Britton High School

Chapter 7 Gases
CHEMISTRY

MR. GRACE
Chapter 7 goals

• To describe an ideal gas in terms of the kinetic model

• To understand pressure units, temperature scales, and conversions
• To explain how partial pressures contribute to the pressure of a gas
mixture
• To use the combined gas law to solve temperature, pressure, and volume
problems
• To use the ideal gas law to solve for an unknown
• To explain how the molar mass and particle speed of a gas are related
Properties of Gases and the Kinetic
Model
LESSON 1
Lesson 1
Properties of Gases and the Kinetic Model
• Compare the behavior of particles in solids, liquids, and gases
• State how temperature and kinetic energy are related
• Explain how temperature and pressure affect gas volume
• Describe an ideal gas using the kinetic model
What do you notice within the room?

• This simple example shows how easily gas particles move around
• Remember: solids and liquids
• Gas particles have much more freedom of movement
• Relatively far apart
• Volume of a gas depends greatly upon both temperature and pressure
Kinetic Energy, Particle Speed, and
Temperature
• From Chapter 5, you learned that kinetic energy is the energy of motion
• Anything that moves has kinetic energy
• Temperature is related to the kinetic energy of the particles in matter
• Temperature is the measure of average kinetic energy
• As temperature increases, so does kinetic energy

• More correctly, as kinetic energy increases, so does temperature.

Pressure and Volume

• Pressure
• The force acting on a certain area
• Stilettos not allowed in smaller boats
• Pressure is a physical property of a gas
• We live at the bottom of a “sea” of air called the atmosphere
• Atmospheric Pressure
• The pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere
• One of the most dangerous aspects of mountain climbing
Pressure and Volume

• Gases expand to fill their container completely

• The volume of a gas is the volume of its container
• Because there is so much empty space between gas particles, gases can
be easily compressed
• As the volume of a gas within a closed system decreases, the pressure
increases
The Kinetic Model

• Ideal gas
• A gas that is described by the kinetic model
• Most gases are considered “ideal” at normal temperatures and
pressures
• Kinetic model
• A set of assumptions about how particles act; used to explain the
physical properties of gases
The Kinetic Model assumes the following

1. Gases are made of atoms (like He) or molecules (like CO2). These
particles are in constant motion. They act like tiny balls that are far
apart from each other, bouncing around inside a container. Between the
particles is empty space— nothing. The volume of the particles
themselves is very small compared to the volume of empty space.
Because of this, ideal gas particles are considered to have a volume of
zero.
The Kinetic Model assumes the following

2. Gas particles move randomly and travel in straight lines. Once in a

while they collide with, or hit, each other or some object. After a
collision, a gas particle bounces off in another straight line. This is
similar to billiard balls moving around on a pool table. Gas particles do
not combine when they collide.
The Kinetic Model assumes the following

3. Collisions between two gas particles or between a gas particle and

another object conserve energy. In such a collision, the total kinetic
energy of the colliding particles stays the same. No energy is lost. The
energy is completely transferred. If energy was not conserved, gas
particles would lose energy with each collision. The particles would
slow down and eventually fall to the bottom of the container.
Measuring Pressure and Temperature
LESSON 2
Lesson 2
Measuring Pressure and Temperature
• Convert between different units of pressure
• Describe the absolute temperature scale
• Convert between kelvins and degrees Celsius
The Return of Math

• Calculate the volume of 100 g of a substance

• Solid or liquid?
• Use its density
• Solution?
• Molarity
• Gas?
• You need to know temperature and pressure
 Pressure
• Pressure
• The force acting on a certain area
• Barometer
• An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure
• Many types – standard atmospheric pressure
• Atmospheres (atm) – 1.00 atm
• Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg) – 760 mm Hg
• Pascal (Pa) – 101.3 kPa
• The SI unit for measuring pressure
• Kilopascal (kPa) is more common
Conversion Factors

•   or
• or
• or
• Remember
• Desired unit needs to be on top to carry over
Example 1: What is the pressure in
atmospheres of a gas at 153 kPa?
Given?? Pressure in kPa = 153
Solve for pressure in atm= ????

