 30

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 18
The syntax of the WHERE clause
with logical operators
WHERE [NOT] search_condition_1
{AND|OR} [NOT] search_condition_2 ...

A search condition that uses the AND operator

WHERE categoryID = 1 AND discountPercent = 30

A search condition that uses the OR operator

WHERE categoryID = 1 OR discountPercent = 30

A search condition that uses the NOT operator

WHERE NOT listPrice >= 500

The same condition rephrased to eliminate NOT

WHERE listPrice < 500

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 19
A compound condition without parentheses
SELECT productName, listPrice, discountPercent, dateAdded
FROM products
WHERE dateAdded > '2017-07-01' OR listPrice < 500
AND discountPercent > 25

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 20
The same compound condition with parentheses
SELECT productName, listPrice, discountPercent, dateAdded
FROM products
WHERE (dateAdded > '2017-07-01' OR listPrice < 500)
AND discountPercent > 25

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 21
The syntax of the WHERE clause
with the IS NULL operator
WHERE expression IS [NOT] NULL

Retrieve all rows

SELECT orderID, orderDate, shipDate
FROM orders

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 22
Retrieve rows for orders
that haven’t been shipped
SELECT orderID, orderDate, shipDate
FROM orders
WHERE shipDate IS NULL

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 23
Retrieve rows for orders that have been shipped
SELECT orderID, orderDate, shipDate
FROM orders
WHERE shipDate IS NOT NULL

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 24
The syntax of the WHERE clause
with the LIKE operator
WHERE match_expression [NOT] LIKE pattern

Wildcard symbols
 %
 _

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 25
WHERE clauses that use the LIKE operator
WHERE productName LIKE 'Fender%'
WHERE productName LIKE '%cast%'
WHERE zipCode LIKE '076__'
WHERE orderDate LIKE '2017-06-__%'

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 26
The syntax of the ORDER BY clause
ORDER BY expression [ASC|DESC]
[, expression [ASC|DESC]] ...

Sort by one column in ascending sequence

SELECT productName, listPrice, discountPercent
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 500
ORDER BY productName

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 27
Sort by one column in descending sequence
SELECT productName, listPrice, discountPercent
FROM products
WHERE listPrice < 500
ORDER BY listPrice DESC

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 28
Sort by two columns
SELECT productName, listPrice, discountPercent
FROM products
WHERE categoryID = 1
ORDER BY discountPercent, listPrice DESC

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 29
The explicit syntax for an inner join
SELECT select_list
FROM table_1
[INNER] JOIN table_2
ON join_condition_1
[[INNER] JOIN table_3
ON join_condition_2] ...

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 30
Joining the customers and orders tables
SELECT firstName, lastName, orderDate
FROM customers
INNER JOIN orders
ON customers.customerID = orders.customerID
ORDER BY orderDate

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 31
The syntax for an inner join that uses table aliases
SELECT select_list
FROM table_1 AS n1
[INNER] JOIN table_2 [AS] n2
ON n1.column_name operator n2.column_name
[[INNER] JOIN table_3 [AS] n3
ON n2.column_name operator n3.column_name]...

An inner join with aliases for all tables

SELECT firstName, lastName, orderDate
FROM customers c
INNER JOIN orders o
ON c.customerID = o.customerID
ORDER BY orderDate

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 32
An inner join with aliases for four tables
SELECT firstName, lastName, o.orderID,
productName, itemPrice, quantity
FROM customers c
INNER JOIN orders o
ON c.customerID = o.customerID
INNER JOIN orderItems oi
ON o.orderID = oi.orderID
INNER JOIN products p
ON oi.productID = p.productID
ORDER BY o.orderID

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 33
The syntax of the aggregate functions
AVG(expression)
SUM(expression)
MIN(expression)
MAX(expression)
COUNT(expression)
COUNT(*)

Count all products

SELECT COUNT(*) AS productCount
FROM products

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 34
Count all orders and shipped orders
SELECT COUNT(*) AS totalCount,
COUNT(shipDate) AS shippedCount
FROM orders

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 35
Find lowest, highest, and average prices
SELECT MIN(listPrice) AS lowestPrice,
MAX(listPrice) AS highestPrice,
AVG(listPrice) AS averagePrice
FROM products

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 36
Get the total of the calculated values for all orders
SELECT SUM(itemPrice * quantity – discountAmount)
AS ordersTotal
FROM orderItems

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 37
The syntax of the GROUP BY and HAVING clauses
SELECT select_list
FROM table_source
[WHERE search_condition]
[GROUP BY group_by_list]
[HAVING search_condition]
[ORDER BY order_by_list]

