M a ki n g B u i l d i n g s

C o s t- E f f e c t i v e
T h r o u g h SAPATIAL
NORMS
Submitted to Submitted by
Ar. Brijesh Yadav Apoorva jain
16025006010
b.Arch
9th sem A
Cost
effective
 A building design is said to be to be cost-effective if it--
 has a lower whole life cost, including
 Low initial design and construction cost
 Low operational and maintenance cost
 Low parts replacement cost
 High disposal cost or salvage value and
 High useful life of system or building
 without compromising with the quality of life
 Using minimum resources
 Consumes minimum energy
 consume minimum water
 Generates its own energy
 generating minimum waste.
 providing high indoor quality
 Making users healthy and productive
 Building Design -- most powerful tool to achieve cost- effectiveness
–
 Buildings need to be designed by adopting integrated approach
to building design which include;
 Optimizing the macro climate- climatic zone
 Optimizing the local climate
 Optimizing the Orientation-
 Optimizing the Solar movement-- to maximizes use of free
solar energy for heating /lighting- Generating electricity
 Optimizing Wind direction-air flow
 Optimizing site planning--- planning with nature, making
best use of
site climate/ site potential/ climate, orientation, landscaping
 Optimizing space planning in building-
 Optimizing Design of Building envelop- Height, openings,
projections,
shading devices -- with minimum energy implication
 Designing buildings which facilitates the use of cost-effective
 Good Architectural design based on following principles
—
 Buildings to be the product of site- driven by its shape,
size, dimensions, physical features, surroundings,
accessibility, location, neighborhood, views ,
architects vision etc
 Doing a detailed analysis of the site through a SWOT
 Making best use of the strength of the site
 Overcoming through design all the prevailing
weaknesses
 Respecting site and the existing physical features
 Avoiding tempering with the site through minimizing
disturbance
 Avoiding cutting the existing trees, flora and fauna- making
them integral part of designing of building
 Minimising cutting and filling of the site
 Making best use of materials available on the site
 In case of rebuilding- using maximum demolished material in
the new building

