Building The Dynamic Reservoir Model
Building The Dynamic Reservoir Model
Building The Dynamic Reservoir Model
Reservoir Model
Integrated Reservoir Study
DYNAMIC MODEL
Well/Facilities Near Wellbore
Model Performance Models
Optimized
Projected Field
Reservoir
Reservoir Economic
Development
Performance Model
Plan
Dynamic Reservoir Model
• A mathematical model that describes and
simulates the time-dependent flow processes
active in a hydrocarbon reservoir
• The dynamic model combines
– The static model
– Pressure- and saturation-dependent
properties
– Near-well, wellbore, and facilities properties
to calculate production and pressure vs time
Importance
Static Model
• Model of reservoir at initial conditions
• Insufficient to predict performance or optimize
development
Dynamic Model
• Models entire life of reservoir
• Can produce reservoir several times under different
operating conditions
• Can optimize reservoir depletion plan
Steps in Model Construction
• Selection of the model type
• Selection of the fluid model and number of
phases
• Selection of the grid coordinate system and
number of dimensions
• Selection of optimal grid block sizes
• Specification of reservoir properties
• Simplification of reservoir geometry
• Selection of the well model
• Specification of well control
• Specification of time step size control
• Selection of the numerical solution method
Factors Affecting Model Design
• Objectives of the simulation study
• Quality of the answer needed to satisfy the
project objectives
• Complexity of the reservoir processes to
be modeled including secondary and/or
tertiary recovery processes
• Budget constraints
• Time available to complete the study
Factors Affecting Model Design
• Availability and quality of reservoir data
• Availability and quality of historical
production data
• Capabilities and ease of use of available
simulators
• Capabilities and availability of computer
facilities
Data Categories
• Reservoir and well data
– Simulation grid
• Strata properties
• Well data
Lake
Maracaibo
COLOMBIA VENEZUELA I
II
IX X VII
XV III
VI
XI
V VII
XIII
LAKE
BLOCK MARACAIBO
V
VLE - 196
AREA
VLE 400 Fault
Base Map for the C4-C5 Reservoir
1078000.
LRF 0033
LRF 0009 LRF 0003 LRF 0028
LRF 0062
LRF 0039
214000.
LRF 0078
LRF 0113
LRF 0114
LRF 0016
216000.
LRF 0026
LRF 117
LRF 0035
Block VI
Block V
7 5 12 11
6 4
8 VLE 1215
10
1076000.
VL
9
E4
00
fau
VLE 647
3
lt
1074000.
VLE
1
400
f au
Scale 1:20000.
lt
VLE 738
0.2 0. 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1. kilometers
– Volatile oil
• Equilibration data
– Original pressure at datum
– Fluid contact elevations
Reservoir Rock Property Data
300.0
250.0
J(Sw)=Pc*(K/Phi)^0.5
200.0
150.0
100.0
50.0
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Sw
Strata Properties
• This section contains rock properties usually
derived from well log data or seismic data
• Larger number of samples, so often enough data
to generate maps, or distributions, of these
properties
• Often input separate maps of these properties
