Cost Effective
Cost Effective
Cost Effective
C o s t- E f f e c t i v e
T h r o u g h SAPATIAL
NORMS
Submitted to Submitted by
Ar. Brijesh Yadav Apoorva jain
16025006010
b.Arch
9th sem A
Cost
effective
A building design is said to be to be cost-effective if it--
has a lower whole life cost, including
Low initial design and construction cost
Low operational and maintenance cost
Low parts replacement cost
High disposal cost or salvage value and
High useful life of system or building
without compromising with the quality of life
Using minimum resources
Consumes minimum energy
consume minimum water
Generates its own energy
generating minimum waste.
providing high indoor quality
Making users healthy and productive
Building Design -- most powerful tool to achieve cost- effectiveness
–
Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach
to building design which include;
Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone
Optimizing the local climate
Optimizing the Orientation-
Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free
solar energy for heating /lighting- Generating electricity
Optimizing Wind direction-air flow
Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making
best use of
site climate/ site potential/ climate, orientation, landscaping
Optimizing space planning in building-
Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings,
projections,
shading devices -- with minimum energy implication
Designing buildings which facilitates the use of cost-effective
Good Architectural design based on following principles
—
Buildings to be the product of site- driven by its shape,
size, dimensions, physical features, surroundings,
accessibility, location, neighborhood, views ,
architects vision etc
Doing a detailed analysis of the site through a SWOT
Making best use of the strength of the site
Overcoming through design all the prevailing
weaknesses
Respecting site and the existing physical features
Avoiding tempering with the site through minimizing
disturbance
Avoiding cutting the existing trees, flora and fauna- making
them integral part of designing of building
Minimising cutting and filling of the site
Making best use of materials available on the site
In case of rebuilding- using maximum demolished material in
the new building
Good Architectural design based on following principles—
Define clearly the goals/agenda of building right in the beginning.
Building performance must be monitored even after the building
is made operational.
Design a compact building with minimum footprints
Workout the building details right in the beginning
Involve all the professionals right in the beginning for designing
and detailing
Avoid changes during construction
Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to
avoid their over/under-designing
Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls
Building must achieve high space efficiency-- carpet area x100/gross
area--- with minimum area under walls, circulation and amenities
Evolving design having-- low wall area/floor area ratio
Evolving design on optimum structural grid
Planning room sizes based on the available product sizes of
flooring to avoid wastage -
Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces.
Stick to right angles and simple room shapes to minimize
complexity of construction.
Where design is form based- avoid negative spaces or spaces
having acute angles
Build multi- storied construction-foundation and roofing costs per
square foot are high.
Don't increase slab heights
Design Lean- Decrease self -load of building
Don't design for additional floors if not required
Use same flooring in all rooms/ toilets, to reduce wastage.
Plan Electrical/Plumbing- services carefully- .
Don't compromise on quality reduce requirements to fit
your budget
Look at the life-cycle cost rather than initial cost to achieve real
cost effectiveness- Initial cost only 10%, operational cost-
90%
Promote Sharing--Adopt a system of building common walls between
adjoining houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure
For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat floor plans one above
other – with no change in structural componenets
Keep/club your spaces that need plumbing --close together or
above each other to minimize cost
Design all public health services near to supply / drainage
network to reduce length of pipes and cost
Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy-
makes
building cost- effective over entire life cycle
Provide standard sized doors with limited variations- minimise sizes
of doors provided
Minimise number of doors
All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed
based on standard size products available in market- to minimise
wastage etc-- Build to match standard material dimensions.
Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible- doors/
windows cupboards etc
Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building
Make your rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation—
-- example - do you really need a living room --same space can serve
many uses. A guest room can be an expensive luxury
Design spaces based on living and non-living areas- with living areas
placed in the best possible orientataion
Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead space--
only
used for moving between adjacent spaces
-Avoid single loaded corridors- to optimize space
Where unavoidable- provide optimum width of the corridors
Think long term-- as cost of ownership spans may be many years.
Some extra insulation and passive heating / cooling may be beneficial
over the length of your home ownership. .
Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost and in
energy loss---select standard window sizing.
Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per square foot in
home.
Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures for
shower,
toilet and sink-- have 3 people using one bathroom at same time.