 Good Architectural design based on following principles—
 Define clearly the goals/agenda of building right in the beginning.
 Building performance must be monitored even after the building
is made operational.
 Design a compact building with minimum footprints
 Workout the building details right in the beginning
 Involve all the professionals right in the beginning for designing
and detailing
 Avoid changes during construction
 Design buildings based on specified norms and standards to
avoid their over/under-designing
 Adopt a shape which leads to minimum length and area of walls
 Building must achieve high space efficiency-- carpet area x100/gross
area--- with minimum area under walls, circulation and amenities
 Evolving design having-- low wall area/floor area ratio
 Evolving design on optimum structural grid
 Planning room sizes based on the available product sizes of
flooring to avoid wastage -
 Design with least amount of wastage & negative spaces.
 Stick to right angles and simple room shapes to minimize
complexity of construction.
 Where design is form based- avoid negative spaces or spaces
having acute angles
 Build multi- storied construction-foundation and roofing costs per
square foot are high.
 Don't increase slab heights
 Design Lean- Decrease self -load of building
 Don't design for additional floors if not required
 Use same flooring in all rooms/ toilets, to reduce wastage.
 Plan Electrical/Plumbing- services carefully- .
 Don't compromise on quality reduce requirements to fit
your budget
 Look at the life-cycle cost rather than initial cost to achieve real
cost effectiveness- Initial cost only 10%, operational cost-
90%
 Promote Sharing--Adopt a system of building common walls between
adjoining houses to economise on space, materials, time / structure
 For multi-storeyed buildings--- repeat floor plans one above
other – with no change in structural componenets
 Keep/club your spaces that need plumbing --close together or
above each other to minimize cost
 Design all public health services near to supply / drainage
network to reduce length of pipes and cost
 Design Green Buildings – saves lot of water and electric energy-
makes
building cost- effective over entire life cycle
 Provide standard sized doors with limited variations- minimise sizes
of doors provided
 Minimise number of doors
 All finishing/fittings- floor, windows, glass, paneling etc designed
based on standard size products available in market- to minimise
wastage etc-- Build to match standard material dimensions.
 Using pre-caste /pre-fabricated products to the extent possible- doors/
windows cupboards etc
 Avoid fancy/false/decorative structures in building
 Make your rooms versatile to optimise space utilisation—
 -- example - do you really need a living room --same space can serve
many uses. A guest room can be an expensive luxury
 Design spaces based on living and non-living areas- with living areas
placed in the best possible orientataion
 Avoid corridors to extent possible- Corridors can be dead space--
only
used for moving between adjacent spaces
 -Avoid single loaded corridors- to optimize space
 Where unavoidable- provide optimum width of the corridors
 Think long term-- as cost of ownership spans may be many years.
Some extra insulation and passive heating / cooling may be beneficial
over the length of your home ownership. .
 Select your window placement well-- they are costly - in first cost and in
energy loss---select standard window sizing.
 Keep bathrooms to a minimum, --- most expensive room per square foot in
home.
 Try to design multi use bathrooms--- with private enclosures for
shower,
toilet and sink-- have 3 people using one bathroom at same time.
 Keep indoor quality of spaces high
 Make optimum use of courtyards in narrow sites and in the hot climate
 Make courtyard spaces multi-functional
 Building envelop needs to be designed with care
 Avoid unnecessary projections and balconies- make buildings
expensive and consume large amount of space.
 Openings- windows and doors need to be placed carefully-
looking objectively the requirement of sunlight, air and
ventilation.
 Sizes and placement of the windows need careful study- they
are
expensive
 Shading devices have to be carefully worked out and can be
largely avoided based on careful study of the orientation and the
site.
 Make best use of the vegetation and trees to shade and make
buildings cool
 Avoid multi-layering of projections to protect openings
 Make best use of arches instead of Concrete lintels to reduce cost
 Use of Jallis to cover large/small openings can help in achieving dual
purpose of providing light and ventilation besides avoiding large
 Minimizing area under walls to make buildings
lightweight and to increase carpet area.-- using pre-cast
concrete blocks, reducing width
of walls-7 1/2 “ instead of 9”
walls/ pre-cast concrete blocks
 Use innovative technologies-- Rat-Trap brick walls to
reduce quantity of material used
 Evolving design on optimum structural grid
 Use new cost- effective materials ---aerated cement
concrete blocks to reduce the width of walls, weight of
wall, number/ size of joints, use of cement etc
 Use local & contemporary materials
 Use materials in the natural form- avoid using
additional layers on natural material
 Use materials having minimum maintenance cost

Use UPVC or Aluminium Windows instead of teak
wood, same goes for doors, use flush doors instead
 Minimise provision of dead/storage spaces in the usable
areas- make use of negative spaces- making multiple
use of space under the stairs etc
 Adopting Solar Passive Building Design makes
building cost- effective over entire life-span
 Limiting the scope of building--Build What You Need

 Makes building effective, efficient and cost-effective.

 Adopting the approach-- less is more-- will always make

buildings more compact and efficient
 Adopting the principle in designing-Simple is
beautiful -
will always make buildings cost- effective
 Designing lean and smart makes a building cost-
effective
ANALYSIS OF SPACE NORMS ACCORDING TO DIFERENT POLICIES
The National Urban housing & habitat policy, 2007 (N.U.H.H.P), defines
affordable housing asHouses having Super Built-up Area of300 sq.ft. ~
27.8 sq.mt. for E.W.S. (Economically Weaker Section)500 sq.ft. ~ 46.4
sq.mt. for L.I.G. (Lower Income Group)600-1200 sq.ft. ~ 55.7 -111.4 sq.mt.
for M.I.G. (Middle Income Group)
In Terms of Carpet Area:-E.W.S. have minimum of 25 sq.mt. of carpet
areaL.I.G. have maximum of 48 sq.mt. of carpet areaM.I.G. have
maximum of 80 sq.mt. of carpet area
Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojna, Housing for all, 2015 also states that:-
E.W.S.:-Annual House hold income up to 3 lakh & house size up to 30
sq.mt.L.I.G.:-Annual House hold income between 3-6 lakh & house size up
to 60 sq.mt.Any affordable housing in partnership with private sector or
public sector must have 35 % of constructed houses are of E.W.S.
Category.States/UTs shall provide additional F.A.R/T.D.R & relaxed
density norms for low cost housing/ Slum redevelopment.
Haryana affordable policy also states that:-All projects under this policy
must be completed under years from approval of building plans or
environment clearance date whichever is later.Site area must be between
5 acres to 10 acres.Maximum Allotment rates are 3000 sq.mt., 3600
sq.mt., &4000 sq.mt. as/ low, medium & high potential zones as
mentioned in the policy.
 Cost e f f e c t i v e –
IX
CHOICE OF BUILDING m a t e r i a l s
Submitted to Submitted by
Ar. Brijesh Yadav Apoorva jain
16025006010
b.Arch
9th sem A
Cost
effective
 INTRODUCTION