for each zone, or stratum
Strata Properties
• Structural properties
– Elevation (structure map)
– Gross interval thickness
– Reservoir limits
– Discontinuities (faults)
Strata Properties
• Formation properties
– Net-to-gross ratio (or net sand thickness)
– Porosity
– Formation permeability
– Pore volume and transmissibility modifications
Reservoir Characterization
Previously Documented
• Martin, et al., 1997
• Geophysical, geological and
petrophysical analyses
• Geological model consisting of 19
layers
• Correlated seismic attributes to
petrophysical parameters to improve
reservoir mapping
18
L R F 0 1 1 3
18
18
21 18
18
18
L R F 0 0 3 0
18
L R F 0 0 1 7
L R F 0 2 3
B L O C K V I L R F WE L L S 15
21
B L O C K V V L E W E L 1L S 1 0 9
2 F 1
18
VLE 400 Fault
2
V L E 1 1 0 2
9 4 1 1 6 1 2 8
15
1 3 5
B F F V L E 9 8 7
V L E V 1 L 0E 1 63 9 4 VF L E 1 1 2 8
Misoa Formation,
V L E 8 1 0 3 4 V L E 4 2 2
1 1 5 0
F / R
15
V L E 1 1 2 7
18 21
01 4 5 1 1 5
1 2 15
/ RB / RF
F
2 1 7 0 4 1 V L 9EV 1 9 L 0 51 E 8 0 0 1 6 0 4 6
L VE 18 21 21
2 F1 21
F /B B / C / R
21
V LV E L E 6 6 1 31 3 9
1 6 2
V L E 9 7 3 18
1 6 2
V 1 L 3 E 8 1 0 0 7 B B / F
F / C V L E 5 1 0 V L E 6 3 1
21
V L E 9 8 5
15
18
C-5 Sand, Layer 7,
21 4 3 18
18
C
V L E 6 7 5
21 1 5 3
1
21
C / F 1 2 6 6
V L E 1 0 6 3
B 18
V L E 1 0 0 4 21
18 1 6 9
8 0 B / F
V L E 1F 0 1 9 V L E 5 1 6 V L E 2 9 7
V L E 4 4 9 21
V L E 6 4 7
V L E 1 0 0 251 1 5 4 21
18
18
Average Porosity
1 2 17B
F 21
2
V L E 18 1 1 3 V 5 VL E
L E
6 7
1
4
1 5 5
1 0 2
F
V L E 1 1 0 1 21
21
V L E 6 5 5 1 4 4 21
V L E 6 3 5 1 1 7
18
C / F
21
F / R
V L E 5 0 6 V L E 5 7 1 18
21
1 5 3
B 18 18
V L E 1 1 3 0
1 2 8
F
V 1L 6E 1 6 2 71 7
21
F
V L E 01 9 2 61 1 0 2
V L E 4 7 1 F / R F / R
V L E 4 0 0
V 1 8L E 1 9 6 V L E 6 5 1
18
1 2 7
21 F
V L E 1 1 4 0
V L E 1 0 0
V L E 9 9 2
V L E 5 0 4 9 9
N V L E 4 6 0
V
F
L E 6 1 9
21
18
V L E 1 1 4 8
21
21
1 7 6 21
Percent V L E 9 6 8
V
F
L E
/ R
4 5 3
V L E 0 9 4 18
21
>21
18 18
21 18
18
V L
18
E 7 3 8 V L E 4 3 2 1 2 6 18
18
V L E 5 F 1 /1 R 1
2
V L E 6 7 1 18
18 21 21
15
V L E 9 9 9
15 21 18
12 18
1 6 6
F
V L E 7 1 5 V L E 0 9 1 V L
V L E 4 7 0 2 E1 4 6 5
18
21
18
0 3000 21 18
ft 18
0 1000
m
Well Data
• Completion data
• Pressure data
100
DX=22.5
DX=180
10
Water/Oil Ratio
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
0
20
1234567 8910
1112
1314
116
5 171819 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27
12
Y 1 1
2
7 5 Block VI 2
3 3
4 Block V 4
5 6 4 5
6 1215 6
7
8 8 7
8
9 1107 9
10 3 10
11 9 10 11
12 12
13 13
14 1263 14
15 15
16 16
17 17
18 18
19 19
12
20 20
21 21 700
22 22
OW
23 23
24 24
12
25 25
80
26 2 26
0
27 27
28 28
29 29
30 30
31 31
32 32
33 1 33
34 34
35 35
36 36
OW
37 37
C
38 38
39 39
40 40
41 41
42 42
13000
43 43
44 44
45
45
46
46
OW
47 Legend 47
C
1234567 8910
1112
1314
116
5 171819 2021 22 23 24 25 26 27
Simulation Model Horizontal Permeability
Distribution for Simulation Layer 1
hist33k - X-Perm eability (m d )
700
600
675 : 5 1
1101 : 8449
1 : 6 1 394 : 6 1
1063 : 11 1
677 : 6 1 506
