Air Pollution: Presented by

AIR POLLUTION
PRESENTED BY:
CHITHRASHREE.N
CHITRA.K
DIVYASHREE.G.S
GAGANA.S
JYOTHIKA.K.S
INTRODUCTION
• AIR IS ESSENTIAL FOR LIFE. WITHOUT IT WE COULD NOT SURVIVE ONLY A FEW MINUTES.
• IT CONSTITUTES IMMEDIATE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF LIVING ORGANISMS.
• THE ATMOSPHERE IS LAYERED IN TO FOUR DISTINCT WHICH ARE:
TROPOSHERE
STRATOSPHERE
MESOSPHERE
THERMOSPHERE
EXOSPHERE
NORMAL COMPONENTS OF OUR ATMOSPHERE
1. NITROGEN – 78.1%
2. OXYGEN – 20.9%
3. CARBON DIOXIDE – 0.03%
4. EVERYTHING ELSE – 0.07%
• NOBLE GASES(KRYPTON, XENON, ARGON, HELIUM)

• METHANE
• SULFUR DIOXIDE
WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
AIR POLLUTION CONSISTS OF GASES, LIQUIDS, OR SOLID PRESENT IN THE ATMOSPHERE IN HIGH
ENOUGH LEVELS TO HARM HUMANS, OTHER ORGANISMS, OR MATERIALS.
OR
AIR POLLUTION MAY BE DEFINED AS ANY ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION IN WHICH CERTAIN
SUBSTANCES ARE PRESENT IN SUCH CONCENTRATIONS THAT THEY CAN PRODUCE UNDESIRABLE
EFFECTS ON MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT.
AIR POLLUTANTS MAY BE EITHER EMITTED INTO THE
ATMOSPHERE OR FORMED WITHIN THE ATMOSPHERE ITSELF :
i. PRIMARY AIR POLLUTANTS :
SOURCES SUCH AS FACTORY CHIMNEY OR EXHAUST PIPE.
II. SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS:

EG : OZONE
THE MAIN SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION ARE:
(A) AUTOMOBILES
 MOTOR VEHICLES ARE A MAJOR SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION THROUGHOUT THE URBAN AREAS.
 THEY EMIT HYDROCARBONS, CARBON MONOXIDE, LEAD, NITROGEN OXIDES AND PARTICULATE
MATTERS.
 IN ADDITION DIESEL ENGINES, WHEN MISUSED OR BADLY ADJUSTED ARE CAPABLE OF
EMITTING BLACK SMOKE AND MALODOROUS, FUMES.
(B)INDUSTRIES
 COMBUSTION OF FUEL TO GENERATE HEAT AND POWER PRODUCES SMOKE, SULPHUR DIOXIDE,
NITROGEN OXIDES AND FLY ASH.
 PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRIES GENERATE HYDROGEN FLUORIDE, HYDROCHLORIC ACID AND
ORGANIC HALIDES.
 INDUSTRIES DISCHARGE THEIR WASTES FROM HIGH CHIMNEYS AT HIGH TEMPERATURE AND
HIGH SPEED.
(C)DOMESTIC SOURCES
 DOMESTIC COMBUSTION OD COAL, WOOD OR OIL IS A MAJOR SOURCE OF SMOKE, DUST,
SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND NITROGEN OXIDES.
(D) TOBACCO SMOKE

 IT IS THE MOST DIRECT AND IMPORTANT SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION AFFECTING THE HEALTH
OF MANY PEOPLE.
6 MAJOR AIR POLLUTANTS ARE:
1. CARBON MONOXIDE
2. SULPHUR DIOXIDE
3. NITROGEN DIOXIDE
4. PARTICULATE MATTER
5. GROUND LEVEL OZONE
6. LEAD
CARBON MONOXIDE : IS A COLORLESS, ODOURLESS GAS, A PRODUCT OF INCOMPLETE
COMBUSTION OF CARBON CONTAINING MATERIALS, SUCH AS IN AUTOMOBILES, INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS, HEATING FACILITIES AND INCINERATORS.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE : IS ONE OF THE SEVERAL FORMS IN WHICH SULPHUR EXISTS IN AIR.
SULPHUR DIOXIDE RESULTS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF SULPHUR CONTAINING FOSSIL FUELS,
AND WHEN COAL AND FUEL OIL ARE BURNED.
NITROGEN DIOXIDE : NITRIC OXIDE(NO) IS PRODUCED BY COMBUSTION. LEVELS OF

