Ms Hira Ijaz (Mphil Pharmacognosy)

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 1
Liver
 It's the second largest and most important organs in your
body
 Due to its complexity hepatic diseases are widespread
effects virtually all other organ systems.
 The liver is a gland and plays a major role in
metabolism with numerous functions in the human
body, including regulation of glycogen storage,
decomposition of red blood cells, plasma protein
synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification.
It is accessory digestive gland and produces bile,
an alkaline compound which aids in digestion via
the emulsification of lipids.

What is hepatitis?
 Hepatitis means injury to the liver with
inflammation of the hepatocytes, caused
by a virus or toxin and is characterized by
jaundice, liver enlargement and fever.
There are five main types of hepatitis.

Types of Hepatitis
There are five types of hepatitis
A
B
C
D
E
Hepatitis that cannot be attributed to one of

the viral forms of the disease is called
hepatitis X
Hepatitis A
 Cause:
Hepatitis A is caused by the
hepatitis A virus. (HAV)
 Spreading:
The virus is primarily
spread when an uninfected
(and unvaccinated) person
ingests food or water that is
contaminated with the faeces of
an infected person.

Transmission
 The hepatitis A virus is transmitted

primarily by the faecal-oral route
 When an uninfected person ingests food or
water that has been contaminated with the
faeces of an infected person.

Symptoms
Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to

severe, and can include
Fever
Loss of appetite,
Diarrhea,
Nausea,
Abdominal discomfort,
Dark-colored urine and jaundice
(a yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes).
Diagnosis
 Cases of hepatitis A are not clinically

distinguishable from other types of
acute viral hepatitis.
 Specific diagnosis is made by the
detection of HAV-specific IgM and IgG
antibodies in the blood.

Hepatitis B
 Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening

liver infection caused by the hepatitis B
virus.
 It is a major global health problem.
 It can cause chronic infection and puts
people at high risk of death from cirrhosis
and liver cancer
Transmission
 Horizontal transmission (exposure to infected

blood)
 Hepatitis B is also spread by per-cutaneous or
mucosal exposure to infected blood
 Through various body fluids,through saliva,
menstrual,vaginal and seminal fluids.

Symptoms
 Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice),

 Dark urine
 Extreme fatigue
 Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain
 Chronic liver infection
 Cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer
Diagnosis
 Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B

infection focuses on the detection of the
hepatitis B surface antigen HBsAg.

Hepatitis C
 Cause: single strand RNA virus (HCV)

 Route of transmisson: Through blood and
sharing needles with the infected person.
 Spreading: Receive blood from donor
having disease. Long term kidney dialysis.

Diagnosis:
PCR assay for HCV
ELISA.
Symptoms:
 Jaundice
 Stomach pain
 Nausea
 Fatigue

Hepatitis D
 Cause: Circular defective single strand

RNA virus (HDV), also called DELTA
hepatitis virus.
 Route of Spreading: Parental
 Transmisson: Blood transfusion, vaginal

fluid, semen.

Symptoms:
 Yellowing of skin
 Dark urine
 Fatigue
Diagnosis: Detection of Ig-M and Ig-G antibodies.

Hepatitis E
 Cause: Single strand RNA virus (HEV).
 Route of transmisson: Fecal-oral route.
 Spreading: By drinking contaminated

water with fecal matter.

 NOTE: SELF LIMITING infection resolve in 5-6
weeks.
 Symptoms: As it is self resolving so no such
symptoms appears untill it is CHRONIC.
Diagnosis: PCR assay for HEV .

Prevention
 Improved sanitation, food safety.

 Proper disposal of sewage within
communities.
 Personal hygiene
 hand-washing with safe water.
 Screening of blood prior to transfusion,
abstaining from the use of injection drugs,
safe needle .

Natural Medicines
&
Hepatitis

Natural Medicines & Hepatitis
 1. Berberis vulgaris
 2. Picrorhiza kurroa
 3. Lawsania inermis

1. Berberis vulgaris:
Common barberry
European barberry
Jaundice berry
Family
Berberidaceae
Part Used
Whole plant

Constituents
The chief constituents are berberine, bitter alkolaiod,
other alkaloids are
Berbamine, Hydroxycanthine , and Resins and tannins etc
Medicinal Action and Uses---

 Tonic,
 Purgative
 Anti viral
 Anti Bacterial.
 It is used in all cases of jaundice (Hepatoprotective)
 Anti -pyretric
 Cough suppressant

Mechanism :
Ethanolic extract of berberine inhibits HCV replication
Adverse Effects
Hypersensitivity reactions ( burning, itching, redness)
Contraindications
It should not be used in pregnancy as berberine stimulates uterine
Contractions.

2. Picrorhiza kurroa
Common name
Kutki or Katuki
Family
Scrophulariaceae
Parts used
Roots and rhizomes.
Constituents :
Main chemical constituents are glycosides
picroside I, II and III, picrorhizin and kutkoside

Uses
1. It is antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in
action.
2. It is useful in curing fever and stomach
disorders.
3. It shows hepatoprotective properties and
protects liver against toxins.
4. It shows antioxidant activity.
5. It is used to lowers the high cholesterol level.

 Mechanism Of Action
The hepatoprotective action of Picrorhiza kurroa

is not fully understood but may be attributed to
Picrorhiza’s ability to inhibit the generation of
oxygen anions and to scavenge free radicals.

Adverse Effects
Prolong use can cause vomiting, rash, anorexia, diarrhea,
and itching. It might cause the immune system become
more active that could increase the symptoms of
autoimmune diseases.
Contraindications:
if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.

Stay on the safe side and avoid use.

3. Lawsonia inermis
Hina, Henna,Mehndi
Family:
Lythraceae
Part Used:
Whole plant
Constituents:
Lawsone(2-Hydroxy-1, 4-napthoquinone) is the
principle natural dye contained at 1.0-1 .4 % in the leaves
of Henna.

Constituents:
 Lawsone(2-Hydroxy-1, 4- napthoquinone) is
the principle natural dye in the leaves of
Henna.
 Flavonoids
 Coumarins
 Sterols
 Tannins
 Glucose, mannitol, fat, resin and mucilage.

 Uses:
1. Lawsonia inermis is useful against heat stroke and used

against a headache.
2. Henna bark and root are used for the treatment of liver
enlargement and jaundice.
3. It acts against hair loss and strengthens hair.
Hence, henna is used as a naural agent for baldness.
4. People suffering from fever or high-temperature use as a
home remedy for the treatment..
5. It is used for treatment of arthritis. Massage of Lawsonia
inermis oil for a month can give relief.

Mechanism Of Action:
Hepatoprotective effect is due to the
presence of polyphenols and gallic acid
which are potent free radical scavenging
agents and antioxidants.

Adverse Effect:
Inflammation of the skin (dermatitis).
Rarely, allergic reactions can occur such
as hives, runny nose, wheezing, and
asthma.

Contraindications:
 It’s UNSAFE to take henna by mouth if you
are pregnant can lead to miscarriage.
 It’s alsoUNSAFE to take henna if you are
breast-feeding.

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Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 1

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 2

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 3

Hepatitis that cannot be attributed to one of

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 5

 The hepatitis A virus is transmitted

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 6

Symptoms of hepatitis A range from mild to

 Cases of hepatitis A are not clinically

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 8

 Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening

 Horizontal transmission (exposure to infected

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 10

 Yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice),

 Laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis B

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 12

 Cause: single strand RNA virus (HCV)

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 13

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 14

 Cause: Circular defective single strand

 Route of Spreading: Parental

 Transmisson: Blood transfusion, vaginal

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 15

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 16

 Cause: Single strand RNA virus (HEV).

 Route of transmisson: Fecal-oral route.

 Spreading: By drinking contaminated

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 17

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 18

 Improved sanitation, food safety.

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Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 20

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 21

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 22

Medicinal Action and Uses---

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The hepatoprotective action of Picrorhiza kurroa

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 27

if you are pregnant or breast-feeding.

Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 28

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Ms Hira Ijaz ( Mphil Pharmacognosy) 30

1. Lawsonia inermis is useful against heat stroke and used

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