Bio 2

Introduction to Reproduction
1. Asexual reproduction - Mode of

reproduction that does not involve
the use of gametes or sex cells
2. Sexual reproduction - Mode of
reproduction that involves the use of
gametes or sex cells
Types of Asexual Reproduction
Fission
Type of asexual
reproduction involving
the division of body
into two or more equal
parts
Budding
Type of asexual reproduction
where a new individual arises
as an outgrowth (bud) from
its parent, develops organs
like those of the parent, and
then detaches itself.
Budding
Type of asexual reproduction
where a new individual arises
as an outgrowth (bud) from
its parent, develops organs
like those of the parent, and
then detaches itself.
Fragmentation
Type of asexual reproduction where the body
breaks into two or more parts, with
each fragment capable of becoming a complete
individual;
Filamentous alga, Star fish

Sporulation
Type of asexual
reproduction where a
new individual forms
from an aggregation of
cells surrounded by a
resistant capsule or
spore, which later on
germinates
Fungus
Types of union of gametes
1. Isogamy - Fusion of similar gametes
which are usually motile
2. Heterogamy - Fusion of dissimilar

gametes. In oogamy, a large immotile
gamete, the egg is fertilized by a small
motile gamete, the sperm.
Sexual Reproduction
1. Bisexual reproduction
- Type of sexual
reproduction involving the
union of gametes from
two genetically different
parents. Examples are in
humans, and papaya
among others.
Sexual Reproduction
2. Hermaphrodite-An individual with both male
and female reproductive tissues. In animals “self
fertilization” is not common. In worms, a
hermaphrodite needs a male to donate sperms in
order to fertilize the oocytes in its body.
Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction
Animal Development
Development- involves formation of sex cells,
zygote formation, subsequent stages in one’s life
span. Development is terminated by death.
Stages of Animal Development
A. Gametogenesis- Stage of development that
yields haploid gametes
B. Fertilization- Stage of
development that results
in a unicellular diploid
zygote
C. Cleavage-Stage of
development involving a
series of mitotic divisions
to produce a multicellular
blastula from a unicellular
zygote
Blastocyst- A human
blastula composed of the
inner cell mass, which
becomes the embryo, and
the trophoectoderm, which
becomes the placenta
Totipotent cell - A cell that is
capable of differentiating to
become any kind of cell
Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins.
Monozygotic twins- Also
known as identical twins;
result from the union of a
sperm and egg to form a
single zygote that splits up
during the first cleavage
stage.
Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins.
Dizygotic twins - Also known
as fraternal twins; results
from the development of
two or more separate
fertilization events where
the resulting zygotes
develop almost
simultaneously
E. Organogenesis-
Stage of
development
where the
different germ
layers
differentiate into
specific organ
systems
F. Growth-
Stage of development characterized by
an increase in size of an individual
Male and Female Reproductive Organ
Male and Female Reproductive Organ
Human Development
I. Fertilization -
Occurs in the
fallopian tube;
results in a
unicellular zygote
II. Cleavage- Also
takes place in the
fallopian tube after
fertilization
Human Development
III. Morula- A human

blastula made up of a solid
ball of cells
Blastocyst- A human
blastula composed of the
inner cell mass, which
becomes the embryo,
andthe trophoectoderm,
which becomes the
placenta
Human Development
IV. Implantation-
Attachment of
blastocyst to
endometrium of
uterus; start of
pregnancy
Human Development
V. Gestation- Carrying
of the embryo inside
the female
reproductive tract,
specifically the uterus;
can last up to 9
months in humans
Human Development
V. Gestation-
Differentiate
embryonic
development from
fetal development
in terms of period
covered during
gestation
general life cycle of plants:
The mature, multicellular organism is a diploid sporophyte.

Later, some
cells undergo
meiosis to
produce
haploid
gametes which
are then
released.
Gametes fuse and form the zygote which develops by mitosis to

become the multicellular diploid sporophyte.
HAPLONTIC LIFE CYCLE
where the dominant stage is a multicellular haploid organism

(gametophyte) and the only diploid stage is the zygote which
undergoes meiosis
Haplodiplontic life cycle
where both the diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte)

stages are multicellular. the moss plant proper is a gametophyte.
Diplontic life cycle
Type of life cycle found

in flowering plants (and
in most animals). The
organism is in the
diploid stage ( all cells
are diploid in
chromosome number)
except for mature,
haploid sex
cells which are called
gametes.
The flower
I. The four major whorls

A. Sepals
B. Petals
C. Stamen with Anther and
Filament
D. Carpels- with Stigma, Style,
Ovary and Ovule
II. Types of flowers based on the
presence of the whorls
A. Complete
B. Incomplete
The flower
III. Types of flowers based on

the presence of reproductive
whorls
A. Perfect / Bisexual
B. Imperfect / Unisexual
i. Staminate flower
ii. Carpellate flower
Development in flowering plants
1 Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis

Male gametophyte the

microsporangium in the
anther contains
numerous
microsporocytes.
Each microsporocyte
will undergo meiosis to
produce four haploid
microspores
Each
microspore
develops into a
pollen grain
(containing
two sperm
nuclei and one
tube nucleus)
Female gametophyte
The megasporangium
in the ovule contains
megasporocytes.
One megasporocyte
will undergo meiosis
to produce four
haploid megaspores
Three megaspores
degenerate remaining
megaspore divides
mitotically three
times,
An embryo sac with
eight haploid nuclei
membranes partition
to make the embryo
sac multicellular
II. Pollination
A. Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
B. May be animal-aided or wind-aided
III. Double fertilization

A. Inside a pollen grain
there is a tube cell and
generative cell generative
cell divides to produce two
sperm cells while the tube
cell becomes pollen tube
pollen tube elongates along
the style and penetrates
the ovule in the ovary via
the micropyle (an opening)
III. Double fertilization

Pollen tube discharges the
sperm cells into the
embryo sac inside the
ovule one sperm unites
with the egg to form the
zygote while the other
sperm fuses with the
polar nuclei to become
the endosperm, which
serves as food of the early
embryo
IV. Embryo
development
(embryogenesis)
Zygote divides
mitotically to produce
the proembryo and
suspensor, which
anchors the
proembryo and
transfers nutrients
from the parent plant
to it
IV. Embryo
development
(embryogenesis)
Cotyledons appear on
the proembryo
(monocots have only
one cotyledon
whereas dicots have
two) proembryo
elongates into an
embryo.
V. Maturation of ovary
and ovule
A. Ovary matures into
fruit while the ovule
becomes the seed.
The seed may become
dormant for some
time.
VI. Seed germination

A. Transformation of seed to seedling
B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients

stored in the endosperm or cotyledons are digested and
transferred to the growing regions of the embryo to
primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem,
procambium) develop to radicle emerges to
plumule breaks through the soil surface.
i. Epigeal germination occurs when the cotyledon emerges

above ground, thereby exposing the hypocotyl of the
plumule.
ii. Hypogeal germination occurs when the cotyledon
remains below ground, thereby
concealing the hypocotyl.
VII. Seedling growth to mature plant

A. Primary meristems differentiate to become the
different plant tissues
VII. Seedling growth to mature plant

A. Primary meristems differentiate to become the
different plant tissues

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Introduction to Reproduction

1. Asexual reproduction - Mode of

Filamentous alga, Star fish

2. Heterogamy - Fusion of dissimilar

III. Morula- A human

The mature, multicellular organism is a diploid sporophyte.

Gametes fuse and form the zygote which develops by mitosis to

where the dominant stage is a multicellular haploid organism

where both the diploid (sporophyte) and haploid (gametophyte)

Type of life cycle found

I. The four major whorls

III. Types of flowers based on

1 Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis

Male gametophyte the

III. Double fertilization

III. Double fertilization

VI. Seed germination

B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients

i. Epigeal germination occurs when the cotyledon emerges

VII. Seedling growth to mature plant

VII. Seedling growth to mature plant

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