COMMUNICATION SKILLS

Prof. Dr. Inayatullah Kakepoto

Department of Basic Science & Related Studies
Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science &
Technology Nawabshah
WHAT IS COMMUNICATION ?
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 The word “Communication” has been derived from the
Latin word “Communis” which means “common” or
sharing of ideas in general.
 Thus, Communication is an act through which a person
shares the knowledge, feelings, ideas, or information in
such a way that gains a common understanding of the
meaning, interest and use of the massage effectively and
efficiently.
 The exchange of messages between and among human
beings is known as communication. Human beings
receive and send messages in a variety of ways such as
Verbally & Non verbally.
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION

 The Action of conveying or exchanging information

and ideas is called Communication, but it is effective only
when it reflects in the mind of the receiver a true image of
the message/ thought conveyed by the sender clearly.

 Communication is best seen as a two way process.

One-way communication does exist, but for a number of
reasons is not as efficient as two-way communication.
 Communication is the process by which information is
transmitted between individuals or Organizations so that
an understanding response results in that perspective.
 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION

 Communication is the process of sharing of ideas,

information, and messages with others in particular time and
place. It includes writing and speaking as a major
component.
Non verbal communication such as (facial expressions,
gestures, postures), visual communication (the use of images
or pictures, such as painting or photography, video or film),
and electronic communication (telephonic calls, electronic
mail, cable television, or satellite broadcasts).
Communication plays a paramount role in one’s personal
& professional such as interpersonal communication,
education, business and industry.
 Definitions of [Skill]
• Simply put, SKILL means the ability and capability
to do something well.
• SKILL means to perform the given job with full
expertise.
• SKILL means the capability to perform the job
effectively, efficiently & productively.
• Skill means to use one’s knowledge in a given
situation bringing the productive results.
• Skills means to preform his/ her job in the corporate
world satisfactorily and thereby excel in the job
promotion ladder.
 Genesis of Communication
 The first source of communication for human beings
is the human voice.
 The baby’s shrill cry provokes the response of
parent’s. Is the baby hungry? Is the baby thirsty? Is
the health of baby quite sound ? In fact, the
communication in shape of a simple cry raised the
physical need of a baby.
 It is mentioned that when children grow older , they
use a more complex communication process.
 Simply put, words replace the cry of a baby as the
means of communication.
 IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNICATION
 Communication plays a paramount role in one’s personal
& professional. It starts from the time we wake up and till
the end we go for rest. It has manifold functions in our
personal and professional life.

Builds Better Relationships

Improves Language
Develops Self Confidence
Develops Trust
Generates Congenial Relationships
Guides in right direction
Promotes Team Building
Solves Problems
Increases productivity
 Communication Skills

• Outlines:
 Four skills of “Communication” defined
 Listening “Skill” defined
 Reading Skill defined
 Speaking Skill defined
 Writing Skill defined
 SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION

Q. What are the Skills of Communication?

Ans. there are four skills of Communication. For
instance:

Listening Skill
Reading Skill
Speaking Skill
Writing Skill
 Skills of Communication
Q. Why Listening & Reading are called Receptive
Skills?
Ans. Listening and Reading involve receiving
information thus, they are called “Receptive Skills.
Q. Why Speaking and Writing are called Productive
Skills?
Speaking and Writing are called productive skills
because they involve producing words, phrases,
paragraphs and sentences.
 Listening Skill
Q. What is Listening ?
Ans. Listening is a psychological process that requires
full attention on the part of listener. It involves the
process of Receiving, Understanding, Remembering ,
Evaluating and Responding.
The ability to understand spoken language.
A process of taking what you hear and organizing it
into verbal units to which you can apply meaning.
A process that includes hearing, attending to,
evaluating and responding to spoken languages.
 Listening Skill
Q. What is Hearing?
Ans. Hearing is a physiological process that occurs
when you are in the vicinity of vibrations in the air &
these vibrations affect your eardrums. Hearing is
basically a process that occurs without any attention
or effect on the part of listener.
Listening Process:
•Listening process involves the process of
Receiving, Understanding, Remembering ,
Evaluating and Responding.
 Listening Skill
• Listening process involves the process of
Receiving, Understanding, Remembering ,
Evaluating and Responding.
1.Receiving [Hearing, Attending]
2.Understanding [ Learning, Deciphering meaning]
3.Remembering [ Recalling, Retaining]
4.Evaluating [ Judging, Criticizing]
5.Responding [ Answering, Giving Feedback]
 Types of Listening
1. Evaluative Listening:
The process of conceptualizing and
understanding a subject. Make a value judgement.
2. Appreciative Listening:
Simply enjoy and appreciate what is being said
and view the contents to be one of entertainment.
3. Informative Listening
Listen for facts , ideas and information.
 Types of Listening
4. Discriminatory Listening
Required to understand, remember and comprehend
the integral parts of the message.
Ask questions, rephrase ideas to check with the
source about how well you understand the ideas.
 Active Listening
• Stop talking and start listening
• Focus attention on Speaker & avoid any distraction
• Maintain eye-contact
• Listen for central ideas
• Establish Rapport.
• Check your emotions to avoid any bias
• Concentrate on what the Speaker is saying.
Focus your attention on key points, concepts,
and feelings displayed in the message.
 Active Listening
 Suspend your judgments and avoid jumping to
conclusions without first listening the speaker
fully.
 Listen for the main points , key ideas and important
messages.
 Look for areas of interest and agreement. If you
have to disagree agreeably by criticizing the ideas
but not the speaker.
 Do not jump to the conclusion
 Active Listening
• Ask questions for clarification
 Summarize what you understand , what the other
person is saying.
• Take notes to remember what is said.
READING SKILL
 READING SKILL
Q. What is a Reading Skill?

Ans. Reading in very simple terms, means making

the sense of written text in true sense of word.

 Just recognizing the alphabetical letters and

pronouncing them correctly is not considered
Reading in the true sense of the word.

Reading process focuses on meaning,

understanding & interpretation (explanation/
meaning) of the written document.
 READING SKILL

 While Reading one needs keeping a balance between

understanding and the speed, because efficient reading
does not mean fast reading.

 It has been seen in literary text of any LITERATURE

where the writer deliberately tries to conceal the meaning
between and beyond the lines.

 For example:
[Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and few
to be chewed & digested].
 READING SKILL

Q. What are effective “Reading Techniques”?

Ans. These are the effective Reading Techniques.
Surveying, Skimming, Scanning.
Surveying:
It is a very effective manner of dealing with articles
by looking at their Headings, Sub-headings, Bold
print, Italics, Picture, Table & Graph ( if any)and will
surely give you some idea about the content of the
written text or Document.
 READING SKILL

 Skimming: It is considered to be a very useful technique

in reading, means reading a text quickly in order to get the
main idea of the topic. By applying skimming technique one
can spare his precious time and to the point reading can be
enjoyed.

 Scanning: Scanning in reading means to get a bird eye

view of the topic: for example: Reading the text of the book
or the document with eyes only. It is the method through
which specific information or an answer to a particular
question or the data can be easily located.
 READING SKILL

It is added here that sometimes the Reader during reading

any article is looking for a very specific information such as:
[ Date, Time, Telephone No], or an answer of a specific
question. This type of reading is very useful for the
Managers/Executives of a firm or organization since they are
dead busy thus, they locate specific information in the
document that is produced in front of them.
 SPEAKING SKILL

Speaking skill
 SPEAKING SKILL
• Q. What is Speaking?
Ans. Speaking is the process of sharing of thoughts
and ideas on a given subject through the use of
verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of ways.
2. Speaking is a skill, and like other skills of
communication it needs practice at a larger scale.
3. Speaking is the art of communication. It is the skill
of producing thoughts in shape of words easily
understood by the listener. A good speaker is always
clear in his speech and it is the best source of
information for the audience/listeners.
 SPEAKING SKILL
4. OXFORD DICTIONARY defines Speaking as:
the action of conveying information or expressing
one’s thoughts and feelings in spoken language.
5. Speaking means conveying the message through
the use of mouth.
6. Speaking is a productive skill in oral mode. It
includes lecturing, presentation, discussions in
meetings , conferences, and debates and discussions
at various forums.
 SPEAKING SKILL
7. Speaking is the delivery of message or information
through the mouth. This skill is called “oral skill” or
“communicative skill”.
8. Speaking is the process of transmitting ideas and
information orally in a given situation.
9. Speaking is the use of language confidently with
few unnatural pauses.
10. Speaking is the process of building and sharing
meaning through the use of verbal and nonverbal
symbols, in a variety of contexts.
 EFFECTIVE SPEAKING SKILL
1. Think before you speak.
2. Know your message to deliver.
3. Know about your expected audience.
4. Go to the main points in a concise and compact
way. Thus, the listener shall be able to remember
what was said.
5. Use simple language in simple words.
6. Give importance to the subject and keep your
voice clear.
7. Illustrate the major points with examples.
 SPEAKING SKILL
8. Keep the time limit in mind.
9. Present facts and respond Questions.
10. Avoid Grammatical mistakes.
11. Use correct pronunciation.
12. Use pauses appropriately.
13. Maintain Self Confidence.
14. Maintain Eye contact.
15. Use appropriate body gestures.
16. Avoid unnatural accent.
17. Speak fluently.
 PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILL

Q. WHAT IS PUBLIC SPEEKING?

Ans. Public speaking skill may be defined as the art of
appearing in front of audience, facing the audience,
presenting speech and making them understand what
you want to inform/ persuade them within the limited
time and resources available.
2. Public speaking is speaking to a group of people in
a structured manner intended to inform, influence or
entertain the audience.
 PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILL
 PUBLIC SPEEKING TRAITS
1. Establish Rapport with the audience.
2. Organize the ideas logically.
3. Start the speech strong and close it stronger.
4. Add the humor if necessary.
5. Analyze your audience & deliver the message
accordingly.
6. Maintain Eye contact with audience as mark of
respect for them.
7. Interact with audience to keep them intact.
 PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILL
8. Manage the Time properly.
9. Do not repeat yourself.
10. Show positive attitude all the times.
11. Seek and utilize feedback from audience.
12. Handle unexpected issues smoothly if they arise.
13. Avoid Reading directly from notes & leave a
professional perfume.
14. Avoid Turning back to audience.
15. Avoid putting Hands into pockets.
16. Don’t show arrogant attitude.
 WRITING SKILL
Q. What is Writing?
Ans. Writing is a form of communication. It allows
writers to put their ideas, feelings, information and
knowledge on the face of the paper, organizing the
material in a convincing manner to convey the
meaning through a well constructed text.
2. Writing is the process of using symbols (letters of
alphabet, punctuation and spaces) to communicate
thoughts and ideas in a readable form.
 WRITING SKILL
3. Writing is a medium of human communication that involves the
representation of a language with symbols. 
4. Persuasive writing, known as creative writing, is a piece
of writing in which the writer uses words to convince the reader that
the writer's opinion is correct with regard to the subject matter of the
topic.
5. Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of
normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of
literature, typically identified by an emphasis on narrative craft,
character development, and the use of literary tropes or with various
traditions of poetry and poetics.
 IMPORTANCE OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

1. It is important BECAUSE it generates a permanent

record.
2. It allows organizations to store information to refer
it again and again.
3. It can be easily distributed among various students
and employees of an organization.
4. It can be easily distributed and a large number of
data can be gathered quickly.
4. All recipients receive the same information.
5. