Forces and Motion: Unit 4: Module 1: Topic 2

Forces and Motion
Unit 4: Module 1: Topic 2

UNIFORMLY
ACCELERATE
D MOTION:
VERTICAL
DIMENSION
The velocity of an object in free fall
changes by 9.8 m/s every second of the fall.
Consider a ball dropped from a
cliff as shown in the picture.
For equal time interval the
distance travelled increases
quadratically.
•
Derivatives
• •
Equation A
Equation B
Equation C
Derivatives
• •
Equation D
Derivatives
• This equation shows that the
displacement of the body is
directly proportional to the square
of time.
This confirms that for equal

intervals of time, displacement
increases quadratiacally.
Equation E
Derivatives
•
To find out how final velocity

depends on the displacement, use
equation F.
Equation F
n it u de s
h e m a g
t h a t t a r e
No te lo c i t i es
t w o v e
of the t h e y h a v e
u a l, b u t s -
eq i re c t io n
s i t e d h e n i t
oppo u p w a r d w
c i ty i s n w a r d
velo n b u t d o w
s t h r o w
wa t u r n s .
i t r e
when
Uniformly Accelerated Motion Formulae
e.g.
•
e.g.
• •
e.g.
The Philippine tarsier is capable of jumping to a height of 1.5 m in
hunting for food. Determine the takeoff speed of the tarsier.
e.g.
•
MOTION IN
TWO
DIMENSIONS
Projectile motion is the motion of
an object thrown, or projected,
into the air, subject only to the
force of gravity.
The object is called a projectile,
and its path is called a trajectory.
The motion of falling objects is
one-dimensional type of projectile
motion in which there is no
horizontal movement.
In two-dimensional projectile
motion, such as that in the picture,
there is both a vertical and a
horizontal component to the
motion.
Principles
•
Vectors are quantities with
magnitude and direction (e.g.
velocity).
Any vector can be represented by
a vector arrow, the length of which
corresponds to the magnitude,
while the arrow point in the
direction of the vector quantity.
For a horizontally projected object, the displacement and velocity vector
both have magnitude and direction that you can separate into
components:
Horizontal components
Vertical components
Note: Vertical displacements and velocities are taken positive upward

and negative downward from the point of release.
Kinematic Equations for Projectile Motion
Horizontal Motion Vertical Motion
Projectiles Launched Horizontally
Projectiles launched horizontally have no initial vertical velocity.
Thus, its vertical motion is identical to that of a dropped object.
The downward velocity increases uniformly due to gravity while the
horizontal velocity is uniform.
For a projectile beginning and ending at the same height, the time it
takes a projectile to rise to its highest point equals the time it takes to
fall from the highest point back to its original position.
e.g.
•
e.g.
Given: Find:
• •
e.g.
•
•
e.g.
• •
e.g.
•
Finding Components of A Vector Using
Trigonometric Functions
•

Equations for:
Horizontal velocity component
Vertical velocity component
Magnitude of resultant vector
Direction of resultant vector

Launched at an Angle
•
Launched at an Angle
As the projectile moves forward

horizontally with uniform velocity,
its vertical velocity is also
accelerated creating a trajectory
that is a parabola
e.g.
•
e.g.
• •
e.g.
• •
IMPULSE
AND
MOMENTUM
Momentum is a measurement of mass in
motion: how much mass is in how much
motion. Impulse quantifies the overall
effect of a force acting over time.
•
Consider a cargo truck with a mass
of 10,000 kilograms and a small
car with a mass of 2,000 kilograms
travelling at the same velocity.
If the two vehicles suddenly lose
their brakes and crash against the
brick wall, which do you think
would be more damaging?
On what factor would the impact
depend on if their velocities are
the same?
Momentum
The cargo truck will be more difficult to stop due to a greater inertia in
motion which depends on an object’s mass and velocity.
An object’s momentum is also known as inertia in motion.
For objects moving at the same velocity, a more massive object has a
greater inertia in motion and therefore a greater momentum.
Momentum depends on two factors – mass and velocity.
Two cars of different velocities will also have different momenta.
Formulae in Calculating Momentum
•
M V
Consider two eggs being dropped
onto the floor and onto a
stretched-out handkerchief.
When the egg meets the floor, its
motion is abruptly stopped and its
momentum suddenly changed.
However, when an egg is thrown
onto a piece of cloth, the time of
impact will be increased due to the
cushioning effect of the cloth,
therefore it will lessen the impact
force.
Impulse
•
Derivatives
•
Impulse invariably leads to the same change in momentum.
The equation implies that for a fixed value of the change in momentum,
the impact force is smaller when the impact time is bigger while the
impact force is bigger when the impact time is smaller.
e.g.
Problem/Given: Solving:
• •
An external force is required to make an object accelerate.
Similarly, if we want to change the momentum of an object, an external
force is required.
There will be no change in momentum if there is no external force.
Conservation of Momentum
Two children on skateboards are

initially at rest.
They push each other so that
eventually the boy moves to the
right while the girl moves to the
opposite direction, away from
each other.
Newton’s Third Law tells us that
the force the girl exerts on the boy
and the force that makes the girl
move to the other direction are of
same magnitude but different
directions.
The boy and girl make up a
collection of objects that affect one
another, otherwise known as a
system.
No net/unbalanced external force acts on the boy-girl system, thus, the
total momentum of the system does not change.
Momentum, like velocity and force, is a vector quantity.
The momentum gained by the girl is of equal magnitude but opposite
direction gained by the boy.
In this system, no momentum was gained or lost.
We say that the momentum is conserved.
e.g.
•
• •
Mass Velocity
Boy
Girl
REMEMBER!
Momentum is a vector quantity.
It must have both magnitude and direction.
The direction of the momentum vector is always in the same direction
as the velocity vector.
Like all vector quantities, momentum vectors can be added.
For situations in which the two vectors are in opposite directions, one
vector is considered negative and the other positive.
e.g.
•
•
The momentum of the boy-girl

system is conserved.
There is no change in the
momentum of the system before
and after the push off.
Collisions
•
Collisions
Collisions are categorized according to whether the total kinetic energy
of the system changes.
Kinetic energy may be lost during collisions when:
1. It is converted to heat or other forms like binding energy, sound,
light (if there is a spark), etc. and
2. it is spent in producing deformation or damage, such as when two
cars collide.
Types of Collisions
Elastic collision Inelastic collision

It is a collision in which the total It is a collision in which the total
kinetic energy of the system does kinetic energy of the system
not change and colliding objects changes (i.e., converted to some
bounce off after collision other form of energy). Objects that
stick together after collision is said
to be perfectly elastic
Inelastic collisions
Elastic collision
e.g.
•
e.g.
Mass
Velocity (before •
collision)
Cart 1
Cart 2
The total momentum of the

system is conserved before
and after the collision.
THANK YOU
FOR
LISTENING
SHORT QUIZ
Open notes, closed eyes :p
Test 1
•
Test 1
•
Test 2
•
HAPPY TO
SERVE!

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Forces and Motion

Unit 4: Module 1: Topic 2

This confirms that for equal

To find out how final velocity

Note: Vertical displacements and velocities are taken positive upward

Vertical velocity component

Magnitude of resultant vector

Direction of resultant vector

As the projectile moves forward

Two children on skateboards are

The momentum of the boy-girl

Elastic collision Inelastic collision

The total momentum of the

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