1222
674 : 3 1
: 8: 11 1
510 : 4 1
1006 : 3 1
500
1140 : 1 1 1155 : 2 1
671 : 2 1 516 : 5 1 973 : 4 1
465 : 4 1 453 : 3 1 422 : 7 1
196 : 1 1 1004 : 6 1
300
200
100
0
12/01/1957 00:00:00 0.0000 days
Simplification of Reservoir
Geometry
• Example situations
• Using pseudofunctions
Pwell
Pcell
b kr
q = WC ( p well − pcell )
µ
Well Constant Equations
0.00708kh
WC =
ln( ro rwa )
Well Constant Equations
• The apparent wellbore radius, rwa , includes
the effect of the skin factor due to damage,
stimulation, partial penetration, and
wellbore inclination. The equation for rwa is
rwa = rw e-s
Spacing of Wells in the
Simulation Grid
• Spacing dependent on objectives, accuracy
and flow mechanism
Rate
Time
Scheduling of Individual
Timesteps
Rate
Time
Effects of Time Step Size on
Simulation Results
• Several factors must be considered when
selecting time step sizes for a simulation.
These factors include:
– Data requirements,
– Numerical stability and
– Time-truncation errors.
Common Rules for Time Step
Size Control
• Recommended procedure:
– Start with small time step sizes after
significant rate changes
– Use large time step size multipliers to
build time step sizes quickly
– Use ∆ p, ∆ S and ∆ t limits to restrict
time step sizes to reasonable levels
Simulator Control Data
• Numerical solution parameters
• Run control
Output Control Data
• Moderate to large simulations require
judicious specification of desired output.
Output files sizes can quickly become
unmanageable.
• Type of output desired
• Frequency of node output
• Frequency of map output
Run Control
Rate
Time
Model Initialization
Pg = f(ρ g)
Pcgo = Pg - Po
Subsea Elevation
Pcgo = 0
GOC
Po = f(ρ o)
Datum
Pcow = Po - Pw
Pcow = 0
OWC
Pw = f(ρ w)
Pi
Pressure
Model Initialization
1 Sg 0
Pcgo
Pcgo
Subsea elevation
0 Sg 1
GOC
GOC Pceow
OWC OWC
Pcow
0 Sw 1
Pc
0 Sw 1
Complete 3D View of the Simulation Model
(Mid-Point Elevations of Simulation
Gridblock, ft Sub-Sea)
hist33k - Midpt Elevations (ft ss)
-11500
-11600
465
465 :: 4
3 1
3
671 : 2 1
677 : 6 1
-11700
1140 : 1 1 1130 : 3 3 1101 : 8 1
453
453 :: 3
2 1
3 506s
506 :: 48 31 449 : 6 1
1222 : 1 1 : 3 1
506 : 4 6743 1063 : 11 1
196 : 1 1 677 : 7 9 1155 :1101 2 1: 1 9 : 2 5
449
619 : 4 1
619
619 :: 3
2 3
5 196 : 3 5 506s : 1 9 1063 : 9 5 -11800
1 506
96s: 9: 13
677 13 : 1 9 510 : 4 1
506 : 7 11 674
674s : 4: 19 91063 : 1 9
196 : 8 11 677: 5: 81 15
571 510 : 1 :5 3 1
506 : 1155
6 13 : 3 9
516 : 5 1
1006
571 : 3 5
506 : 5 15 516s : 2 973
5 : 4 1
571 : 1 9
516 : 3 5
1004 : 6 1 1063973
510 : 5 9
510
: 4 17: 9 11 -11900
510: :2 8513
675s : 2 15
1004
516 : : 41 59 510 : 7 15 394 : 6 1
675s : 1 17 394 : 5 3
631 : 4 1 71215
422 : 1127 : 19 9
1 : 4
297 : 3 1 995 : 1 17
631 : 2 5 394 : 2 9 -12000
1254 : 1 1 422 : 1 91102 : 2 5
1102 : 1 5
987 : 1 1
-12100
-12200
-12300
-12400
-12500
12/01/1957 00:00:00 0.0000 days
Simulation Model Initial Water Saturation
Distribution for Layer 1
hist33k - W ater Saturation
1.0
0.9
675 : 5 1
1101 : 8449
1 : 6 1 394 : 6 1
1063 : 11 1
0.8
674 : 3 1 510 : 4 1
