Chapter 7 - Contrastive Analysis (G3) - Final
Chapter 7 - Contrastive Analysis (G3) - Final
Chapter 7 - Contrastive Analysis (G3) - Final
Denotation
Sense
Reference
1.1. Denotation
● Lyons (1995): meaning of a word which shows its potential to
denote something in/or about the world
● The relationship between the word with the thing in the real
world
● The meaning/definition of the word in dictionary
● Stable, independent
● “dog”: a common animal with four legs, especially kept by
people as a pet or to hunt or guard things (Cambridge
dictionary)
1.2. Reference
● The relationship between the word with the thing it refers to (referent)
● More specific than denotation
● Speaker’s intention, context-/utterance-dependent (Lyons, 1995) => not stable
Dog =>
● Usually more specific in context: “my dog” (a specific dog at my home, not dogs
at others’ homes or in general)
1.3. Sense
● The concept/ thought/the mental representation of the word mind
● The relationship inside the language (intra-linguistic relationship)
(Lyons, 1995) (-> sense relations)
● “dog”: the thought of what a dog is (4 legs, pet, cute, bark, etc.)
Any words in the dictionary have
denotation
If we don’t know a word, even it
exists in the dictionary, there is
no sense about it in our mind.
1.4. Meaning triangle in language
The Meaning triangle (Ogden & Richards, 1923; as cited in N.T. Giáp, 2014)
1.4. Meaning triangle in language
Many similarities between Synonymy in English and “hiện tượng đồng nghĩa” in
Vietnamese, and Antonymy in English and “hiện tượng trái nghĩa” in Vietnamese.
REFERENCES
1. Cambridge dictionary. Dog. Retrieved from:
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/vi/dictionary/english/dog
2. Crystal, D. (1995). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge:
CUP.
3. Đỗ Hữ u Châ u (2001). Từ Vựng - Ngữ Nghĩa Tiếng Việt. NxB Giá o Dụ c.
4. Lyons, J. (1995). Linguistic Semantics: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
5. Jackson, H. (1988). Words and their Meaning. London/New York: Longman.
6. Nguyễn Thiện Giá p (2014). “Phâ n biệt nghĩa và ý nghĩa trong ngô n ngữ họ c hiện đạ i”.
Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN: Nghiên cứu Nước ngoài, Tậ p 30, Số 3 – 2014 , tr. 1-13.
7. Nguyễn Thiện Giá p, Đoà n Thiệ n Thuậ t, Nguyễn Minh Thuyết (2012). Dẫn luận ngôn
ngữ học. NxB Giá o Dụ c Việt Nam.
8. Saeed, J. I. (2016). Semantics (4th ed.). Oxford: WILEY-Blackwell.
02
Problems of word meaning in
English and Vietnamese
Ex: Ex:
+ air (n) - air (v) + đậu (n) – đậu (v)
+ address (n) – address (v) + cặp (pair) – cặp (bag)
+ bat (animal) – bat (object)
+ lợi (lợi răng) – lợi (lợi ích)
+ kind (n) – kind (adj)
ENGLISH
TYPE 1: Lexical: same category of speech parts (noun, verb, adjective, adverb)
đường (street) (n) – đường (sugar) (n)
DIFFERENCES:
+ Some types of English homonyms are different either in spelling
or in pronunciation. Vietnamese does not have these types of
homonyms.
+ Vietnamese has homonyms from translation of foreign languages
(sâu – show)
ENGLISH
TYPE 4: Territorial Synonyms: Words that are used in different regions football – soccer
TYPE 5: Euphemism Synonyms: Words that are used to reduce offensive effects
die – pass away
VIETNAMESE
UTTERANCE SENTENCE
- Any stretch of speech It necessarily involves a subject
before which and after and a predicate. (Nguyen 2004,
which there is a pause. P.145)
can be any piece of
language from a sequence of The ideal underlying structure
sentences to a sentence or behind an utterance, expressing a
just a phrase or even a single complete thought.
word.
