Level Curves of Functions of Two Variables
Level Curves of Functions of Two Variables
Level Curves of Functions of Two Variables
Solution:
The isotherms (level curves of T) are given by
T(constant)
ie.,
or by taking (constant)
Solution:
The isotherms (level curves of T) are given by
T(constant)
ie.,
Solution:
The isotherms (level curves of T) are given by
T(constant)
rectangular hyperbolas
Problem 4:
Solution:
by taking
Answer:
1. circles with (, 0) as the centresand as
the radii.
2. rectangular hyperbolas
•What
kind of surfaces are the level surfaces of
the following scalar fields?
Problem 1:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f(constant)
Elliptic cylinder in
•
Problem 2:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f(constant)
Planes
Problem 3:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f (constant)
Circular paraboloids
•
Problem 4:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f (constant)
Ellipsoids
•
Problem 5:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f (constant)
Circular cones
Problem 6:
Solution:
The level surface of is given by
f (constant)
Parabolic cylinder
Directional Derivative
Consider f(x, y, z)
The rate of change of in the directions of the coordinate axes
are given by the partial derivatives.
ie., Rate of change of along the axis is give by
Rate of change of along the axis is give by
Rate of change of along the axis is give by
Then
•Consider
, is the angle
between and
•Consider
, is the angle
between and
•Find
the directional derivative of at in the
direction of .
Problem 1:
Solution:
At ,
At ,
•Problem
2:
, ,
Solution:
At ,
At ,
The minus sign indicates that decreases at in the
direction of
•Problem
3:
Solution:
At ,
At ,
•Problem
4:
Solution:
At ,
At,
•Problem
5:
Solution:
At ,
At , =
Problems for practice
•1.,
2. ,
3. , ,
Answer:
Gradient as surface normal vector
•Consider
a surface in space
Suppose C is a curve lying on this surface.
Let be a general point on .
The parametric representation of
ie.,
Ie.,
and all the vectors in the tangent plane are
orthogonal.
and tangent vector are orthogonal.
ie., is perpendicular to the tangent vector.
has the direction of the normal vector.
• Normal vector to the surface = is given by
Unit normal vector to the surface = =
is given by
• gradients, find unit normal vectors for the given curves and
Using
surfaces at the given points.
Problem 1:
Solution:ie., constant
w
Then the normal vector to the curve is given by
Solution:ie., constant
where
Solution:
ie., constant
where
Then the normal vector to the curve is given by
2. ,
3.
Answer:
1.
2.
3.