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AC Drives: Need For Electric Drive VFD VFD As Energy Saver Control Techniques

AC drives are used to control the speed of AC motors. The document discusses VFDs which use components like IGBTs and a microcontroller to generate a variable frequency that controls motor speed. It explains that VFDs save energy by allowing pumps and other loads to operate at lower speeds when full capacity is not needed. The document also describes scalar control which uses a simple V/F ratio and vector control which allows independent control of torque and flux for better performance.

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77 views

AC Drives: Need For Electric Drive VFD VFD As Energy Saver Control Techniques

AC drives are used to control the speed of AC motors. The document discusses VFDs which use components like IGBTs and a microcontroller to generate a variable frequency that controls motor speed. It explains that VFDs save energy by allowing pumps and other loads to operate at lower speeds when full capacity is not needed. The document also describes scalar control which uses a simple V/F ratio and vector control which allows independent control of torque and flux for better performance.

Uploaded by

Anonymous FKMfvCb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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AC Drives

Need for electric drive


VFD
VFD as energy saver
Control techniques
AC Drives
Need for electric drive
Operating speed range 80 – 100% w/o drive
High starting current due to lack of back emf w/o drive
 Power loss in transmission lines and rotor
 Voltage dip

Low power factor in light loads (0.1) w/o drive


4 quadrant operation not possible w/o drive
Energy saving not possible w/o drive
AC Drives
The VFD is a system made up of active/passive power
electronics devices (IGBT, MOSFET, etc.), a high speed
central controlling unit (a microcontroller, DSP) and
optional sensing devices, depending upon the application
requirement.
Basic function is to act as a variable frequency generator to
vary the speed of the motor as per requirement
AC Drives
AC Drives
Components/ Features
Rectifier & filter
Power converter ( DC-DC / DC- AC)
Microcontroller / DSP controller
Transformers for power conversion and sensing
DC/ AC voltage & current sensing
Speed / Position control
Key board & Display
PC/ PLC connectivity
PFC Correction, temperature control etc.
AC Drives
AC Drives
VFD as energy saver -ex: Centrifugal Pump
AC Drives
VFD as energy saver
AC Drives
VFD as energy saver
Lower investment cost
 pump of lower capacity can be used
Lower maintenance cost
 No valve , no frictional loss
Lower energy cost
 Lower pressure head, lower power consumption (85% saving)
AC Drives
Control techniques
Scalar control (v/f control)
Vector control (indirect torque control)
AC Drives
Scalar control (v/f control)
V/f ratio is maintained constant to get constant torque
Magnitude of input variables voltage & frequency are
controlled – hence scalar control
Generally no speed/ position feed back- open loop control
Low cost
No tuning specific to motors
Torque developed load dependent- not directly controlled
Poor transient response
No protection against blocked rotor
AC Drives
Scalar control (v/f control)- implementation
SIX STEP PWM
SINUSOIDAL PWM
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION (SVM) PWM
AC Drives SIX STEP PWM
AC Drives
Six Step PWM
AC Drives
Six Step PWM
Only Six distinct switching states

Easy to implement

Magnitude of fundamental voltage is more than DC bus

Disadvantages
More low order harmonic content in the output leading
to higher losses
Higher torque pulsation at low speeds
Sine PWM
Advantages
Easy to implement
Very less online computation requirement (LUT)
Disadvantages
Max. DC bus utilization ~ 86.6%
High THD ( compared to six step)
Higher switching losses
Sine PWM
Fixed DC bus
VDC
Output Voltage is PWM
Motor Integrates PWM
Voltage and produces
Sinusoidal Current with
small ripple at carrier
frequency
Output voltage is
proportional to
frequency, maintaining
constant V/f
Space Vector Modulation
A balanced 3 phase voltage applied to a 3 phase winding can
be considered as a vector rotating in space at synchronous
speed- space vector
Space Vectors are used to calculate duty cycle
Full DC bus voltage to motor
Low THD
Enables implementation of Vector control
Inverter States
010 110
2

3 000 1
111
011 100

4 6
5
001 101
SVM duty cycle calculation
V2 VS 
T1 T T
 V1  2  V2  0  V0
TS TS TS
2
T1  TS   m  sin  π 3  α 
3
VS 2
T2  TS   m  sin  α 
3
T2 T0  TS  T1  T2
π/3
α VS
0 V1 m 
VDC
T1
SVM Switching Pattern

PWM1

PWM2

PWM3
T0/4 T1/2 T2/2 T0/4 T0/4 T2/2 T1/2 T0/4

T
Field Oriented Control (FOC)
Indirect control of torque and flux
This involves outputting a 3-phase voltage as a vector to
control the 3-phase stator current as a vector
By transforming the 3-phase time and speed dependent
system into a 2-dimensional rotating coordinate system, the
torque and flux component become time invariant, allowing
independent control of each quantity
These transforms are math intensive and must be done at the
carrier rate which requires a high speed processor such as the
DSP
Vector Coordinate Systems

b b q
d
a a

3 Axis Stator Reference 2 Axis Stator Reference 2 Axis Rotating Reference


3-Phase Coordinate System
b

ib
is

ic
a
ia

c
Projected onto 2-Phase System
Projected onto a Rotating System
Vectors in the Rotating Reference Frame
Vectors in the Rotating Reference Frame
q

is
iq

d
id

Torque µ iq Flux µ id
They are time invariant and can be treated as DC parameters which
allows them to be controlled independently
AC drives
Advantages of vector control
better the torque response compared to the scalar
control,
full-load torque close to zero speed,
Accurate speed control and performance approaching
DC drive,
Disadvantages
requires a complex algorithm for speed calculation in
real-time.
Due to feedback devices, costly compared to the scalar
control.
AC drives
Summary
The need for VF drives,
Components of ac motors
Operation , classification, and standards
Basic components, control schemes, and operation of
VF drives

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