UTTERANCE (Phát ngôn) SENTENCE (Câu)
Danh từ phát ngôn Danh từ câu
Đơn vị cơ bản của giao tiếp Một phần của đoạn hội thoại, ghép bởi
bằng ngôn ngữ nói, mang một các từ, tạo nên cấu trúc ngữ pháp
nội dung tương đối trọn vẹn. hoàn chỉnh (chủ ngữ, vị ngữ); thường
được viết kết thúc bởi dấu chấm, dấu
Basic unit of spoken language, chấm hỏi hay dấu chấm than.
with a complete content. A part of a conversation, made up by
(http://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/ph words, with complete grammar
%C3%A1t_ng%C3%B4n structure (subject and predicate);
) Usually ended with a stop, a question
mark or exclamation mark.
(http://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/c%C3%A2
u
Distinction between an utterance and a sentence
SENTENCES UTTERANCES
- Refer to spoken language -
Are based on grammatical Are not always based on
rules grammatical rules
Are context – dependent
Are context – independent
Are tied to particular context
Are repeatable at different
times and places
Utterance-meaning is the product
of sentence-meaning and context.
UTTERANCES
Example
1. Fire! 1. I cam, I saw and I
2. Where to? conquered.
3. Nice day, isn’t it? (Nguyen 2004. p.152)
(Nguyen 2004, p.146)
SENTENCES
4. He has two children
already. 2. John loves himself.
An Utterance may coincide with a Sentence but its range is greater.
EXAMPLE
* A sentence:
“I am having a real bad sore throat.”
* An utterance: “I am having a real bad sore throat.”
The speaker may try to:
To refuse an invitation of having a smoke.
To require the hearer to increase the air-con temperature.
To make an excuse for not complete the work
To make a complaint about not having a good health.
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
Its grammatical
structure
Meaning of
sentence
The meaning of
the words of which
it is composed
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
Structural meaning
Textual meaning
Representational meaning
Interpersonal meaning
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
Nghĩa
của câu
Nghĩa tình thái
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
In English In Vietnamese
Example: I love him. Example: Tôi yêu anh ấy.
1 sentence with 1 Anh ấy yêu tôi.
meaning 2 sentences with 2 different
meanings.
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
3. Representational meaning:
3. Representational meaning:
The experiential function:
In English In Vietnamese
Example: Example:
John apologized Cindy by Tấm vâng lời trèo lên cây cau, ở dưới
inviting her to go to the movie bà mẹ ghẻ đốn gốc, Tấm ngã xuống
last night. ao chết chìm.
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
In English In Vietnamese
Example: Example:
a. I came, I saw, and I a. Bọn trẻ chăm chú xem tivi, mẹ
conquered. chúng thì hì hục nấu nướng
b. We all believe that trong bếp.
working hard is the key to b. Họ nói rằng cô ấy đã cầu xin
success. nhưng anh ta không tha thứ.
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
4. Interpersonal meaning:
- To establish and maintain social relations
In English In Vietnamese
Example: Ví dụ
- Good morning - Dạ, cháu chào bác ạ.
- nice day
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
4. Interpersonal meaning:
- to influence people’s behavior and get things done.
In English In Vietnamese
Example: Example:
a. Can you close the window, a. Mình mượn xe đạp của bạn
please? (Request) được không?
b. Don’t do that again. b. Tôi cấm anh làm như vậy.
(Warning)
c. If you keep doing this, I’ll…. c. Nếu anh làm thế, tôi sẽ chấm
(Threat) dứt quan hệ với anh.
