GASES

( CHM 021 )
Learning Outcomes
1. General properties
2. Pressure units
3. Relationships of gas
properties : The Gas Laws
4. The Ideal Gas Equation
5. Solve problems involving
ideal gases
6. Calculate density or molar
mass of gas using IDE
7. Describe macroscopic
properties using KMT
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Elements that exist as gases at 250C and 1 atmosphere

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5
CHEMISTRY OF THE ATMOSPHERE

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 Composition of the Atmosphere
 permanent gases
• nitrogen, oxygen and argon
 variable gases
• water vapor
 trace gases
• carbon dioxide, methane, ozone,
CFCs, et al.
 aerosols
 Composition of the Atmosphere
• The “dry atmosphere”: 78% N2, 21% O2, 1% Ar
• N2 is primordial – it’s been part of the
atmosphere as long as there’s been an
atmosphere
• O2 has been rising from none at all about 2.2
Gya – comes from photosynthesis
• Ar40/Ar36 tells us that the atmosphere has been
outgassed from volcanoes
 Physical Characteristics of Gases
• Gases assume the volume and shape of their containers.
• Gases are the most compressible state of matter.
• Gases will mix evenly and completely when confined to
the same container.
• Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.

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NO2 gas
 Force
Pressure = Area

(force = mass x acceleration)

Units of Pressure

1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa

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10 miles 0.2 atm

4 miles 0.5 atm

Sea level 1 atm

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Sample Problem

1) The pressure outside a jet plane flying at

high altitude falls considerably below standard
atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the air inside
the cabin must be pressurized to protect the
passengers. What is the pressure in
atmospheres in the cabin if the barometer
reading is 688 mmHg?
Sample Problem

2) A sample of pure oxygen gas has a pressure of

795 torr. What is the pressure of the oxygen in units
of atmospheres?

3) The pressure of a gas sample was measured to be

654 mmHg. What is the pressure in kPa? (1 atm =
1.01325 × 105 Pa)
Manometers Used to Measure Gas Pressures

closed-tube open-tube

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Sample Problem

What is the pressure of the sample of gas trapped in

the open-tube mercury manometer shown below if
atmospheric pressure is 736 mmHg and h = 9.2 cm?
Apparatus for Studying the Relationship Between
Pressure and Volume of a Gas

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As P (h) increases V decreases
 The Gas Laws
Kinetic Molecular Theory of a Gas

Postulates:
The particles of a gas are in rapid constant motion.
1. The particles of a gas are tiny compared to the
distance between them.
2. There is little attraction between the particles
of a gas.
3. Collisions between gas molecules are perfectly
elastic.
4. Temperature is a measure of the average
kinetic energy of gas molecules.
The Gas Laws
 The Gas Laws

Boyle’s Law
At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is
inversely proportional to its pressure.
V α 1/P
V = a/P
PV = a
V1P1 = V2P2
The Gas Laws
 The Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
 Boyle’s Law

P a 1/V
P x V = constant Constant temperature
Constant amount of gas
P1 x V1 = P2 x V2 22
 5.5

An inflated helium balloon with

a volume of 0.55 L at sea level
(1.0 atm) is allowed to rise to a
height of 6.5 km, where the
pressure is about 0.40 atm.

Assuming that the temperature

remains constant, what is the
final volume of the balloon?

A scientific research
helium balloon.
 The Gas Laws

Charles’s Law
At constant pressure, the volume of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
VαT
V = bT
V/T = b
V1/T1 = V2/T2
 The Gas Laws

Charles’s Law
 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law
 The Gas Laws
Charles’s Law
 Variation of Gas Volume with Temperature
at Constant Pressure

Charles’s &
Gay-Lussac’s
Law

VaT Temperature must be

V = constant x T in Kelvin
V1/T1 = V2 /T2 T (K) = t (0C) + 273.15 30
 The Gas Laws

Gay-Lussac’s (Amonton’s law)

At constant volume, the pressure of a gas is
directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
PαT
P = bT
P/T = b
P1/T1 = P2/T2
 The Gas Laws
Gay-Lussac’s
Argon is an inert gas used in
lightbulbs to retard the
vaporization of the tungsten
filament.

A certain lightbulb containing

argon at 1.20 atm and 18°C is
heated to 85°C at constant
volume.

Calculate its final pressure

(in atm).

Electric lightbulbs are

usually filled with
argon.
 The Gas Laws
Avogadro’s Law
V a number of moles (n)
Constant temperature
V = constant x n Constant pressure
V1 / n1 = V2 / n2

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Three balloons are filled with different amounts of an ideal gas.
One balloon is filled with 3 moles of the ideal gas, filling the
balloon to 30 L.

a) One balloon contains 2 moles of gas. What is the volume of

the balloon?

b) One balloon encloses a volume of 45 L. How many moles of

gas are in the balloon?

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 The Gas Laws
Combined Gas Laws

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 5.7

A small bubble rises from the bottom of a lake, where the

temperature and pressure are 8°C and 6.4 atm, to the water’s
surface, where the temperature is 25°C and the pressure
is 1.0 atm.

