Lecture 18 - Chapter 27 Part 2

Chapter 27
Magnetic
Fields
Episode 2 – Motion of charged particles in
magnetic field; crossed fields; mass
spectrometer; velocity selector
Lecture 18 – Wednesday, June 23

Outline
• Magnets and magnetic poles
• Magnetic field
• Force on charges moving in magnetic field - Lorentz force
• Magnetic flux and Gauss’ law
• Motion in magnetic fields
• Applications: velocity selector and mass spectrometer
• Force on current carrying conductors (straight and loops)
• DC motor
• Hall effect
The motion of charges in magnetic field
• Because the magnetic force is perpendicular to the velocity, it
does no work on the charge, and the kinetic energy and speed of
the particle remain constant.
• The force only changes the direction of the velocity.
A Circulating Charged Particle
⃗𝐹 =𝑞 (⃗𝑣 × ⃗

𝐵)
Hence F is  to v.
• The force cannot do any work because the

displacement of the particle is parallel to the
velocity.
• The Kinetic Energy and the speed of the
particle remain constant. http://www.solitaryroad.com/c1047/ole.gif
• We’ll apply Newton’s second law for
circular motion.
• Uniform circular motion

• Centripetal force F is the
Lorentz force
𝑚 𝑣2
𝑞𝑣𝐵=
𝑅
𝑚𝑣
𝑞𝐵 =
𝑅
𝑚𝑣
𝑅= (used in mass spectrometry)
𝑞𝐵
2𝜋 𝑅 𝑚 2 𝜋 𝑞𝐵
𝑇= =2 𝜋 𝜔𝑐= = (cyclotron frequency)
𝑣 𝑞𝐵 𝑇 𝑚
If the velocity is not  to the magnetic field, the particle moves
along a helical path with the velocity component parallel to the
field unchanged.
Particles can be trapped in a non-uniform magnetic field,
sometimes called a magnetic bottle.
Electrons travelling along

spiral paths collide with
atoms and molecules in the
atmosphere to produce
the Aurora Borealis or
Northern Lights.
Crossed Fields
With both an electric field and a magnetic field present,
⃗𝐹 =𝑞 ( ⃗𝑣 × ⃗

𝐵 ) +𝑞 ⃗
𝐸
If the fields and the velocity are mutually perpendicular, one of
them can be chosen to make

𝐹=0
Crossed Fields (The story)
• Thomson’s apparatus consisted of a tube with gas at a very
low pressure.
• When a voltage was put on electrodes in the tube, particles
(or rays) appeared to be emitted from the cathode or
negative electrode. These rays were called Cathode rays.
• When they struck the glass walls or fluorescent paint, they
showed fluorescence, which could be shadowed.
• So Thomson wondered “What are these rays?”
Crossed Fields (Context)
• The rays could be bent in a magnetic field or an electric field.
• The cathode rays are a beam of electrons.
• Electrons are accelerated by a potential difference between the
filament and the screen C with both fields off.
• The electric field is turned on and the deflection on the
screen is measured.
• From this measurement the ration q/m of the electron can be
measured.
• This problem is similar to a projectile problem.
• The result was independent of the material of the cathode or

the gas in the tube.
Crossed Fields
With this geometry, the magnetic force is opposite to the electric force. In order to
have them add up to zero we need their magnitudes to be equal.
𝑞𝑣𝐵=𝑞𝐸
E
v  B for all particles.
Example 27-2
An electron is accelerated through 1.0 kV and then it is sent
into region between parallel plates, 20 mm apart with 100
V across them. The lower plate is at lower potential.
Electron moves perpendicular to the electric field.
What will be the necessary magnetic field so that
electron travels in a straight line?
27-2
In the acceleration region: qV  1 2 mv2 Work-energy theorem
2qV
v
m
For no deflection between plates: qvB 
qE
E m
E
B v  E
2qV 2qV
m
27-2
B 100 9.1110 31
20 103 2(1.60 1019 )(1000)
B = 0.267 mT
27-2
The electric field is downwards.
Hence
must be upwards
B is into the screen which is in the −z direction.

  0.267 mT kˆ
Example 27-3
An electron with energy 1.20 keV circles in a plane
perpendicular to a magnetic field. The radius of the
orbit is 25.0 cm.
Calculate:
a) electron speed
b) magnetic field
c) frequency of circling
d) period of the motion
27-3
a)
KE = 1.20 × 103 × 1.60 × 1019 J = ½mv2
2 1.92
v  2.05 10 7
10 16
m/s 9.1110
31
mv2 mv2
b) qvB
 r mv
B 
qvr
27-3
9.1110  2.05308 10

31 7
b) B
1.60 1019  0.25
B  4.68 104 T  0.468
c)
mT
v mv2
1 v qB
f T 
mv
 2 r B  r m
qvr
27-3
c)
qB
f
 2
m
1.60 1019  4.67590 104
f  1.31107
 2   9.1110 31
Hz
f  13.1
MHz
27-3
d)
1
1
T f  7.6510 8
s  76.5
1.3070310 ns
7

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Chapter 27

Lecture 18 – Wednesday, June 23

• The force cannot do any work because the

• Uniform circular motion

Electrons travelling along

• The result was independent of the material of the cathode or

In the acceleration region: qV  1 2 mv2 Work-energy theorem

B 100 9.1110 31

20 103 2(1.60 1019 )(1000)

The electric field is downwards.

B is into the screen which is in the −z direction.

9.1110  2.05308 10

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