SENTENCE MEANING IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE
4. Interpersonal meaning:
- to express speaker’s feelings, attitudes and opinions
In English In Vietnamese
Example: Example:
a. What she said may be a. Anh ta không bao giờ có thể
right. low degree of quay lại ngôi nhà đó nữa
possibility. Affirming the impossibility
b. This is certainly right.-
> high degree of b. Chắc là nó mới có 2 đứa con.
possibility
04
Modality
Presented by: Nguyễn Thị Ngọc Mai
Realization of modal
Definition Types
meanings
4.1. Definition
4.1. Definition
Palmer Langacke
(1986, as
cited in r (1991)
Salkie, 1988)
Root
modality
1. Obligation
Model Verbs Examples
Eng must, have to, should, You must arrive at the workplace by 8
need to, had better o’clock.
Viet as cần, phải, nên Bạn cần phải đến nơi làm việc vào lúc 8h.
IN ENGLISH: More than 1 modal verb cannot occur in the same sentence.
Root Modality
1. Obligation
2. Permission
Viet có thể/ không thể, không Tôi không thể làm nếu không được cho
được phép
IN ENGLISH: use can, may for present tense; use could/ might for past tense.
IN VIETNAMESE: No tense system => có thể can be used for both present and past.
Root Modality
3. Ability
4. Volition
Viet Sẽ, định, muốn, toan Bạn sẽ giúp tôi làm bài tập này chứ ?
Ok. Tôi sẽ giúp bạn làm vào ngày mai nhé.
Realization of modal meanings
Epistemic
modality
1. Possibility
- Modal verbs of possibility can be used to denote the speaker’s view of the
likelihood of the events that are happening.
2. Necessity
3. Probability
Viet Có thể, có khả năng, có Bây giờ hẳn là tầm 10h rồi.
lẽ, hẳn là
REFERENCES
1. Downing, A & P. Locke (1992). A University Course in English
Grammar. UK: Prentice Hall International Ltd.
2. Langacker, R.W. (1991). Foundation of Cognitive Grammar:
Descriptive Application. Vol. 17. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
3. Saeed, J. I. (2015). Semantics (4th ed.). Wiley Blackwell.
4. Salkie, R. (1988). F. R. Palmer, Mood and modality. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. xii + 243. Journal of Linguistics,
24(01), 240. doi:10.1017/s0022226700011695
05
Pragmatic Peculiarities of the
English and the Vietnamese
Language
Presented by: Nguyễn Linh Chi
Nguyễn Thị Thảo Vy
5.1
Presupposition
Presented by: Nguyễn Linh Chi
5.1. Presupposition
Definition
- Presupposition is the set of assumptions that the speaker makes about the listener’s
Eg: “Mary’s cat is cute.” presupposes Mary has a cat/ Mary exists.
5.1. Presupposition
Classification in English
Type Characteristics Example Presupposition
- Possessive pronouns/ ‘s (your,
Existential Mary’s,…) The dog is barking. The dog exists.
- Definite noun phrases (the car)
Em trai tôi bắt đầu chơi bóng rổ từ ngày Trước đó em trai tôi không chơi bóng
Lexical
hôm nay. rổ.
- Those linguistic forms are referring expressions, which can be: proper nouns,
(Yule,1996)
5.2. Reference
Classification in English
Exophoric
reference
REFERENCE Anaphoric
reference
Endophoric
reference
Cataphoric
reference
5.2. Reference
Classification in English
Type Definition Example
Where a reference item moves us outside a They are late again.
Exophoric reference text so that we can only make full sense of They refers to some people outside the
the text by referring to its context. discourse known to both speakers.
Để phân tích tác phẩm, các em phải đọc thật nhiều tài liệu
tham khảo về Vợ nhặt để có cái nhìn sâu sắc hơn về
Cataphoric reference
dụng ý của tác giả.
Tác phẩm refers to Vợ nhặt mentioned later.
5.3
Cooperative principles
and hedges
Presented by: Nguyễn Thị Thảo Vy
2.1.2 Cooperative principle
• The term “Implicature” accounts for
what a speaker can imply, suggest or
mean, as distinct from what the
speaker literally says. (Grice,1975)
Maxim of quality
•• Make
Make your
your contribution
contribution true.
true.