 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎   1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚

1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎

  1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚
153 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ( 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 )
=𝟏 . 𝟓𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎
Example 2: What is the pressure in
millimeters of mercury of a gas at 0.90 atm?
Given?? Pressure in atm = 0.90
Solve for pressure in mm Hg = ????

  1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚  760.0 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

760.0 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚

  760.0 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
0.90 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚 )
=𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝒈
Example 3: What is the pressure in kilopascals
of a gas at 811 mm Hg?
Given?? Pressure in mm Hg = 811
Solve for pressure in kPa = ????

 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎  760.0 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔

760.0 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎

  101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎
811 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 ( 760 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 )=𝟏𝟎𝟖 .𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
Example 4: What is the pressure in pascals
of a gas at 1.25 atm?
Given?? Pressure in atm = 1.25
Solve for pressure in Pa = ????

  1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚   1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚

101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎

  101.3 𝑘𝑃𝑎 1000 𝑃𝑎

1.25 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ( 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚 )( 1 𝑘 𝑃𝑎 )
=𝟏𝟐𝟔 , 𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝑷𝒂

Or
1.27 x 105 Pa
Temperature

• Just like pressure, there are different scales for measuring temperature
• Familiar
• °F
• °C

• When dealing with gases, we need to use absolute temperature.

• Temperature measured on the Kelvin scale
• Uses the Kelvin (K), SI unit for temperature, no degree sign
• No negative values
Kelvin

• Since no negatives, lowest possible temperature is 0 K.

• This is also called absolute zero
• The temperature at which particles in matter stop moving and have
not kinetic energy
• How cold is this?
• -273° C

• -459.4° F
Conversions

•   Everything I have seen

so far is in either
Celsius or Kelvin

𝑇
  𝐾 =𝑇 𝐶 + 273

𝑇
  𝐶 =𝑇 𝐾 − 273
Chapter 4 refresher

• Standard temperature and pressure

• STP
• 0° C and 1.00 atm

• 273 K and 1.00 atm

• 1 mol of a gas = 22.4 L
Example 5: Convert 25° C to kelvins.

 25°  C  + 273=𝟐𝟗𝟖 𝑲
Example 6: Convert 73 K to degrees Celsius.

 73 𝐾 −273=−200 °  C  
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
LESSON 3
Lesson 3
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
• Define partial pressure
• State Dalton’s law of partial pressure
• Calculate the pressure of a mixture of gases or the pressure of one gas
in a mixture
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

• The atmosphere is a mixture of gases.

• 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, with trace
amounts of argon, carbon dioxide, and others
• Each of these gases contributes to the total
atmospheric pressure.
• The pressure that each gas contributes is
called partial pressure
• The pressure of one particular gas in a
mixture of gases
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

• If the partial pressures of the gases in a mixture are added, the sum is
the total pressure of the mixture.
• This is called Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
• The law that states that the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum
of the pressures of each gas in the mixture

 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 +… .

• All values must be in the same units

Example 7: A gas mixture of neon and krypton has
a total pressure of 1.75 atm. If the partial
pressure of neon is 0.35 atm, what is the partial
pressure of krypton?
 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 +… .

1.75
  𝑎𝑡𝑚= 0.35 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑁𝑒 + 𝑃 𝐾𝑟

 𝑃 𝐾𝑟 =𝟏 . 𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒎
Example 8: Two gases are mixed, and the total
pressure is 855 mm Hg. If the partial pressure of
one gas is 563 mm Hg, what is the partial pressure
of the other gas?

 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐵 + 𝑃𝐶 +… .

8
  55 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔=563 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 + 𝑃2

 𝑃2= 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝒈
Water vapor

• Water
  vapor
• Gaseous water
• When a gas is bubbled through water and collected in an upside-down
container full of water, no air is mixed with the gas. However, because the gas
bubbled through water, it is mixed with water vapor.
 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠

 𝑃 𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑃 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

• However, the pressure of water vapor, , depends on the temperature of the

water
 Example 9: A sample of oxygen gas is collected
over water at 25°C. The total pressure of the
mixture is 771 mm Hg. What is the partial pressure
of the oxygen?
Table 7.3.1 Water Vapor Pressures
•𝑃 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 =𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Temperature Pressure (mm Pressure
(°C) Hg) (kPa)
 𝑃 =771 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔− 23.8 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 0 4.6 0.61
𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛
5.0 6.5 0.87
 𝑃 =𝟕𝟒𝟕 . 𝟐 𝒎𝒎 𝑯𝒈
𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 10.0 9.2 1.23
15.0 12.8 1.71
20.0 17.5 2.34
25.0 23.8 3.17
30.0 31.8 4.25
40.0 55.3 7.38
60.0 149.4 19.93
80.0 355.1 47.37
100.0 760.0 101.32
 Example 10: CO2 gas is collected over water at
60°C. The total pressure of the mixture is 86
kPa. What is the partial pressure of the CO2?
Table 7.3.1 Water Vapor Pressures
•𝑃 𝐶𝑂 2=𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 Temperature Pressure (mm Pressure
(°C) Hg) (kPa)
 𝑃𝐶𝑂 2=86 𝑘𝑃𝑎 −19.93 𝑘𝑃𝑎 0 4.6 0.61
5.0 6.5 0.87
 𝑃 𝐶𝑂 2=𝟔𝟔 . 𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂
10.0 9.2 1.23
15.0 12.8 1.71
20.0 17.5 2.34
25.0 23.8 3.17
30.0 31.8 4.25
40.0 55.3 7.38
60.0 149.4 19.93
80.0 355.1 47.37
100.0 760.0 101.32
More Gas Laws
LESSON 4
Lesson 4
More Gas Laws
• Explain how a change in gas volume, pressure, or temperature affects
the other two
• Write the equation for the combined gas law
• Use this law to calculate the pressure, volume, or temperature of a gas
More Gas Laws

• The volume of a gas depends greatly on its temperature and pressure.

• Because of this, it is possible to predict how gas volume will change
when temperature or pressure changes.
Boyle’s Law: Pressure and Volume

• In the 1600s, Robert Boyle studied how gas pressure and volume change
when temperature is constant.
• He found that when pressure increases, volume decreases
• This is an inverse proportion
• A relations/tip between two quantities in which one increases as the
other decreases
• Boyle’s Law
• The law that says that gas pressure and gas volume are inversely
proportional at constant temperature
Boyle’s Law

•  Think about, if you squeeze a sample of gas, its volume will shrink.
• The two quantities also change proportionately
• When the pressure of a gas triples at a constant temperature, its volume
shrinks to 1/3 the original size.

• The P’s must have the same units and the V’s must have the same units
Example 11: A sample of a gas has a volume of 1 .40 L and a pressure of
225 mm Hg. What will the new volume be when the pressure increases to
510.0 mm Hg? The temperature of the gas stays the same.

𝑃1 𝑉 1=𝑃2 𝑉 2
 

¿¿
= 0.62 L
 
Example 12: A sample of a gas has a volume of 3.52
L and a pressure of 98.2 kPa. If it is compressed to a
new volume of 1.15 L, what is its pressure? The
temperature of the gas stays the same.
𝑃1 𝑉 1=𝑃2 𝑉 2
 

¿¿
=  300.58 kPa
Boyle’s Law says that

• Increasing the pressure of a gas at

constant temperature will decrease its
volume
Charles’s Law: Volume and Temperature

• In the 1700s, Jacques Charles studied how gas temperature and volume
change when pressure is constant.
• He found that when absolute temperature increases, volume increases
• This is a direct proportion
• A relationship between two quantities in which one increases as the
other increases
• Charles’s Law
• The law that says that gas volume and gas absolute temperature are
directly proportional at constant pressure
Charles’s Law

•  Think about, if you heat up or cool down a balloon, its volume changes
• The two quantities also change proportionately
• This means that if the absolute temperature doubles, the volume doubles.

• The T’s must have the same units (Kelvin) and the V’s must have the
same units
Example 13: A gas has a volume of 5.30 L at 25°C.
What is its new volume when its temperature rises
to 100°C? The pressure does not change.
Convert to absolute temperature.
25 °C +273 = 298 K
100 °C + 273 K = 373 K
 𝑉 1𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 5.30 𝐿 𝑉2
=
298 𝐾 373 𝐾
 
𝑉 2= ¿ ¿
  = 6.63 L
Example 14: A sample of gas at 90°C is cooled to
44°C under a constant pressure. Its new volume is
737 mL. What was its initial volume at 90°C?
Convert to absolute temperature.
90 °C +273 = 363 K
44 °C + 273 K = 317 K

 𝑉 1
𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
  𝑉1 737 𝑚𝐿
=
363 𝐾 317 𝐾
 
𝑉 2= ¿ ¿
  = 843.95 mL
Charles’s Law says that

• Increasing the absolute temperature of

a gas at constant pressure will increase
its volume.
Gay-Lussac’s Law: Temperature and
Pressure
• French scientist, Joseph Gay-Lussac, studied how gas temperature and
pressure change when volume is constant.
• He found that when absolute temperature increases, pressure increases
• This is a direct proportion
• A relationship between two quantities in which one increases as the
other increases
• Gay-Lussac’s Law
• The law that says that gas pressure and gas temperature are directly
proportional at constant volume;
Gay-Lussac’s Law
• As
  absolute temperature increases, gas particles move faster and collide
more often with the walls of their container. More collisions cause more
pressure.

• The T’s must have the same units (Kelvin) and the V’s must have the
same units
Example 15: A gas at 25°C has a pressure of 1 .
5 atm. It is heated to 323°C. If its volume does
not change, what is its new pressure?
Convert to absolute temperature.
25 °C +273 = 298 K
323 °C + 273 K = 596 K

 𝑃 1𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇 2
 1.5 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2
=
298 𝐾 596 𝐾
 

 
¿¿
= 3 atm
Example 16: A gas sample has a pressure of 687 mm
Hg. This pressure is increased to 755 mm Hg, but the
volume does not change. lithe final temperature is
15° C, what was the sample’s initial temperature?
Convert to absolute temperature.
15 °C + 273 K = 288 K

 𝑃 1𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇 2
 687 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔 7 55 𝑚𝑚 𝐻𝑔
=
𝑇1 288 𝐾
 

 
¿¿
= 262 .06K or -10.94 ° C
Gay-Lussac’s Law says that

• Increasing the absolute temperature of

a gas at constant volume will increase
its pressure.
 What we have so far…

𝑃1 𝑉 1=𝑃2 𝑉 2
   
𝑃 1 𝑃2  
𝑉1 𝑉 2
= =
𝑇1 𝑇 2 𝑇1 𝑇2

Can you see it??

The Combined Gas Law
 
𝑃 1 𝑉 1 𝑃2 𝑉 2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
•  
• Pressure units must remain the same
• Volume units must remain the same
• Temperature units must be absolute, in Kelvins
Example 17: A gas has a volume of 15.3 L at
25°C and 1.11 atm. What is its volume at STP?
Convert to absolute temperature.
25 °C +273 = 298 K
273 K = STP

 𝑃 1 𝑉 1
𝑃2 𝑉 2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 (1.11 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(15.3 𝐿) (1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)𝑉 2
=
298 𝐾 273 𝐾
 

  = 15.56 L
Example 18: A gas has a volume of 3.00 L and a pressure of
75.4 kPa. When the volume expands to 4.00 L and the pressure
drops to 72.7 kPa, the gas temperature is 0°C. What was the
initial temperature of the gas?
Convert to absolute temperature.
0 °C +273 = 273 K

 𝑃 1 𝑉 1 𝑃2 𝑉 2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
 (75.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(3.00 𝐿) (72.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎)( 4.00 𝐿)
=
𝑇1 273 𝐾
 (75.4 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(3.00 𝐿)(273 𝐾 )
=𝑇 1
(72.7 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(4.00 𝐿)
  = 212.35 K or -60.65 ° C
The Ideal Gas Law
LESSON 5
Lesson 5
The Ideal Gas Law
• Write the equation for the ideal gas law and identify each quantity in it
• Use this law to solve for an unknown
The Ideal Gas Law
• You
  have seen how the pressure, volume, and temperature of a gas are
related.
• These three are also related to the moles of gas. If more gas is pumped
into a container of gas, the number of moles increases. If some gas is let
out of the container, the number of moles decreases.
• The Ideal Gas Law
• The law that shows the relationship between the pressure, volume,
number of moles, and temperature of a gas
The Ideal Gas Law
•  
• P is the gas pressure in atm or kPa.
• V is the gas volume in liters.
• n is the number of moles of gas (not grams).
• T is the gas temperature in kelvins.
• The equation also contains one constant, R.
• Constant
• A fixed number in an equation, often represented by a letter or symbol
• R is called the gas constant.
• The fixed value of R in the ideal gas law
• It is true for all gases
• However, its value depends on the pressure units used
If pressure is in atmospheres If pressure is in kilopascals

  0.0821 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚   8.31 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑅= 𝑅=
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
 Example 19: What is the volume of 1.00 mol
of O2 at STP?

•  PV = nRT

• P = 1.00 atm

• V = ???

• n = 1.00 mol

• T = 0°C = 273 K
 Example 19: What is the volume of 1.00 mol of
O2 at STP?
Convert to absolute
temperature. 0 °C +273 =
273 K

  0.0821 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)𝑉 =(1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙)( )(273 𝐾 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
  0.0821 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
(1.00 𝑚𝑜𝑙)( )(273 𝐾 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑉=
(1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)

  = 22.41 L
This almost acts as a proof for molar volume equations
 Example 20: A sample of gas at STP has a volume
of 934 mL. How many moles are in the sample?
Convert to absolute temperature. 0 °C +273 = 273 K

•  PV = nRT   0.0821 𝐿⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚

(1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(934 𝑚𝐿)=(𝑛)( )(273 𝐾 )
• P = 1.00 atm 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
  22.4133 𝐿⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
• V = 934 mL (1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(934 𝑚𝐿)=(𝑛)( )
𝑚𝑜𝑙
• n = ???   ( 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚 )( 934 𝑚𝐿 ) (1 𝐿)𝑚𝑜𝑙
(𝑛)=
22.4133 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚(1000 𝑚𝐿)
• T = 0°C = 273 K   ( 𝑛 ) =𝟎 . 𝟎𝟒𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍
 Example 21: What is the mass of NH3 gas in a
volume of 15.3 L at STP? Convert to absolute temperature.
 • PV = nRT 0 °C + 273 = 273 K

• P = 1.00 atm   0.0821 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚

(1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)(15.3 𝐿)=(𝑛)( )(273 𝐾 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
• V = 15.3 L
  ( 1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚 ) ( 15.3 𝐿 ) 𝑚𝑜𝑙
• n = ??? ( 𝑛) =
22.4133 𝐿⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
( 𝑛 ) =0 .6826 𝑚𝑜𝑙
 

• T = 0°C = 273 K   17.0 𝑔 𝑁𝐻 3

0.6826 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻 3 ( 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻 3 )
𝟏𝟏.
  𝟔𝟎 𝒈 𝑵𝑯 𝟑
 Example 22: A sample of carbon dioxide gas at STP
has a mass of 0.169 g. What is it’s volume in
milliliters?
Convert to absolute
 • PV = nRT temperature. 0 °C +273 =
273 K
• P = 1.00 atm   =0.00384 mol
• V = ???
  0.0821 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑎𝑡𝑚
• n = ??? (1.00 𝑎𝑡𝑚)𝑉 =(0.00384 𝑚𝑜𝑙)( )(273 𝐾 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑉
  =0.0861 𝐿

• T = 0°C = 273 K
  =8
Example 23: What is the volume of 83.2 g of NO
gas at 25°C and 135 kPa?
Convert to absolute
temperature. 25 °C +273 =
298 K
  = 2.77 mol

  8.31 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(135 𝑘𝑃𝑎)𝑉 =(2.77  mol 𝑁𝑂)( )(298 𝐾 )
𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
  6859.57 𝐿 ⋅ 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑉=
135 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑉
  =𝟓𝟎 .𝟖𝟏 𝑳 𝑵𝑶
Example 24: 16.0 g of argon gas has a pressure of
37.1 kPa and a volume of 1.50 L. What is its
temperature in degrees Celsius?   =0.401 mol

  8.31 𝐿 ⋅𝑘𝑃𝑎
(37.1 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(1.50 𝐿)=( 0.401 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ) (𝑚𝑜𝑙 ⋅ 𝐾
𝑇 )
  3.33 𝐿 ⋅𝑘𝑃𝑎
( 55.65 𝑘𝑃𝑎 ⋅ 𝐿 )=( ) 𝑇
𝐾
  = 16.71 K

Convert to Celsius. 16.71K - 273 = -256.29 °C

Graham’s Law
LESSON 6
Lesson 6
Graham’s Law
• Explain Graham’s law
• Tell how the molar mass of a gas relates to its particle speed
• Use Graham’s law to calculate the relative velocities of two gases
Graham’s Law
• Does not deal with pressure or volume
• It involves the speed at which gas particles travel
• Temperature is the average kinetic energy of gas particles
• As kinetic energy increases, so does temperature
• Increased kinetic energy means increase particle speed
Particle Speed
• In a sample of gas, particle speed varies. Some will travel faster and
some will travel slower
• Like cars on a highway, some will go faster and some slower. But, the
majority will travel the speed limit.
• Look at the graph on the next slide.
Diffusion Rates
• Diffusion
• The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of
low concentration
• This is like the wax, traveling throughout the room
• When two gases mix, this is diffusion
• If the two gases are at the same temperature, the have the same kinetic energy.
• But, if their masses differ, so does their average particle speed, or diffusion rate.
Thomas Graham
• Scottish scientist
• Discovered that the average speed of gas particles is related to their
molar mass.
• The greater the molar mass, the slower the particles
• This is called Graham’s Law
• A law that states that the greater the molar mass of a gas, the slower
its particles move at constant temperature
Graham’s Law
• Suppose you have a container of CO2(g) and another or Cl2(g), both at the
same temperature. Which gas particles are moving faster?
• Compare their molar masses
• 44.0 g/mol for CO2
• 71.0 g/mol for Cl2

• Of course, the CO2

• For
  two gases, A and B, at the same temperature, Graham’s Law is
expressed as follows:

• v stands for velocity and m stands for the molar mass

• The speed of an object in a certain direction
• Gas A is always the gas with the smaller molar mass (and higher speed)
• This will not allow you to solve for velocity, but a ratio of the two gases
speeds
• should always have a value greater than 1, if not, check that the molar
masses are in the correct placement.
Example 25: Which gas is faster at the same
temperature, PCl3 or N2? How much faster?
• Molar mass of N2 is 28.0 g/mol • Based on molar mass, N2 is
the faster gas.
• Molar mass of PCl3 is 137.5 g/mol
 
𝑣𝑁 2 137.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑣 𝑃𝐶𝑙 3
  𝑣𝑁 2
=
√ 28.0 𝑔 /𝑚𝑜𝑙
=√ 4.91
𝑣 𝑃𝐶𝑙 3 The answer, 2.22, has no units. It
  𝑣𝑁 2 simply means that gas A (N2) is
=2 .22 2.22 times faster than gas B (PCl3)
𝑣 𝑃𝐶𝑙 3
Example 26: Which gas is faster at the same
temperature, UF6 or NCl3? How much faster?
• Molar mass of UF6 is 352.0 g/mol • Based on molar mass, NCl3 is
the faster gas.
• Molar mass of NCl3 is 120.5 g/mol
𝑣 𝑁𝐶𝑙 3 352.0 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
 

=
√
𝑣 𝑈𝐹 6 120.5 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
 𝑣 𝑁𝐶𝑙 3
= √ 2.92
𝑣 𝑈𝐹 6 The answer, 1.71, has no units. It
 𝑣 𝑁𝐶𝑙 3 simply means that gas A (NCl3) is
=1 .71 1.71 times faster than gas B (UF6)
𝑣 𝑈𝐹 6
Graham’s Law says that

• For two different gases at the same

temperature, the gas with the lower
molar mass has the higher particle
speed.
 Summary of Gas Laws
Gas Law Rules Use This to:
Dalton’s Law Pressure units match Find the pressure of a gas mixture
() or the partial pressure of one
gas
Combined Gas Law Volume and pressure Find the pressure, temperature, or
units must match. volume of a gas when moles or
Temperature in Kelvins grams are not involved
Ideal Gas Law Pressure in atm or kPa Find the pressure, temperature, or
(this determines R). volume of a gas when moles or
Volume in liters. grams are involved
Temperature in Kelvins
Graham’s Law Gas A has the smaller Compare the particle speeds of
molar mass gases A and B.