EXPOSURE TO NITROGEN DIOXIDE SHOULD NOT BE EXCEEDED BY 400ΜG/M3 FOR ONE HOUR
AND 150ΜG/M3 FOR 24 HOURS.
PARTICULATE MATTER : IT REPRESENTS A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF ORGANIC AND

INORGANIC SUBSTANCES.
GROUND LEVEL OZONE : THIS IS FORMED WHEN POLLUTANTS SUCH AS NITROGEN

OXIDES AND VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS(VOCS) REACT IN SUNLIGHT. HIGH LEVELS CAN
CAUSE BREATHING PROBLEMS, REDUCE LUNG FUNCTION AND TRIGGER ASTHMA SYMPTOMS.
SMOG
 SMOG IS MADE UP OF MIXTURE OF THOSE POLLUTANTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE.
 IT IS THE COMBINATION OF WORDS SMOKE AND FOG.
 THERE ARE 2 TYPES:
(1) REDUCING SMOG CHARACTERIZED BY SULPHUR DIOXIDE AND PARTICULATE.
(2) PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG CHARACTERIZED BY OZONE AND OTHER OXIDANTS.
 IT LIMITS VISIBILITY
 DECREASES UV RADIAITION
 YELLOW/BLACK COLOUR OVER CITIES.
 CAUSES RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS AND
BRONCHIAL RELATED DEATHS.
ADVERSE HEALTH EFFECTS:
o IRRITATION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANES.
o COUGH, WHEEZE, CHEST TIGHTNESS.
o INCREASED AIRWAY RESPONSIVENESS TO ALLERGENS.
o INCREASED INCIDENCE OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY ILLNESS.
o LONG-TERM EXPOSURE DECREASES LUNG GROWTH.
o IMPAIRMENT OF PULMONARY FUNCTION.
o INCREASED SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASES, INCLUDING ASTHMA.
CONTROL AND PREVENTION OF AIR POLLUTION :
1. ELIMINATE OR CONTROL THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION:
IMPROVED STOVES
CLEAN FUELS
VENTING STOVES FOR COOKING AND HEATING
REGULAR MAINTANENCE OF COOKING, HEATING AND COOLING SYSTEMS.
2.AIR CLEANING:
AIR FILTERS AND IONIZERS MAY REMOVE SOME AIRBORNE PARTICLES. GAS ADSORBING
MATERIAL IS USED TO REMOVE GASEOUS CONTAMINANTS.
3.EDUCATION AND ADVOCACY:
EDUCATION OF :
• CHILDREN
• FAMILY AND COMMUNITY
• HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS
4.ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYMAKING:
• FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON TOBACCO CONTROL
• CLEAN INDOOR AIR REGULATORS
• COMMUNITY ACTIONS
OZONE HOLE
• THE TERM OZONE HOLE REFERS TO ANNUAL THINNING OF THE OZONE LAYER OBSERVED
YEARLY OVER THE SOUTH POLE AREAS.
• THE AMOUNT OF OZONE IN THE ATMOSPHERE DRASTICALLY DECREASES IN LOCAL SPRING.
• SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE EIGHTIES ONE NOTICES THAT THIS HOLE IS GETTING DEEPER
AND THAT THE COVERED SURFACE IS GETTING LARGER.
MONTREAL PROTOCOL
THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL WAS ONE OF THE FIRST ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS TO
FORMALLY RECOGNIZE THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE.
RELATED ACTIONS TAKEN CONSISTENT WITH THIS PRINCIPLE HAVE INCLUDED THE
PREEMPTIVE DECISION TO BAN NEW OZONE DEPLETING SUBSTANCES BEFORE THEY WERE
EVER PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY.
IN 2009, THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL BECAME THE FIRST TREATY IN HISTORY TO ACHIEVE
UNIVERSAL RATIFICATION WITH 196 GOVERNMENTS.
THANK YOU

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AIR POLLUTION

• NOBLE GASES(KRYPTON, XENON, ARGON, HELIUM)

II. SECONDARY AIR POLLUTANTS:

(D) TOBACCO SMOKE

NITROGEN DIOXIDE : NITRIC OXIDE(NO) IS PRODUCED BY COMBUSTION. LEVELS OF

PARTICULATE MATTER : IT REPRESENTS A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF ORGANIC AND

GROUND LEVEL OZONE : THIS IS FORMED WHEN POLLUTANTS SUCH AS NITROGEN

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