•• Do
Do not
not say
say what
what you
you believe
believe is
is false.
false.
•• Do
Do not
not say
say that
that for
for which
which you
you lack
lack
adequate
adequate evidence.
evidence.
4 types of Maxim
Maxim
Maxim of Quantity
•• Do
Do not
not make
make your
your contribution
contribution
more
more informative
informative than
than is
is required.
required.
•• Make
Make your
your contribution
contribution to
to aa
conservative
conservative as
as informative
informative as
as
possible.
possible.
4 types of Maxim
Maxim
Maxim of Relation
Be relevant
4 types of Maxim
Maxim
Maxim of Manner
•• Avoid
Avoid obscurity.
obscurity.
•• Avoid
Avoid ambiguity.
ambiguity.
•• Be
Be brief.
brief.
•• Be
Be orderly
orderly
Type of maxim English Vietnamese
Cooperative
1. Quality
principles
Perhaps, maybe, probably, possibly; I
think, in my opinion, in my point of
Nghe đâu, nghe đồn, có lẽ, hình như, có thể
là, theo tôi nghĩ, tôi cho rằng
view, for me; It is said that…, it is
rumored that …
2. Quantity As we all know; As I said; As you Như chúng ta đã biết, như đã nói, cậu biết
know… Generally, broadly speaking; rồi đấy
all I know/ to my best knowldge…; I Đại thể là, tất cả những gì tôi biết là….,
don’t want to bother you with all mình không muốn làm phiền cậu với những
details but… chi tiết vụn vặt nhưng…
3. Relation By the way…; it’s time to say this…; à này…, tiện đây…, có lẽ đã đến lúc phải
Sorry for interruption, but it’s time to nói điều này…, không muốn làm các cậu
mention …; As you asked me, mất hứng nhưng bây giờ phải nói đến …, vì
cậu đã hỏi nên tớ phải nói…phải thế không
4. Manner Sincerely; honestly; to tell you the truth; Chân thành (cảm ơn), thực tình (góp ý với
excuse me, is it Ok if…, As a close em), tôi bảo thật, chị không nói ninh em
friend of yours, I want to tell you that… đâu, không nói phét…, xin mạo muội hỏi
bác, chổ bạn bè mình mới nói
Cooperative principles
These maxims should be recognized as
unstated assumptions we have in
conversations.
However, there are certain expressions
speakers use to mark that they may be in
danger of NOT fully adhering to the
principles. They are called Hedges
Definition of Hedges
• Hedges are expressions or cautious notes used by
the speakers to make evident that may be they are
not completely adhering to the conversational
maxims.
• Hedging is a language device/strategy used to
lessen the impact of an utterance.
• Typically, they are adjectives, adverbs, but can also
consist of clauses.
Similarities
• Hedges are used by both English and
Vietnamese.
• The form of hedges in both languages can
be a word, a phrase and a sentence.
• The usage of hedges in both English and
Vietnamese is similar in the terms of the
idea of protecting self-image, politeness…
English Vietnamese
Hedging devices are used to show uncertainty
It is said that… Nghe nói, Nghe người ta nói,
Nghe đồn…
Ex: Ex:
- What did you really know about - Anh biết ông ấy xui Trương Thi
Emily? nó kiện anh không?
- It is said that she desired - Thế mà hôm qua tôi thấy người
herself to shine as because she ta trên huyện nói, tôi cứ lại không
wished to hold up the lamp for tin [Bước đường cùng, Nguyễn
Madame Merle. [A life’s Morning, Công Hoan].
1889].
English Vietnamese
Hedging devices are used to show uncertainty
Ex: Ex:
- Helen, that there is such a place - Cô ấy thay đổi nhiều lắm đấy,
as heaven, and that our souls anh có nhận ra được không?
can get to it when we die? - Chắc chắn mình nhận ra cô
- I am sure there is a future state; ấy.
I believe God is good… [Truyện ngắn Nguyễn Huy Thiệp].