Keep indoor quality of spaces high
Make optimum use of courtyards in narrow sites and in the hot climate
Make courtyard spaces multi-functional
Building envelop needs to be designed with care
Avoid unnecessary projections and balconies- make buildings
expensive and consume large amount of space.
Openings- windows and doors need to be placed carefully-
looking objectively the requirement of sunlight, air and
ventilation.
Sizes and placement of the windows need careful study- they
are
expensive
Shading devices have to be carefully worked out and can be
largely avoided based on careful study of the orientation and the
site.
Make best use of the vegetation and trees to shade and make
buildings cool
Avoid multi-layering of projections to protect openings
Make best use of arches instead of Concrete lintels to reduce cost
Use of Jallis to cover large/small openings can help in achieving dual
purpose of providing light and ventilation besides avoiding large
Minimizing area under walls to make buildings
lightweight and to increase carpet area.-- using pre-cast
concrete blocks, reducing width
of walls-7 1/2 “ instead of 9”
walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks
Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to
reduce quantity of material used
Evolving design on optimum structural grid
Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement
concrete blocks to reduce the width of walls, weight of
wall, number/ size of joints, use of cement etc
Use local & contemporary materials
Use materials in the natural form- avoid using
additional layers on natural material
Use materials having minimum maintenance cost
Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak
wood, same goes for doors, use flush doors instead
Minimise provision of dead/storage spaces in the usable
areas- make use of negative spaces- making multiple
use of space under the stairs etc
Adopting Solar Passive Building Design makes
building cost- effective over entire life-span
Limiting the scope of building--Build What You Need
Easily available
Saves time and money
Non hazardous material
Renewable resources
Easy to manufacture
Cost efficiency
FUNICULAR
SHELL
It can be prepared from moulds of standard size.
They are used as roofs for simple primitive and non load
barring structures. Funicular shell roofs are available
from 1 m square
ADVANTAGES
Cost effective
Weightless and easy to manufacture
Strength is establishes
FUNICULAR
SHELL
Low cost
Saves time
Less in weight
Temporary low structures can made
easily
Not suitable for load bearing walls
CONCLUSION
The increasing concern for the provision of shelters in
both urban and rural areas is identified as one of the agenda
in the millennium development goals. It can be better
achieved by adopting cost effective construction materials and
techniques.
COST EFFECTIVE –IX
BUILDING m a t e r i a l s AND
TECHNIQUES
Submitted to Submitted by
Ar. Brijesh Yadav Apoorva jain
16025006010
b.Arch
9th sem A
Cost
effective
FLY ASH BRICKS:
• CONTAINS CLASS C FLY ASH AND WATER.
•COMPRESSED AT 4000 PSI
•CURED FOR 24HRS IN A 150 DEGREE F STEAM BATH THEN TOUGHENED
WITH AN AIR ENTERTAINMENT AGENT.
•THE BRICKS LASTS FOR MORE THAN 100 FREEZE THAW CYCLES.
•REDUCES MERCURY POLLUTION OF CALCIUM OXIDE IN CLASS C FLY
ASH.
IT IS A SELF
•COSTS 20%CEMENTING BRICK
LESS THAN TRADITIONAL CLAY B RICK.
•ADVANTAGES:
•HIGH IN STRENGTH
•NO BREAKAGE DURING TRANSPORT
•LOW CONSUMPTION OF MORTAR
•LOW WATER PENETRATION
•GYSUM PLASTER CAN BE DIRECTLY APPLIED WITHOUT BACKING IT WITH
LIME PLASTER.
•DO NOT REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER FOR 24HRS.
•SPRINKLING OF WATER BEFORE USE IS ENOUGH
•DISADVANTAGES:
•MECHANICAL BOND STRENGTH IS WEAK
•LIMITATION OF SIZE ONLY MODULAR SIZE CAN BE PRODUCED.LARGE SIZE
WILL HAVE MORE BREAKAGES.
COST:Rs 1.5- Rs 3
CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT:
Walls
Regular table moulded bricks used in rat trap masonry require less mortar
joint and bricks; hence lower costs. Cement concrete blocks are cost-
effective compared to conventional brickwork.
Roofs
Composite roofs made out of filler slabs can cut concrete and steel costs.
Terracotta blocks that are designed for roofs can be adopted. Precast
beams and roof slab elements in RCC are widely used under suitable
conditions. Also, there are materials like ferrocement and fibre reinforced
concretes that can be explored. These units can be thin and can take
different forms. one can arrive at cost-effective roofing
WOOD
If one can recycle old wood for doors and windows, it saves a lot of money.
Choosing aluminium and steel options are much cheaper than wood. Door
frames made of concrete are available which are durable and involve less
maintenance. In some situations, less expensive wood used for packing
can be reused for panelling, railing or flooring.
Hardwood that is enamel painted is less expensive compared to polished
wood.
Locally available natural stones that are pre-polished are a good option.
Other economical options are cement-based tiles, ceramic tiles and clay
tiles. In-situ mosaics and cement floorings are also possible. Thin granite tiles
made out of wasted granite works out really economical both in material.
and labour costs.
MORE MATERIALS FOR WALLS:
COB:
CONSISTS OF CLAY,SAND ,STRAW AND WATER
POSITIVE POINTS:
• FIREPROOF
• RESISTANT TO SEISMIC ACTIVITY
• PROVIDES EXCELLENT THERMAL MASS
• INEXPENSIVE
• NEGATIVE POINTS :
• 24INCH THICK WALL
• LARGE OVERHANGING ROOF
COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK(CEB):
CONSISTS OF DIRT AND NONEXPENSIVE CLAY
CEB BLOCKS ARE INSTALED ONTO THE WALL BY HAND AND A SLURRY
MADE OF A SLURRY MADE OF A SOUPY VERSION OF SAME
DIRT/CLAY MIX WITHOUT AGGREGATE IS SPREAD OR BRUSHED VERY
THINLY. POSITIVE POINT:
• LOW MOISTURE CONTENT
• DRYING TIME IS MUCH SHORTER
• SOUND RESISTANT
• FIRE RESISTANT
• INSECT RESISTANT
VINYL REPLACEMENT WINDOWS:
Vinyl windows represent the largest portion of market share in the replacement window
industry. There is a variety of reasons for this all of them contributing to make vinyl the
preferred material for windows. Vinyl is a material that can be extruded which is an
important attribute. A well built window frame will have a great deal of hollow areas to it.
The reason for this is there needs to be adequate width to the frame in order to bridge
the thickness of the exterior wall, for the sides top and bottom. If the window were made
in a solid fashion it would be overly expensive, be incredibly heavy, and believe it or not
would not present with insulating properties as good as air.
In the manufacturing process the frame of a vinyl window is created by extruding raw
vinyl into complex shapes and chambers to provide the necessary size and strength.
Thus from a manufacturing process stand point vinyl works extremely well.
Another aspect to vinyl is its ability to resist heat transfer. What this means is if it's cold
outside the vinyl does a good job of resisting the heat inside your home from being
transferred to the out side. Conversely, if you are in a hot area, and are expending
money keeping your home cool, vinyl will perform well by keeping that heat out, and the
cool in.
The only downside to vinyl is that there is a limitation on color selection. There are
windows produced in different colors, but not all manufacturers bother with that, primarily
because of concerns regarding fading.
Vinyl Windows - Pricing and Installation Cost Notes
• Vinyl Window installation cost estimates typically require an onsite inspection -
in
most cases estimates are free, but will be accompanied by a strong sales pitch.
•Cost ranges account for variations in contractor skill, job location and seasonal
contractor wage rates.
•Expect to pay an additional 5% - 14% in material and installation costs for
complex installation configurations and patterns.
• The homewyse installation cost estimate does not include costs for framing
the
rough opening, interior trim molding, decorative fittings.
•The homewyse cost estimates includes all typical costs for delivery, simple frame
modification and fitment, exterior flashing and trim, weatherstriping and accurate
fitting to opening.
• Higher priced Vinyl Windows may include features such as higher grade
material of construction, more durable finishes, superior joinery, smoother
operation and more energy efficient glass systems.
•Vinyl Window installation costs will approach the high end of the range in or
near major metropolitan areas.
• Save money on the total project by having multiple vendors bid on the same,
complete description of Vinyl Window work for your project.
•Save money on installation costs by being flexible on project scheduling -
schedule your project during slow periods for the installer.
• Save money on material by shopping online or by choosing
discountinued, odd
lot, remnant or incorrectly ordered items from your retailer.