Calculate the average list price by category

SELECT categoryID, COUNT(*) AS productCount,
AVG(listPrice) AS averageListPrice
FROM products
GROUP BY categoryID
ORDER BY productCount

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 38
Use columns from multiple tables
SELECT categoryName, COUNT(*) AS productCount,
AVG(listPrice) AS averageListPrice
FROM products p JOIN categories c
ON p.categoryID = c.categoryID
GROUP BY categoryName
HAVING averageListPrice > 400

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 39
Use a WHERE clause to filter rows
before grouping them
SELECT categoryName, COUNT(*) AS productCount,
AVG(listPrice) AS averageListPrice
FROM products p JOIN categories c
ON p.categoryID = c.categoryID
WHERE listPrice > 400
GROUP BY categoryName

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 40
Four ways to introduce a subquery
in a SELECT statement
 In a WHERE clause as a search condition
 In a HAVING clause as a search condition
 In the FROM clause as a table specification
 In the SELECT clause as a column specification

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 41
Use a subquery in the WHERE clause
SELECT productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE listPrice > (SELECT AVG(listPrice) FROM products)
ORDER BY listPrice DESC

The value returned by the subquery

841.895

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 42
Use another subquery in the WHERE clause
SELECT productName, listPrice
FROM products
WHERE categoryID = (SELECT categoryID FROM categories
WHERE categoryName = 'Basses')

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 43
A correlated subquery in the SELECT clause
SELECT categoryID, categoryName,
(SELECT COUNT(*) FROM products
WHERE products.categoryID = categories.categoryID)
AS productCount
FROM categories

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 44
The syntax of a subquery
that uses the EXISTS clause
WHERE [NOT] EXISTS (subquery)

Get all customers that don’t have any orders

SELECT c.customerID, firstName, lastName
FROM customers c
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT * FROM orders o
WHERE c.customerID = o.customerID)

The result set

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 45
The syntax of the INSERT statement
INSERT INTO table_name [(column_list)]
VALUES (expression_1 [, expression_2]...)[,
(expression_1 [, expression_2]...)]...

The table definition

CREATE TABLE products (
productID INT NOT NULL
AUTO_INCREMENT,
categoryID INT NOT NULL,
productCode VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL,
productName VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
description TEXT NOT NULL,
listPrice DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL,
discountPercent DECIMAL(10,2) NOT NULL
DEFAULT 0.00,
dateAdded DATETIME NOT NULL
)

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 46
Add a single row without using a column list
INSERT INTO products
VALUES (DEFAULT, 1, 'tele', 'Fender Telecaster', 'NA',
'949.99', DEFAULT, NOW())

Add a single row using a column list

INSERT INTO products
(categoryID, productCode, productName, description,
listPrice, dateAdded)
VALUES
(1, 'tele', 'Fender Telecaster', 'NA',
'949.99', NOW())

Add multiple rows

INSERT INTO categories (categoryID, categoryName)
VALUES (4, 'Keyboards'),
(5, 'Brass'),
(6, 'Woodwind')

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 47
The syntax of the UPDATE statement
UPDATE table_name
SET column_name_1 = expression_1
[, column_name_2 = expression_2]...
[WHERE search_condition]

Update one column of one row

UPDATE products
SET discountPercent = '10.00'
WHERE productName = 'Fender Telecaster'

Update multiple columns of one row

UPDATE products
SET discountPercent = '25.00',
description =
'This guitar has great tone and smooth playability.'
WHERE productName = 'Fender Telecaster'

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 48
Update one column of multiple rows
UPDATE products
SET discountPercent = '15.00'
WHERE categoryID = 2

Update one column of all rows in the table

UPDATE products
SET discountPercent = '15.00'

Use a subquery to update multiple rows

UPDATE orders
SET shipAmount = 0
WHERE customerID IN
(SELECT customerID
FROM customers
WHERE lastName = 'Sherwood')

Warning
 If you omit the WHERE clause, all rows in the table are updated.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 49
The syntax of the DELETE statement
DELETE [FROM] table_name
[WHERE search_condition]

Delete one row

DELETE FROM products
WHERE productID = 6

Delete multiple rows

DELETE FROM products
WHERE categoryID = 3

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 50
Another way to delete multiple rows
DELETE FROM categories
WHERE categoryID > 3

Use a subquery to delete all order items

for a customer
DELETE FROM orderItems
WHERE orderID IN
(SELECT orderID FROM orders
WHERE customerID = 1)

Warning
 If you omit the WHERE clause, all rows in the table are deleted.

© 2017, Mike Murach & Associates, Inc.

Murach's PHP and MySQL (3rd Ed.) C18, Slide 51