Power Factor Correction: Ch.V.Sesha Girirao Associate Professor EEE Department
Power Factor Correction: Ch.V.Sesha Girirao Associate Professor EEE Department
Power Factor Correction: Ch.V.Sesha Girirao Associate Professor EEE Department
EEE Department
OUTLINE
DEFINITION
CONCLUSION
DEFINITION
Power factor (P.F) is the ratio between actual power to the apparent power. Power factor=Actual power/Apparent power. P.F=Kw /Kva.
Inductive loads cause the current to lag behind the voltage. The wave forms of voltage and current are then "out of phase" with each other. The more out of phase they become then the lower the Power Factor. Power Factor is usually expressed as Cos Phi. () For a purely resistive load the power factor is unity. Active and reactive power are designated by P &Q respectively.
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Active Power: Also known as real power or simply power. The average power in a circuit is called active power . Active power is the rate of producing, transferring or using electrical energy. It is measured in watts and often expressed in kilowatts (KW) or megawatts (MW). The terms active or real power are used in place of the term power alone to differentiate it from reactive power. Reactive Power: The power that supplies the stored energy in reactive elements is called reactive power. It is measured in vars and often expressed in kilovars (KVAR) or megavars (MVAR).
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Apparent Power: The product of the voltage (in volts) and the current (in amperes). It comprises both active and reactive power . It is measured in volt-amperes and often expressed in kilovolt-amperes (KVA) or megavolt-amperes (MVA).
KVAR CORRECTION
Capacitive Power Factor correction (PFC) is applied to electric circuits as a means of minimising the inductive component of the current and thereby reducing the losses in the supply.
The introduction of Power Factor Correction capacitors is a widely recognised method of reducing an electrical load, thus minimising wasted energy and hence improving the efficiency of a plant and reducing the electricity bill.
It is not usually necessary to reach unity, i.e. Power Factor 1, since most supply companies are happy with a PF of 0.95 to 0.98. By installing suitably sized switched capacitors into the circuit, the Power Factor is improved and the value becomes nearer to 1 thus minimising wasted energy and improving the efficiency of a plant or power factor can be increased by synchronous motor or Synchronous generators.
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FIXED CAPACITOR
The fixed capacitor are used for power factor correction where the load does not change. It is suitable for locations where induction motors are used, like food processing plants or where small multiple loads require reactive power compensation. Each Fixed Capacitor Bank is designed for high reliability and long life. These products are designed for applications that do not contain harmonic generating distortions.
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SWITCHED CAPACITOR
It is suited for centralized power factor correction in applications where plant loading is constantly changing, resulting in the need for varying amounts of reactive power. An advanced microprocessor-based reactive power controller measures plant power factor via a single remote current transformer and switches capacitor modules in and out of service to maintain a user-selected target power factor. Typically applied at service entrance or near fluctuating loads.
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SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
Synchronous condenser is a salient pole synchronous motor with no load condition. Synchronous condenser stabilizes power system voltage by supplying reactive power to the power system and use for power factor correction. It is more economical than capacitors.
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SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSER
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Each capacitor bank is switched on and off by three thyristor switches (Thyristor Switched Capacitor or TSC). Reactors are either switched on-off (Thyristor Switched Reactor or TSR) or phase-controlled (Thyristor Controlled Reactor or TCR). A rapidly operating Static Var Compensator (SVC) can continuously provide the reactive power required to control dynamic voltage swings under various system conditions and thereby improve the power system transmission and distribution performance. Installing an SVC at one or more suitable points in the network will increase transfer capability through enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a smooth voltage profile under different network conditions. In addition, an SVC can mitigate active power oscillations through voltage amplitude modulation 19
Similarly to the SVC the STATCOM can provide instantaneous and continuously variable reactive power in response to grid voltage transients enhancing the grid voltage stability Installing a STATCOM at one or more suitable points in the network will increase the grid transfer capability through enhanced voltage stability, while maintaining a smooth voltage profile under different network conditions.
The STATCOM provides additional versatility in terms of power quality improvement capabilities
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The reactive power was about: Tan = kVAr / kW kVAr = kW x tan kVAr = 594 kW x tan (42.27) = 540 kVAr If the power factor were increased to 97%, the reactive power would be about: Cos = kW / kVA = Cos-1 (PF2) = Cos-1 (97%) = 14.07o kVAr = kW x tan kVAr = 594 kW x tan (14.07) = 149 kVAr Thus, the amount of capacitance required to boost power factor from 74% to 97% : 540 kVAR 149 kVAR = 391 kVAR So I recommended 400kvar
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Increase equipment life Save on utility cost Enhance equipment operation by improving voltage Improve energy efficiency Reduction in size of transformers, cables and switchgear in new installations. Delay costly upgrades. Less total plant KVA for the same KW working power. Improved voltage regulation due to reduced line voltage drop.
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Three common ways a utility charges a user for poor power factor are: KW demand with a trigger point typically between 85% and 95% KVA demand KVAR demand When the utility uses either KVA demand or KVAR demand as the basis for its penalty structure, all users pay a penalty, but those with high power factor pay a much lower penalty or none at all.
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CONCLUSION
By observing all aspects of the power factor it is clear that power factor is the most significant part for the utility Company as well as for the consumer. Utility company rid of from the power losses while the consumer free from low power factor penalty charges. By installing suitably sized power capacitors into the circuit the Power Factor is improved and the value becomes nearer to 1 thus minimising line losses and improving the efficiency of a plant.
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REFERENCES
Electrical Power System Design and Analysis by M.E.EI-Hawary. Power System Operations by Robert H Miller. IEEE papers www.ABB.com BC Hydro (www.bchydro.ca)
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