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    Peripheral Arterial Disease

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    Sana
    Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. The prevalence of PAD increases with age, affecting about 2-3% of those aged 50 and 20% of those aged 75. Smoking and diabetes greatly increase the risk of developing PAD. PAD is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries leading to reduced blood flow. Over time, this lack of blood flow can cause leg muscle damage and metabolic disorders. Ulcerations may also form on the legs due to tissue breakdown from poor circulation. Managing risk factors like smoking and diabetes is important for preventing and treating PAD.

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    Peripheral Arterial Disease

    Uploaded by

    Sana
    31 views9 pages
    Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. The prevalence of PAD increases with age, affecting about 2-3% of those aged 50 and 20% of those aged 75. Smoking and diabetes greatly increase the risk of developing PAD. PAD is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries leading to reduced blood flow. Over time, this lack of blood flow can cause leg muscle damage and metabolic disorders. Ulcerations may also form on the legs due to tissue breakdown from poor circulation. Managing risk factors like smoking and diabetes is important for preventing and treating PAD.

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    PAD

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    Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. The prevalence of PAD increases with age, affecting about 2-3% of those aged 50 and 20% of those aged 75. Smoking and diabetes greatly increase the risk of developing PAD. PAD is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries leading to reduced blood flow. Over time, this lack of blood flow can cause leg muscle damage and metabolic disorders. Ulcerations may also form on the legs due to tissue breakdown from poor circulation. Managing risk factors like smoking and diabetes is important for preventing and treating PAD.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views9 pages

    Peripheral Arterial Disease

    Uploaded by

    Sana
    Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a condition where narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the limbs, usually the legs. The prevalence of PAD increases with age, affecting about 2-3% of those aged 50 and 20% of those aged 75. Smoking and diabetes greatly increase the risk of developing PAD. PAD is caused by a buildup of plaque in the arteries leading to reduced blood flow. Over time, this lack of blood flow can cause leg muscle damage and metabolic disorders. Ulcerations may also form on the legs due to tissue breakdown from poor circulation. Managing risk factors like smoking and diabetes is important for preventing and treating PAD.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    Peripheral Arterial

    Disease
    Medical Nutrition Therapy
    Human Nutrition and Dietetics

    BY
    Dr. Huma Umbreen
    Definition
    • Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a term used to describe occlusion
    of blood flow in non-coronary arteries, and for the purpose of this
    section of the text is limited to the lower extremities.
    • Most PAD occurs in the pelvis and legs.
    • Peripheral vascular disease is a term that includes diseases of the
    veins.
    • PAD has been used by some to describe all non-coronary
    atherosclerotic disease.
    Epidemiology
    • The prevalence of the condition increases with age
    • prevalence of PAD of 2% to 3% by age 50 and approximately 20% by
    age 75
    • Study found that 10% of the individuals with PAD had claudication,
    50% had atypical leg pain, and 40% had no leg pain associated with
    physical activity
    • Strong association between vascular disease and damage to the
    coronary disease leading to mortality
    • Risk factors for the development of AS are important to the
    development of PAD and are targets for treatment.
    Cont….
    • The most influential independent risk factors for PAD development and
    progression are cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus.
    • In smokers, PAD development is increased 2 to 5 times.
    • Smokers also are 8–10 times more likely to develop intermittent claudication
    • Diabetic men have a higher rate of claudication than any other group.
    • Diabetes in women eliminates the protective effect of estrogen so that their
    risk is elevated to that of men with similar risk profiles.
    • While dyslipidemia and hypertension are important and do increase risk of
    PAD, they do not appear to be as influential as diabetes and cigarette
    smoking
    • The effect of hypertension on PAD appears to be much more subdued than
    the effect in the cerebral or coronary arteries.
    Pathophysiology
    • An inflammatory response precedes the plaque rupture with
    subsequent embolus formation
    • The presence of PAD is also an indicator of ischemic disease in other
    vascular beds; thus, the risk of MI, stroke, unstable angina, and
    sudden cardiac death is increased in PAD patients.
    • There are some small differences between the pathophysiology of
    PAD and that of IHD.
    • While thrombosis is known to play a critical role in all acute ischemic
    incidents, it has been postulated that it has an even more important
    role in acute ischemic events in those with PAD.
    • in response to ischemia, collateral vessels will be developed to allow some blood
    flow.
    • The extent to which these vessels are formed and their contribution to function
    seem to be determined to a great degree by the region in which the ischemia
    occurs.
    • Patients with PAD will eventually suffer from denervation of affected muscle
    tissue.
    • The ischemia of the tissue over time will cause this damage, which is thought to be
    mediated by oxidative damage.
    • The damage of denervation and alterations in muscle fiber type will reduce muscle
    function.
    • There is additional evidence of abnormal muscle cell metabolism in affected
    tissues
    Cont…..
    • Mitochondrial expression increases in patients with PAD.
    • While this is not uncommon to conditions that impair mitochondrial function, the
    implication is that activities inside the muscle lead to its dysfunction.
    • Accumulation of metabolic intermediates and products of incomplete metabolism
    show state of metabolic disorder inside the muscle.
    • Lactate levels at rest and during light workloads are elevated beyond that which
    might be attributable to low blood/oxygen supply
    • Th e electron transport chain suffers extensive oxidative damage as a result of PAD.
    • Muscle tissue from PAD patients shows specific defects in the enzymes of the
    electron transport chain.
    • This damage can lead to increased reactive oxygen species formation and may
    further metabolic injury.
    • In addition, the increased free radical production can contribute to further
    endothelial injury
    Cont….

    • PAD can cause ulcerations of the lower leg.


    • Ulceration is defined as a nonhealing break in the skin.
    • The ischemic conditions cause a breakdown of tissue, forming the
    ulcer. The arterial ulcer associated with PAD commonly occurs on the
    foot or toes.

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