Pallavi Srivastava

PROJECT PRESENTATION
ON MICROCONTROLLER BASED
AUTOMATIC POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Presented By:-
Guided By: Apoorva kushwaha (1836020904)

Ms. Poonam Yadav Aradhana Tripathi (1836020905)
Pallavi Srivastava (1836020910)
Yash Maurya (1836020917)
CONTENTS:
Introduction
Power factor
What causes low power factor
Why should we improve power factor
Block diagram
Working principle
Power supply circuit
Power factor measurement circuit
Micro Controller
LCD
Relay
Capacitor Bank
Advantage
Disadvantage
Applications
Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
 This project report represents one of the most effective automatic power factor
improvements.
 Static capacitors which will be controlled by a Microcontroller with very low
cost.
 Power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC.
 Resistors are used instead of potential transformer.
 Microcontroller IC (AT89s52) reduce programming complexity that make it one of
the most economical system than any other controlling system.
POWER FACTOR
•It is defined as the cosine of the angle between the voltage and
current phases.
• It may also be defined as the ratio of kW and the kVA drawn by
the electrical load where kW is the actual load power and kVA is
the apparent power.
•Active (or Working) Power is to perform the useful work. – kW.
• Reactive Power is to create and maintain electro-magnetic
fields produced by magnetic Equipment. -- kVAR .
•Apparent (or Total) Power is the vector sum of the active power
and reactive power.
WHAT CAUSES LOW POWER FACTOR?
Most of the motors used in industries are of induction type, which have low
lagging pf.
High intensity discharge lamps operate at low lagging pf.

Transformers system work at lagging pf.
Load on the system is varying which results in decreasing or low pf

WHY SHOULD WE IMPROVE P.F?
Reduction in Transformer Rating Reduction in kVAR Demand Advantages of
P.F Correction Reduction in kVA Demand Reduction in Line Current
Reduction in Line loss Reduction in Cable / Bus-bar size Reduction in Switchgear
Rating Avoid power factor penalties Reduction in kVA Demand
Reduction in Transformer Rating Avoid power factor penalties Reduction in
Transformer Rating Avoid power factor penalties Reduction in Transformer
Rating Avoid power factor penalties Advantages of PF Correction Reduction in
Switchgear Rating Figure: Advantages of PF Correction
BLOCK DIAGRAM
Source Power Supply
230V AC - 5V DC
LCD
LCD Display
Display
230V AC
POWER
FACTOR communication Micro controller
MEASURMENT
CIRCUIT
LOAD Capacitor Bank Relay

Working Principle:
 Power supply is given to the circuit.
 Power factor is set as standard value into the microcontroller IC.
 In case of deviations , microcontroller activates relay.
 Relay senses and connects the capacitor.
 The capacitor is connected parallel across the load by relay
without any hazard.
 The APFC unit controls PF by activating/deactivating capacitors.
Power Supply Circuit
 Step-down Transformer
 Diode Rectifier
 Filtering Capacitor
 Voltage Regulator
POWER FACTOR MEARSURMENT CIRCUIT
Potential
Transforme Current Transformer Zero Crossing Detector
r
MICROCONTROLLER
• Microcontroller is an electronic integrated circuit (IC)
Chip which can take some digital data, process the data
and gives us to required output data.
• The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS

• 8-bit microcontroller
LCD:
 A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a flat panel
display
 It uses the light modulating properties of
liquid crystals (LCs)
 Most common LCDs connected to the
microcontrollers are 16*2 and 20*2 displays.
RELAY:
 A relay is an electrically operated switch.

 The current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and they are double throw (changeover)
switches.
 Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which
can
be completely separate from the first.
Capacitor Bank
A capacitor bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in
series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy .
Capacitor add reactive load in the circuit

which will help to increase power factor.
Advantage
 Reactive power decreases
 Avoid poor voltage regulation
 Overloading is avoided
 Copper loss decreases
 Transmission loss decreases
 Improved voltage control
 Efficiency of supply system and apparatus increases

Disadvantage
 They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years
 They are easily damaged if the voltage exceeds the rated value
 Once the capacitor is damaged, their repair is uneconomical.

Applications:
IN PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT
IN THREE PHASE SETUP
FOR CONDUCTIVE AS WELL AS REACTIVE LOAD
FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE ELECTRICITY BILL

CONCLUSION :
 This paper shows an efficient technique to improve the power factor of a
power system by an economical way.
 Static capacitors are invariably used for power factor improvement in
factories or distribution line.
 But this paper presents a system that uses capacitors only when power
factor is low otherwise they are cut off from line.
 Thus it not only improves the power factor but also increases the life time of
static capacitors.
 The power factor of any distribution line can also be improved easily by low
cost small rating capacitor.
 This system with static capacitor can improve the power factor of any
distribution line from load side.
 As, if this static capacitor will apply in the high voltage transmission line
then it’s rating will be unexpectedly large which will be uneconomical &
inefficient.
 So a variable speed synchronous condenser can be used in any high voltage
transmission line to improve power factor & the speed of synchronous
condenser can be controlled by microcontroller or any controlled device.

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PROJECT PRESENTATION

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Guided By: Apoorva kushwaha (1836020904)

High intensity discharge lamps operate at low lagging pf.

Load on the system is varying which results in decreasing or low pf

LOAD Capacitor Bank Relay

• The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS

 A relay is an electrically operated switch.

Capacitor add reactive load in the circuit

 Avoid poor voltage regulation

 Copper loss decreases

 Transmission loss decreases

 Improved voltage control

 Efficiency of supply system and apparatus increases

 They have short service life ranging from 8 to 10 years

 Once the capacitor is damaged, their repair is uneconomical.

IN PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT

IN THREE PHASE SETUP

FOR CONDUCTIVE AS WELL AS REACTIVE LOAD

FOR MAKING EFFECTIVE ELECTRICITY BILL

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