Calculate the final volume (in mL) of the bubble if its initial
volume was 2.1 mL.
 5.7
Strategy In solving this kind of problem, where a lot of
information is given, it is sometimes helpful to make a sketch of
the situation, as shown here:

What temperature unit should be used in the calculation?

More Problems

1) A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 545 mL at 35°C.

The gas is heated to 151ºC at constant pressure in a
container that can contract or expand. What is the final
volume of the oxygen gas?

2) A sample of helium gas occupies 355mL at 23°C. If the

container the He is in is expanded to 1.50 L at constant
pressure, what is the final temperature for the He at this
new volume?

3) The gas pressure in an aerosol can is 1.8 atm at 25°C. If

the gas is an ideal gas, what pressure would develop in
the can if it were heated to 475°C?

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 Ideal Gas Equation
Boyle’s law: P a 1 (at constant n and T)
V
Charles’s law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = constant x =R R is the gas constant
P P

PV = nRT
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 The Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

L  atm
R = 0.0821
mol  K
The conditions 0 0C and 1 atm are called standard
temperature and pressure (STP).

Experiments show that at STP, 1 mole of an ideal

gas occupies 22.414 L.

PV = nRT
PV (1 atm)(22.414L)
R= =
nT (1 mol)(273.15 K)

R = 0.082057 L • atm / (mol • K)

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Example 5.3

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a

colorless and odorless gas.

Due to its lack of chemical

reactivity, it is used as an
insulator in electronic
equipment.

Calculate the pressure (in atm)

exerted by 1.82 moles of the
gas in a steel vessel of volume
5.43 L at 69.5°C.
Example 5.3
Solution Because no changes in gas properties occur, we can
use the ideal gas equation to calculate the pressure.

Rearranging Equation (5.8), we write

Example 5.4

Calculate the volume (in L) occupied by 7.40 g of NH3 at STP.

Example 5.4
Strategy
What is the volume of one mole of an ideal gas at STP?

How many moles are there in 7.40 g of NH3?

Solution
Recognizing that 1 mole of an ideal gas occupies 22.41 L at
STP and using the molar mass of NH3 (17.03 g), we write the
sequence of conversions as
Example 5.4
So the volume of NH3 is given by

It is often true in chemistry, particularly in gas-law calculations,

that a problem can be solved in more than one way. Here the
problem can also be solved by first converting 7.40 g of NH3 to
number of moles of NH3, and then applying the ideal gas
equation (V = nRT/P). Try it.

Check Because 7.40 g of NH3 is smaller than its molar mass,

its volume at STP should be smaller than 22.41 L. Therefore,
the answer is reasonable.
Example

A gas evolved during the fermentation of sugar was collected.

After purification its volume was found to be 25.0 L at 22.5°C
and 702 mmHg. How many moles of gas were collected?
 BONUS!!! + 5 first 5

A 60.0 L tank of chlorine gas at 27 °C and 125 atm springs a

leak. When the leak was discovered, the pressure was reduced
to 50 atm while the temperature remains constant. How many
moles of chlorine gas escaped?

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 BONUS!!! + 5 first 5
A 60.0 L tank containing 350 moles of chlorine gas at 27 °C
springs a leak and chlorine gas escaped. When the leak was
discovered, the number of moles of gas was reduced to 100
moles while the temperature remains constant. By how much
was the pressure of the tank reduced (in atm) after the leak?

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Density (d) Calculations
m PM m is the mass of the gas in g
d= =
V RT M is the molar mass of the gas

Molar Mass (M ) of a Gaseous Substance

dRT
M= d is the density of the gas in g/L
P

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Example 5.8

Calculate the density of carbon dioxide (CO2) in grams per liter

(g/L) at 0.990 atm and 55°C.
Example 5.9

A chemist has synthesized a greenish-yellow gaseous

compound of chlorine and oxygen and finds that its density is
7.71 g/L at 36°C and 2.88 atm.

Calculate the molar mass of the compound

Example 5.10
Chemical analysis of a gaseous compound showed that it
contained 33.0 percent silicon (Si) and 67.0 percent fluorine (F)
by mass.

At 35°C, 0.210 L of the compound exerted a pressure of 1.70

atm.

If the mass of 0.210 L of the compound was 2.38 g, calculate

the molecular formula of the compound.
Example 5.10
The molar mass of the empirical formula SiF3 is 85.09 g.

Recall that the ratio (molar mass/empirical molar mass) is

always an integer (169/85.09 ≈ 2).

Therefore, the molecular formula of the compound must be

(SiF3)2 or Si2F6 .
Gas Stoichiometry

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Example 5.11

Calculate the volume of O2 (in liters)

required for the complete combustion
of 7.64 L of acetylene (C2H2)
measured at the same temperature
and pressure.

The reaction of calcium

carbide (CaC2) with water
produces acetylene (C2H2),
a flammable gas.
Example 5.12
Sodium azide (NaN3) is used in some
automobile air bags. The impact of a
collision triggers the decomposition of
NaN3 as follows:

The nitrogen gas produced quickly

inflates the bag between the driver
and the windshield and dashboard.

Calculate the volume of N2 generated

at 80°C and 823 mmHg by the
An air bag can
decomposition of 60.0 g of NaN3.
protect the driver in
Molar Mass NaN3 = 65.02 g/mol an automobile
collision.
Example
At a given temperature and pressure, how many liters of
NH3(g) are produced according to the following:
3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)

6.0 L 2.0 L ?L
1. 0.5 L
2. 1.0 L
3. 2.0 L
4. 4.0 L
5. 6.0 L
Example

At a given temperature and pressure, how many liters of

NH3(g) are produced according to the following:
3H2(g) + N2(g) → 2NH3(g)
6.0 L 2.0 L ?L
1. 0.5 L
2. 1.0 L
3. 2.0 L
4. 4.0 L
5. 6.0 L
Example
If 16g of O2 occupy 11 L, then what mass of N2 will occupy
the same volume at the same temperature and pressure?

1. 7g
2. 14 g
3. 16 g
4. 21 g
5. 28 g
Example
If 16g of O2 occupy 11 L, then what mass of N2 will occupy
the same volume at the same temperature and pressure?

1. 7g
2. 14 g
3. 16 g
4. 21 g
5. 28 g
Example
If a gas occupies 1.5 liters at 20ºC and 2.0 atm pressure,
what volume will the gas occupy at 20ºC and 1.0 atm?

1. 0.75 L
2. 1.5 L
3. 15 L
4. 3.0 L
5. 30 L
Example
If a gas occupies 1.5 liters at 20ºC and 2.0 atm pressure,
what volume will the gas occupy at 20ºC and 1.0 atm?

1. 0.75 L
2. 1.5 L
3. 15 L
4. 3.0 L
5. 30 L
Example
A balloon shrinking when being cooled by liquid nitrogen is
an example of which law?

1. PV= a, constant T
2. 1 mol= 22.4 L at STP
3. 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023
4. V=bT, at constant P
5. P=cT, at constant V
Example
A balloon shrinking when being cooled by liquid nitrogen is
an example of which law?

1. PV= a, constant T
2. 1 mol= 22.4 L at STP
3. 1 mol = 6.02 x 1023
4. V=bT, at constant P
5. P=cT, at constant V
SEATWORK
1. A 50.0 mL canister of Freon-12 (CF2Cl2) was heated in
boiling water (100.0°C) until the canister burst. If the
canister was not defective, and had a burst rating of 102
atm, what minimum amount of Freon-12 (in grams) was in
the canister, assuming no volume changed before bursting?

2. A 0.707 g sample of a gas containing only carbon and

oxygen occupies a volume of 452 mL at 63 °C and 745
mmHg. Identify the gas in the sample
A) CO B) CO2
R = 0.0821 L×atm/mol×K
3. Chloroform (CHCl3) became popular as an anesthetic after
Queen Victoria delivered her eighth child while anesthetized
by chloroform in 1853. What is the density in grams per liter
of chloroform at 35°C and 850 mmHg?
SEATWORK

4. Determine the molar mass of chloroform gas if a sample

weighing 0.389 g is collected in a flask with a volume of
0.102 L at 97°C. The pressure of the chloroform is 728
mmHg

5. What volume of O2(g) at 810. mmHg pressure is required to

react completely with a 4.50g sample of C(s) at 48°C?

6. What volume of oxygen gas, at 533°C and 750 mmHg,

could be produced by the decomposition of 38.1 g of
potassium chlorate? The other product is potassium
chloride.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
V and T are constant

P1 P2 Ptotal = P1 + P2
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Consider a case in which two gases, A and B, are in a
container of volume V.

nART
PA = nA is the number of moles of A
V
nBRT nB is the number of moles of B
PB =
V
nA nB
PT = PA + PB XA = XB =
nA + nB nA + nB

PA = XA PT PB = XB PT

ni
Pi = Xi PT mole fraction (Xi ) =
nT
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 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
1. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from
each other by distances far greater than their own
dimensions. The molecules can be considered to be points;
that is, they possess mass but have negligible volume.
2. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions,
and they frequently collide with one another. Collisions
among molecules are perfectly elastic.
3. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces
on one another.
4. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional
to the temperature of the gas in kelvins. Any two gases at
the same temperature will have the same average kinetic
energy
KE = ½ mu2
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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Compressibility of Gases
• Boyle’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a 1/V
P a 1/V

• Charles’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a average kinetic energy of gas molecules
Average kinetic energy a T
PaT
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 Kinetic theory of gases and …
• Avogadro’s Law
P a collision rate with wall
Collision rate a number density
Number density a n
Pan

• Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

Molecules do not attract or repel one another
P exerted by one type of molecule is unaffected by the
presence of another gas
Ptotal = SPi

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