[Jane Eyre, Charlot Brontee].
Differences
English Vietnamese
Speech art hedges are rarely used. Speech art hedges are used mostly.
Mom: Show me how to use it! Mom: Do it again and I will send
⇒ request you to your room!
⇒ threaten
Three levels of speech acts
(Austin, 1962)
Representatives Declarations
represent a state of affairs: bring about the state of affairs
assertions, statements, they name: blessings, hirings
claims, hypotheses, and firings, baptisms, arrests,
descriptions, suggestions marryings, declaring mistrials
Requests in English and Vietnamese
Similarities - Syntax
English Vietnamese
In both languages, requests can be manifested in the form of
interrogative, imperative and declarative.
Could you please open the window? Cậu mở cửa sổ hộ tớ được chứ?
Mở cửa ra đi!
Open the door please! Trong phòng nóng quá!
It’s too hot here.
(Nguyen, 2012)
Requests in English and Vietnamese
Similarities - Syntax
English Vietnamese
The speakers insert some common words to make polite
requests: please // làm ơn, trăm sự nhờ, xin, giùm, giúp…
Could you please open the window? Con lạy cụ, cụ làm ơn cho cô ấy
ra cho con hỏi một tí. (Nam Cao)
(Nguyen, 2012)
Requests in English and Vietnamese
Differences - Syntax
English Vietnamese
(Nguyen, 2012)
Requests in English and Vietnamese
Differences - Pragmatics
English Vietnamese
(Nguyen, 2012)
Invitations in English and Vietnamese
Similarities - Syntax
English Vietnamese
The performative verb “invite” and “mời” is used in some forms of
inviting in both languages.
We would like to invite you to attend Kính mời ông/bà đến dự hội thảo
our seminar this Friday. của chúng tôi cuối tuần này.
(Nguyen, 2019)
Invitations in English and Vietnamese
Similarities – Structures of direct invitations
English Vietnamese
Interrogative Interrogative
• How about dinner? • Ông Đoàn sao lâu nay không
• Would you like some coffee? thấy ông lại chơi? (Khai Hung)
• You will come with us, won’t • Chiều nay lại nhà tôi chơi,
you? được không?
(Nguyen, 2019)
Invitations in English and Vietnamese
Similarities - Pragmatics
English Vietnamese
(Nguyen, 2019)
Apologies in English and Vietnamese
Situations in which apology acts are performed
English Vietnamese
When the speakers make a mistake
(Nguyen, 2017)
Apologies in English and Vietnamese
Similarities - Apologizing Strategies
English Vietnamese
Most common apologizing strategies: expression of apology,
explanations, & acknowledgement of responsibility
I’m sorry. I’m overreacting Xin lỗi bạn, mình hậu đậu quá.
because I’m upset about Xin lỗi bạn, đường tắc quá, mình
something else. đến muộn.
My bad.
(Nguyen, 2017)
Apologies in English and Vietnamese
Differences - Apologizing Strategies
English Vietnamese
English Vietnamese
Exclamatory Exclamatory
• Good morning! Hi, Hannah! • Xin chào! Này Hoa!
Interrogative Interrogative
• How is it going, bro? What’s up? • Đi đâu đấy? Cơm chưa?
(Le, 2016)
Greetings in English and Vietnamese
Differences – Pragmatics
English Vietnamese
Definition
English Vietnamese
English Vietnamese
Linguistic
Linguistic elements
elements which
which require
require contextual
contextual
information
information e.g
e.g here,
here, now,
now, I,I, you,
you, then
then and
and that.
that. expressed
expressed atat 33 levels
levels of
of context:
context:
The
The discourse
discourse analyst
analyst is
is investigating
investigating the
the use
use of
of the
the
ngữ
ngữ cảnh
cảnh văn
văn hoá
hoá (Context
(Context of
of Culture)
Culture)
language
language in
in context
context by
by aa speaker/
speaker/ writer.
writer.
ngữ
ngữ cảnh
cảnh tình tình huống
huống (Context
(Context of of
Situation)
Situation)
The
The relationship
relationship between
between thethe speaker
speaker and
and the
the
ngữ
ngữ cảnh
cảnh văn
văn bảnbản (Textual
(Textual Context)
Context)
utterance,
utterance, onon the
the particular
particular occasion
occasion of
of use
use
Interpreting
Interpreting reference,
reference, presupposition,
presupposition, implicature
implicature
(Lài, 2009)
and
and inference
inference
(Widdowson, 2014)
2.1. Features of Context in English
1.