Shelter is one of the basic needs for

human development and it is an important quality
measure of living standards. Nowadays development
focuses on the cost effective construction through
appropriate and alternative building materials and
technologies.
 COST
EFFECTIVEMATERIALS
The cost effective materials and technology
which is utilized for housing are,

 stabilized mud blocks,

 funicular shell roofing,
 ferro-cement ,
 fly ash blocks,,
 precast doors and window
frames,
 micro concrete tiles,
 brick panel filler slab.
 MUD
BLOCK
Mud block is prepared by pouring slightly
moistened soil into a steel press and compressing
manually or by mechanical means. Mud blocks are
available in different shapes. Mud block can also be
stabilized by mixture of suitable raw materials like cement
or lime and then it is called stabilized compressed earth
block.
MUD BLOCK
PROPERTIES
Dimension variation : +/- 2mm
Wet compressive strength : 20-30
kg/cm2 Water absorption <18% by
weight
Textural characteristics : no pitting on
the surface
 MANUFACTURING OF MUD
BLOCK- TARA BALRAM MACHINE
Block – 230 X109 X76 mm
Machine – 1500X600X1200 mm
Weight – 180 kg
No. of blocks – 2/cycle
Man power required – 5 to
8 Operation – manual
Compressive strength – 20
to 30 kg/cm2
MUD BLOCK ADVANTAGES

 Easily available
 Saves time and money
 Non hazardous material
 Renewable resources
 Easy to manufacture
 Cost efficiency
 FUNICULAR
SHELL
It can be prepared from moulds of standard size.
They are used as roofs for simple primitive and non load
barring structures. Funicular shell roofs are available
from 1 m square
 ADVANTAGES

 Cost effective
 Weightless and easy to manufacture
 Strength is establishes
 FUNICULAR
SHELL

 Dia of rod : 6mm

 Concrete : m15
 Ratio : 1:2:4
 Aggregates : 6-12mm
 Weigh : 225kg
t : Rs.175/-
 Cost
FUNICULAR
SHELL
 FERRO CEMENT
PANELS

It is prepared using mesh and cement mortar. This

panels can be used for constructing walls, roofs, doors
and in water storage structures.
 SIGNIFICANCE

 Low cost
 Saves time
 Less in weight
 Temporary low structures can made
easily
 Not suitable for load bearing walls
 CONCLUSION
The increasing concern for the provision of shelters in
both urban and rural areas is identified as one of the agenda
in the millennium development goals. It can be better
achieved by adopting cost effective construction materials and
techniques.
 COST EFFECTIVE –IX
BUILDING m a t e r i a l s AND
TECHNIQUES
Submitted to Submitted by
Ar. Brijesh Yadav Apoorva jain
16025006010
b.Arch
9th sem A
Cost
effective
FLY ASH BRICKS:
• CONTAINS CLASS C FLY ASH AND WATER.
•COMPRESSED AT 4000 PSI
•CURED FOR 24HRS IN A 150 DEGREE F STEAM BATH THEN TOUGHENED
WITH AN AIR ENTERTAINMENT AGENT.
•THE BRICKS LASTS FOR MORE THAN 100 FREEZE THAW CYCLES.
•REDUCES MERCURY POLLUTION OF CALCIUM OXIDE IN CLASS C FLY
ASH.
IT IS A SELF
•COSTS 20%CEMENTING BRICK
LESS THAN TRADITIONAL CLAY B RICK.
•ADVANTAGES:
•HIGH IN STRENGTH
•NO BREAKAGE DURING TRANSPORT
•LOW CONSUMPTION OF MORTAR
•LOW WATER PENETRATION
•GYSUM PLASTER CAN BE DIRECTLY APPLIED WITHOUT BACKING IT WITH
LIME PLASTER.
•DO NOT REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER FOR 24HRS.
•SPRINKLING OF WATER BEFORE USE IS ENOUGH
•DISADVANTAGES:
•MECHANICAL BOND STRENGTH IS WEAK
•LIMITATION OF SIZE ONLY MODULAR SIZE CAN BE PRODUCED.LARGE SIZE
WILL HAVE MORE BREAKAGES.
COST:Rs 1.5- Rs 3
CONCRETE MASONRY UNIT:

• CONSUMES ABOUT 1/3RD OF THE ENERGY OF THE BURNT BRICKS.

• THE WALL THICKNESS CAN BE REDUCED
• SAVES MORTAR CONSUMPTION
•THE PRESENCE OF A CORE ALLOWS STEEL REINFORCING TO BE INSERTED INTO THE
ASSSEMBLY GREATLY INCREASING ITS STRENGTH
• GREAT ABILITY TO RESIST LATERAL FORCES SUCH AS WIND LOAD AND SEISMIC
FORCES
•THESE UNITS ARE USED AS BOTH STRUCTURAL AND NON STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
AND HAVE BEEN THE PREFERRED BUILDING BLOCKS IN THE WESTERN WORLD
• THEY ARE FAST REPLACING TRADITIONAL BRICKS
• CONCRETE MASONRY BLOCKS CAN BE:
HOLLOW OR SOLID
LOAD BEARING OR NON LOAD BEARING
LIGHT WEIGHT OR DENSE
• THESE BLOCKS ARE USED IN LOW AND
HIGH RISE BUILDINGS,FOR BASEMENTS
,EXTERIORS AND INTERIOR WALLS AND
PARTITIONS
ADVANTAGES:
• ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
• PREVENTS OUTSIDE TEMP. FROM
ENTERING THE INTERIOR
• LOWER INSURANCE PREMIUMS
• SPEED UP CONSTRUCTION
• FIRE,MOLD ,WINDAND TERMITE
• DISADVANTAGES:
• NO INSULATION
• OFFERS UNPLEASANT ASTHETICS
• COST:
• 4”- Rs 22 BASE PRICE FOR HOLLOW AND SOLID
• 6” Rs 25
• 8” RS 28

SOIL CEMENT BLOCK TECHNOLOGY

•SOIL MIXED WITH 5% AND ABOVE CEMENT AND PRESSED IN HAND OPERATED

MACHINES AND CURED WELL AND THEN USED IN THE MASONRY

• DOSNT REQUIRE PLASTERNG ON BOTH SIDES OF TH E WALL
• ENERGY EFFICIENT METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
• 15 TO 20% OVERALL ECONOMY ACHEVED
• ADVANTAGES:
• SELF HEALING PROPERTY
• ALLOWS UTILIZATION OF LOCALLY AVAILABE MATERIALS
• COST EFFECTIVE AND ENERGY EFFICIENT
• DISADVANTAGES:
• LOWER SPECIFIC WEIGHT THAN RIPRAP
•DURABILITY DEPENDENT ON CLOSELY CONTROLLED CONSTRUCTION
OPERATIONS
Foundation
A dump made out of boulders, brick bats, quarry waste and cement is a
masonry. Even concrete waste can be recycled for this purpose.

Walls
Regular table moulded bricks used in rat trap masonry require less mortar
joint and bricks; hence lower costs. Cement concrete blocks are cost-
effective compared to conventional brickwork.

We have terracotta hollow blocks with different designs that are

exposable in masonry. This is a good option provided they are not
plastered and painted.
Conventional-sized stones that are not elaborately dressed in combination
with bricks in composite masonry can work out really well.
While the stone face can be exposed, the brick face can be plastered
and painted. Light-weight cement-based blocks made out of cinder
contribute to economy in framed and high-rise structures.
Where suitable quality soil is available, soil stabilised blocks made in-situ
are a welcome option. They are made using soil, quarry dust and cement
and can be used for load-bearing walls.
They have a finish and colour that can be left without plastering. This
material is not only cost-effective but also eco-friendly.
Precast concrete wall units that can be assembled on site are an option in
large scale constructions. They save time and thus cost. Bamboo is renewable
as well as cost cutting.

Roofs
Composite roofs made out of filler slabs can cut concrete and steel costs.
Terracotta blocks that are designed for roofs can be adopted. Precast
beams and roof slab elements in RCC are widely used under suitable
conditions. Also, there are materials like ferrocement and fibre reinforced
concretes that can be explored. These units can be thin and can take
different forms. one can arrive at cost-effective roofing
WOOD

If one can recycle old wood for doors and windows, it saves a lot of money.
Choosing aluminium and steel options are much cheaper than wood. Door
frames made of concrete are available which are durable and involve less
maintenance. In some situations, less expensive wood used for packing
can be reused for panelling, railing or flooring.
Hardwood that is enamel painted is less expensive compared to polished
wood.
Locally available natural stones that are pre-polished are a good option.
Other economical options are cement-based tiles, ceramic tiles and clay
tiles. In-situ mosaics and cement floorings are also possible. Thin granite tiles
made out of wasted granite works out really economical both in material.
and labour costs.
MORE MATERIALS FOR WALLS:
COB:
CONSISTS OF CLAY,SAND ,STRAW AND WATER
POSITIVE POINTS:
• FIREPROOF
• RESISTANT TO SEISMIC ACTIVITY
• PROVIDES EXCELLENT THERMAL MASS
• INEXPENSIVE
• NEGATIVE POINTS :
• 24INCH THICK WALL
• LARGE OVERHANGING ROOF
COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK(CEB):
CONSISTS OF DIRT AND NONEXPENSIVE CLAY
CEB BLOCKS ARE INSTALED ONTO THE WALL BY HAND AND A SLURRY
MADE OF A SLURRY MADE OF A SOUPY VERSION OF SAME
DIRT/CLAY MIX WITHOUT AGGREGATE IS SPREAD OR BRUSHED VERY
THINLY. POSITIVE POINT:
• LOW MOISTURE CONTENT
• DRYING TIME IS MUCH SHORTER
• SOUND RESISTANT
• FIRE RESISTANT
• INSECT RESISTANT
 VINYL REPLACEMENT WINDOWS:
Vinyl windows represent the largest portion of market share in the replacement window
industry. There is a variety of reasons for this all of them contributing to make vinyl the
preferred material for windows. Vinyl is a material that can be extruded which is an
important attribute. A well built window frame will have a great deal of hollow areas to it.
The reason for this is there needs to be adequate width to the frame in order to bridge
the thickness of the exterior wall, for the sides top and bottom. If the window were made
in a solid fashion it would be overly expensive, be incredibly heavy, and believe it or not
would not present with insulating properties as good as air.
In the manufacturing process the frame of a vinyl window is created by extruding raw
vinyl into complex shapes and chambers to provide the necessary size and strength.
Thus from a manufacturing process stand point vinyl works extremely well.
Another aspect to vinyl is its ability to resist heat transfer. What this means is if it's cold
outside the vinyl does a good job of resisting the heat inside your home from being
transferred to the out side. Conversely, if you are in a hot area, and are expending
money keeping your home cool, vinyl will perform well by keeping that heat out, and the
cool in.
The only downside to vinyl is that there is a limitation on color selection. There are
windows produced in different colors, but not all manufacturers bother with that, primarily
because of concerns regarding fading.
Vinyl Windows - Pricing and Installation Cost Notes
• Vinyl Window installation cost estimates typically require an onsite inspection -
in
most cases estimates are free, but will be accompanied by a strong sales pitch.
•Cost ranges account for variations in contractor skill, job location and seasonal
contractor wage rates.
•Expect to pay an additional 5% - 14% in material and installation costs for
complex installation configurations and patterns.
• The homewyse installation cost estimate does not include costs for framing
the
rough opening, interior trim molding, decorative fittings.
•The homewyse cost estimates includes all typical costs for delivery, simple frame
modification and fitment, exterior flashing and trim, weatherstriping and accurate
fitting to opening.
• Higher priced Vinyl Windows may include features such as higher grade
material of construction, more durable finishes, superior joinery, smoother
operation and more energy efficient glass systems.
•Vinyl Window installation costs will approach the high end of the range in or
near major metropolitan areas.
• Save money on the total project by having multiple vendors bid on the same,
complete description of Vinyl Window work for your project.
•Save money on installation costs by being flexible on project scheduling -
schedule your project during slow periods for the installer.
• Save money on material by shopping online or by choosing
discountinued, odd
lot, remnant or incorrectly ordered items from your retailer.