677 : 6 1 506
1222
: 8: 1 1 1006 : 3 1
1140 : 1 1 1155 : 2 1
671 : 2 1 516 : 5 1 973 : 4 1
465 : 4 1 453 : 3 1 422 : 7 1
196 : 1 1 1004 : 6 1 0.7
619 : 4 1 571 : 5 1 631 : 41254
1 : 1 1
987 : 1 1
297 : 3 1
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
12/01/1957 00:00:00 0.0000 days
Reviewing Simulation Output to
Ensure Valid Results
• We recommend using the following
procedure to systematically review
simulation output to ensure that results
are valid.
• The full review will normally be required
following major changes in the model.
Some items should routinely be reviewed.
Review Warning Messages
• Review output for warning or error
messages printed out by the simulator
– Fluid property, relative permeability,
and capillary pressure table trend
checking
– Grid blocks with zero permeability or
porosity
– Wells located in inactive grid blocks
– Other simulator specific warning/
error messages
Review Input Data Printout
• Review output to ensure that the simulator
is correctly reading the input data.
– Rock properties
– Fluid properties
– Multiphase properties
Review Initialization
• Review reservoir initialization/equilibration as
calculated by the model
– Compare original fluids in place in the
model to values estimated using
volumetrics
– Pressure
– Saturation
– Position of gas-oil, oil-water, gas-water
contacts
Review Numerical Performance
Statistics
• Material balance error
• Outer iterations
• Inner iterations
• Cutbacks
• Maximum pressure and saturation
changes
• Is the model oscillating?
Review Production Statistics
• Ensure that wells are being operated in the
desired manner
• Check
– That each well is in the desired location
– That correct algebraic sign is used for
production and injection
– For wells changing from constant rate to
constant pressure
Review Production Statistics
• Check
– For wells which have been shut in due to
excessive gas or water production, GOR or
WOR
– Total production from multiply completed
wells
– For wells drilled or completed by an
automatic well management scheme
Integrated Reservoir Study
DYNAMIC MODEL
Well/Facilities Near Wellbore
Model Performance Models
Optimized
Projected Field
Reservoir
Reservoir Economic
Development
Performance Model
Plan
References
1. Mattax, C. C., and Dalton, R. L.: Reservoir
Simulation, SPE Monograph Series No. 13,
1990.
2. Aziz, K., and Settari, A.: Petroleum Reservoir
Simulation, Applied Science, 1979.
3. Odeh, A. S.: "Reservoir Simulation...What is
it?" JPT (Nov. 1969) 1383-1388.
4. Coats, K. H.: "Use and Misuse of Reservoir
Simulation Models," JPT (Nov. 1969) 1391-
1398.
References
5. Coats, K. H.: "Reservoir Simulation: State of
the Art," JPT, (Aug. 1982) 1633-1642.
6. Satter, A., Frizzell, D. F., and Varnon, J. E.:
"The Role of Mini-Simulation in Reservoir
Management," paper presented at the
Indonesian Petroleum Association
Nineteenth Annual Convention, Oct. 1991
7. Kyte, J. R., and Berry, D. W.: "New Pseudo
Functions to Control Numerical Dispersion,"
SPEJ (Aug. 1975) 269-76.