1. The
The relevant
relevant features
features of
of
participants:
participants: persons,
persons, personalities.
personalities.
-- The
The verbal
verbal action
action of
of the
the participants.
participants.
-- The
The non-verbal
non-verbal action
action of
of the
the participants
participants
Features
Features of
of
2.
2. The
The relevant
relevant objects
objects
Context
Context
3.
3. The
The effect
effect of
of the
the verbal
verbal action
action
(Firth 1957)
2.1. Features of Context in English
Context 1
Context 2
This “Adam” is being
-speaker: a student
compared the set of other
-hearers: a set of students, students unfavourably.
-place: sitting round a coffee table in the
refectory.
-time: evening in March 1980. “quick” must be interpreted as
John, one of the group, has just told a joke. meaning something like
“quick” to understand I react
Everyone laughs except Adam. Then Adam
“I see the joke'.
laughs. One of the students says:
“I do think Adam's quick.”
intending to tell an untruth,
but to be implicating the
opposite of what is said.
Context: ‘someone speaking to someone somewhere’
a. Bối
cảnh
giao tiếp
father trong father
việc xác
định và
hiểu
nghĩa
của từ
hearer speaker xưng hô
speaker hearer
Example 1.
“Con cho bố về quê nhé!”
mother
(aunt..) mother
(aunt..)
Vietnamese English
• Cậu cho tớ mượn cái bút Let me use your pen please!
nào!
Similarity:
In any context, these two sentences share the similarity: there are 2 participants involved in
this communication:
You – I: in English
Cậu – tớ: in Vietnamese)
3.1. Bối cảnh giao tiếp trong việc xác định và hiểu nghĩa của từ xưng hô
tiếng Việt và Tiếng Anh
Vietnamese English
There are lots of words are expressed in In any context, just two words are
this situation: used:
Cậu – tớ Your – from you: the second
Bạn – tôi
Bạn – mình
pronoun
Mày – tao Me – I: the first pronoun
Anh – em
Chị - em
Em – anh
Em – chị , etc.
3.2. Bối cảnh giao tiếp trong việc xác định và hiểu nghĩa ‘‘tráo ngôi’’của
từ xưng hô tiếng Việt và Tiếng Anh
Vietnamese English
Cậu cho người ta mượn bút của cậu You let someone use your pen!
đi! someone: the third personal
Người ta - someone: the third personal
pronoun
pronoun
Người ta – the first personal pronoun.
6. Widdowson, H. G. (2013). Text, context, pretext: Critical issues in discourse analysis. Milton Keynes UK:
Lightning Source UK Ltd
08
Texture,
Cohesion & Coherence
in English and Vietnamese
Presented by: Hoàng Ngọc Minh Châu
8.1.
Defining Cohesion,
Coherence & Text
Cohesion & Liên kết
English Vietnamese
The
The government
government Anaphoric Cataphoric
are
are to
to blame
blame for
for John
John came
came home
home late.
late. He
He came
came home
home late.
late.
unemployment.
unemployment. He
He was
was tired.
tired. John
John was
was tired.
tired.
Sustitution
substitute linguistic one item for another
Ellipsis
omit linguistic items
Conjunction
use linking words/phrases
English
English has
has conjunction
conjunction as
as aa cohesive
cohesive
device.
device. Likewise,
Likewise, Vietnamese
Vietnamese also
also has
has
conjunction
conjunction expressions.
expressions.
The
The movie
movie got
got good
good reviews.
reviews.
However,
However, itit was
was very
very long.
long.
Repetition
repeat a word/phrase
II went
went to
to Japan
Japan 22 years
years ago.
ago.
Japan
Japan has
has many
many beautiful
beautiful sights.
sights.
Synonymy
use synonyms/near synonyms/antonyms
The
The audience
audience cheered
cheered loudly.
loudly.
The
The singer
singer acknowledge
acknowledge the
the applause.
applause.
He
He was
was sleeping.
sleeping.
AA loud
loud noise
noise woke
woke him
him up.
up.
Hyponymy
use hypernyms/co-hyponyms
The
The family
family went
went to
to the
the fields
fields to
to gather
gather
fruit
fruit and
and grain
grain and
and vegetables.
vegetables. They
They
would
would need
need plenty
plenty of
of food
food for
for winter.
winter.
Alice
Alice like
like roses.
roses. Tom
Tom likes
likes tulips.
tulips.
II like
like sunflowers.
sunflowers.
(Halliday & Matthiessen, 2014)
Cohesion: English
Lexical
Meronymy
use holonyms/co-meronyms
The
The house
house has
has seen
seen better
better days.
days. The
The door
door is
is broken.
broken.
The
The curtains
curtains are
are worn
worn out.
out. The
The floor
floor is
is stained
stained and
and dusty.
dusty.
Collocation
use associated items that usually co-occur
You
You need
need to
to preheat
preheat your
your oven
oven to
to 180°
180° C.
C.
Then
Then bake
bake the
the cake
cake for
for 15
15 minutes.
minutes.
Chủ đề Logic
Các câu/phát ngôn nói đến Các câu/phát ngôn phù hợp
những đối tượng chung hoặc nhau thao những quan hệ
các đối tượng có quan hệ ngữ nghĩa nhất định
mật thiết với nhau
Nối
use linking words/phrases
Ngày
Ngày còn
còn chưa
chưa tắt
tắt hẳn.
hẳn.
Thế
Thế mà
mà trăng
trăng đã
đã lên
lên rồi.
rồi.
Tiếng
Tiếng Anh
Anh có
có phép
phép liên
liên kết
kết nối.
nối.
Tương
Tương tự
tự như
như vậy,
vậy, văn
văn bản
bản tiếng
tiếng Việt
Việt
cũng
cũng dùng
dùng phép
phép nối
nối để
để liên
liên kết.
kết.
Lặp
repeat linguistic items
Thế
substitute one item for another
Đối
Lặp cấu trúc + Thế đồng nghĩa/trái nghĩa (+ Nối)
>> Parallel structures & meanings
Ta Có
Có khi
khi được
được trưng
trưng bày
bày trong
trong tủ
tủ kính,
kính,
Ta dại,
dại, ta
ta tìm
tìm nơi
nơi vắng
vắng vẻ,
vẻ,
Người trong
trong bình
bình pha
pha lê,
lê, rõ
rõ ràng
ràng dễ
dễ thấy.
thấy.
Người khôn,
khôn, người
người đến
đến
chốn Nhưng
Nhưng cũng
cũng có
có khi
khi được
được cất
cất giấu
giấu kín
kín
chốn lao
lao xao.
xao.
đáo
đáo trong
trong rương,
rương, trong
trong hòm.
hòm.
Tỉnh lược
omit elements
Tinh
Tinh thần
thần yêu
yêu nước
nước cũng
cũng như
như các
các thứ
thứ của
của quí.
quí.
Có
Có khi
khi được
được trưng
trưng bày
bày trong
trong tủ
tủ kính,
kính, trong
trong bình
bình pha
pha lê,
lê, rõ
rõ ràng
ràng dễ
dễ thấy.
thấy.
Nhưng
Nhưng cũng
cũng có
có khi
khi được
được cất
cất giấu
giấu kín
kín đáo
đáo trong
trong rương,
rương, trong
trong hòm.
hòm.
Tuyến tính
use logical/
Trời
Trời nắng.
nắng. Anh
Anh đi
đi mệt
mệt bở
bở hơi
hơi tai.
tai. chronological sequence
Nhưng
Nhưng tất
tất cả
cả những
những ánh
ánh nắng
nắng đó
đó bất
bất thần
thần như
như động
động đậy
đậy
lên
lên cả
cả một
một lúc.
lúc. Một
Một loạt
loạt súng
súng nổ
nổ ran
ran ởở phía
phía hang
hang Hòn.
Hòn. Sứ
Sứ
giật mình
mình ngoảnh
ngoảnh lại.
lại. Súng
Súng nổ
nổ mỗi
mỗi lúc
lúc một
một dữ
dữ dội.
dội.
Vietnamese English
Vietnamese English
Vietnamese English
• Lặp:
o Lặp ngữ pháp • Grammatical parallelism
o Lặp ngữ âm • Rhyming
Not commonly considered
as cohesive devices
Analysis: Cohesive devices
Vietnamese English
Newspaper Directories
Magazine Outdoor and transit
Radio Direct mail, catalogues and leaflets
Television Online
Brochure
TITLE
HEADINGS
DESCRIPTIO
NS
Structures
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
TITLE
HEADINGS
DESCRIPTIO
NS
Structures
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
TITLE
HEADINGS
DESCRIPTIO
NS
Lexical Features
1. Trigger verbs
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
• thưởng ngoạn; • experience; • enjoy;
• chiêm ngưỡng; • discover;
• visit;
• sống trọn;
• • offer; • rejuvenate;
trải nghiệm.
• enthral.
call upon tourists to visit, experience the place; Increase a sense of
urgency into action.
grab attention, inform, add a strong emotional appeal to persuade
tourists choose the destination.
Lexical Features
2. Adjectives
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
tuyệt mỹ, kỳ vĩ, modern,
đẹp ngoạn mục, mơ màng, magnificent, beautiful.
Descriptive lãng mạn, êm đềm, sôi động,
Evaluative cao cấp, sang trọng, luxury, sumptuous,
hấp dẫn, đặc sắc, lôi cuốn fascinating, incredible
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
Best
Finest
Lexical Features
4. Personal Pronouns
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
YOUR ROYAL TREATMENT
OUR ROYAL PRIVILEGE
the tone of the imperatives still remained polite and inviting and
never commanding.
Syntactic Features
3. Incomplete clause
VIETNAMESE ENGLISH
• Báu vật nơi địa thế tuyệt mỹ • A journey to savour
• Kỳ quan vượt thời gian hôm nay, • An Incredible journey
điểm đến tuyệt mỹ mai sau. • Memory experience
• A journey to savour
• Sống trọn cùng thiên nhiên. • Experience the finest things in life
• Tôn vinh di sản vượt thời gian. • A TOUCH OF ROYALTY
• Trải nghiệm thiết kế đỉnh cao. EVERYWHERE
• FIT FOR ANY KING
Lexical Features:
• The English brochure uses more trigger verbs to call upon tourists to
visit.
• The Vietnamese brochure takes advantage of adjectives to visualize
customers’ imagination on the destination. Meanwhile, the English one
utilizes some weasel words to create the impression.
• The possessive pronouns are founded in English brochure, which
shows the close relation of readers and writers.
CONCLUSIONS
Syntactic Feature
• Most of sentences in the Vietnamese brochure are declarative
sentences, while a majority of imperative clauses are founded in
the English.
• Both use a wide range of incomplete sentences for
Headings/Slogans.
Stylistic Use
• The stylistic devices are use varied in each brochure, depending
on purposes of the writer. Based on the analysis, the variety of
stylistic use in Vietnamese brochure is much wider than one’s in
the English one.
References
1. Crystal, D. (2011). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics (The Language
English Vietnamese