COMPOSITE

CLIMATE
CONTENTS

 Introduction  Traditional Dwellings

 Nature of climate  Contemporary Dwellings
 Design Criteria  Comparative study
 Orientation  Source
 Form & planning
 Roofs & walls
 Openings
 External spaces
 Ventilation
 Building Materials
INTRODUCTIO
N
 The composite zone covers the central part of India.
 Composite climate displays the characteristics of hot & dry,
warm & humid as well as cold climates.
 Design here are guided by longer prevailing climatic conditions.
Their characteristics change from season to season alternating between long hot,
dry periods to shorter periods of concentrated rainfall & high humidity.
Represents the regions having Composite
NATURE OF
THECLIMAT
E
NATURE OF THE
CLIMATE
Generally,
In summer:
Day time
temperature
is 32-
45degree
Celsius.
In Night time 27- 32 degree Celsius. In
winter:
 Day time temperature is 10-
25degree Celsius.
 In Night time4 - 10 degree Celsius.

DESIGN
CRITERIA
 DESIGN
CRITERIA
Objectives : Solutions:
1) Resist heat gain in summer & heat loss in
winter
 Orientation & shape of the
building. Use of trees as wind
 Decrease exposed surface area barriers.

 Increase Thermal resistance  Roof & wall insulation

 Increase Thermal capacity  Thicker Walls
 Increase Buffer space  Balconies
 Increase shading  Walls, glass surfaces protected by
 Increase surface reflectivity overhangs an trees
 Pale colour
 DESIGN
CRITERIA
Promote Heat Loss in Solutions
Summer or Monsoon

 Ventilation  Provide exhausts (Artificial)

of
appliances  Courtyards or Wind towers or
 Increase air exchange Arrangement of openings
 Increase humidity level in Dry
rate
Summers  Trees & water ponds for
evaporative cooling
 Decrease humidity in Monsoon
 Dehumidifiers
 COMPOSITE CLIMATE
Characteristic
• Extremely variable landscape.
• Solar radiation is Intense in summer & with low percentage of diffuse
radiation in winter but very low in monsoon.
• Relative humidity dry periods (20-55%) & wet periods (55-95%)
• Winds are hot and dusty in summer, strong winds in monsoon from SE
& dry, cold winds in winter from NE
• Sky conditions are varying, dull in monsoon, clear in summer & winter.
• Seasonal changes in relative humidity cause rapid weakening of
building materials.
COMPOSITE CLIMATE - – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

STREET WIDTH

ORIENTATION & PLANFORM

COMPOSITE CLIMATE - – DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

WATER BODIES VEGETATION

FINS AND SHADING DEVICE

ORIENTATION
OF BUILDIN
G
 ORIENTATION OF
BUILDING
 In composite climate the orientation of the buildings is
preferable in North-East & South-West Directions.
 This helps in receiving less radiations which results in lesser heat
gain & reduces the overall air conditioning requirement & thus
saves energy
 Proper orientation also helps in receiving natural light &
ventilation
FORM &
PLANNING
 FORM & PLANNING

 Open spaces such as courtyards are beneficial.

 Buildings should be grouped in such a way as to take
advantage of prevailing breezes during the short periods
when air movement is necessary.
 A moderately dense low rise is also suitable for this climate ,
which will ensure protection of outdoor spaces.
ROOFS AND WALLS
 ROOFS AND WALLS

 Roofs and external walls should be constructed of solid

masonry or concrete to have a 9-12 hours time lag in heat
transmission.
 Resistance insulation should be placed at the outside
surfaces of external walls or roofs. Insulation on the inside
would only reduce the beneficial effects of high thermal
capacity of walls and roofs.
 The roof pond building type, can be used

The roof pond system requires a body of

water to be located in the roof, protected
Controlled by exterior movable insulation .

This body of water is exposed to

direct solar Gain which absorbs &
Stores. Since Thermal storage of
ceiling of the building It will radiate
uniform low temperature
OPENING
S
 OPENING
S
 Orientation of buildings is determined by 2 factors
 Towards the breeze prevailing during the warm humid season to utilize its
cooling effect.
 Towards the sun during cold season, to utilize the heating effect of radiation
entering through the windows.
 Large openings in opposite walls are
suitable which helps in cross ventilation.
EXTERNAL
SPACES
 EXTERNAL
SPACES
 A courtyard is a most pleasant outdoor spaces for most of
the year because it excludes the winds and traps the sun.
 The courtyard should be designed in such a way so as to
allow sun penetration during winter season, but also
provides shading in hot season.
 Large projecting eaves and wide verandah are in deeded in
composite climate as outdoor living areas, to reduce sky glare
and keep out of the rain and provide shade.
EXTERNAL
SAPCES
VENTILATIO
N
 VENTILATIO
N
Position of openings :
 In buildings air movements must be insured through the
spaces mostly used by occupants through the living zone
(up to 2mts high).
Size of openings;
 The largest air velocity will be obtained through a small inlet
opening with large outlet.
 The west arrangement is full wall openings on both sides with
adjustable sashes or closing devices which can assist in
channelling the air flow in required direction.
 VENTILATIO
N
Controls of openings:
 A gap between the building face and canopy
would ensure a downward pressure . Thus a
flow is directed into the living zone.
 BUILDIN
MATERIAL
G
S
 BUILDING
MATERIALS

The general building materials:

Brick & Stone masonry.
Concrete slab , stone wall of
400-500 mm in thickness.
TRADITIONA
LDWELLING
S
Traditional Dwelling In Delhi
 TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS IN
DELHI
 The village has dense settlement having external open spaces as narrow streets and
houses along both sides.
 Streets act as an organizational element and extension of activity space.
Junction of streets form a chowk – a meeting place for people where rituals,
announcements, panchayats used to happen.
 The house is situated in the centre of village along the chowk.
GROUND FLOOR
PLAN

• The rooms on east side facing

west were used for storage of
granary, whereas rooms facing
east were used for household
activities and sleeping.

• The jaali in between the

rooms covering the
courtyard was used as space
to perform activities.

• The terrace was used for

drying clothes, and for
sleeping at night.
FRONT
FACADE
CONTEMPORAR
Y DWELLING
S
 Solar Energy Centre Gurgaon
 Architect: Manjunath Hathwar
 Opened:1991
 The complex is located in Gurgaon, about 35 km south of Delhi
that lies in a composite climatic zone. The buildings in this
complex have been divided into three groups.
 The technical and administration block.
 Workshop building and electrical sub-station, etc.
 The guest house.
 Roof And Wall
Treatment
 The building was conceived as a low
spread out structure, arranged
around courtyards, maximising the
use of roof surface for evaporative
cooling system with automatic
controls.
 For comfort cooling, the strategy
used was to reduce ingress of heat by
using hollow, concrete block walls,
properly shaded windows, and a
reflective finish on the roof
surface.
 VENTILLATIO

N
Permanent ventilators have been placed on the south side, the roof is insulated,
two – level windows have been provided for good ventilation.

 To prevent heat gain through the roof, it has been given a

reflective white finish.
 The entire building is day lit
and no artificial lighting
would be required during
normal working hours.
 THE GUEST

H O
The first building to be put up in the
USE
Solar Energy Centre campus, this
has an earth shelter cooling system.
Solar water heaters have been
integrated with architectural design.
 Winter heating is direct by sun
lighting of the guest rooms. Each
window is provided with an
arched sunshade, which allows
winter sun to come through the top
part of the glazing.
 A sunny terrace for solar cooking
has been provided near kitchen.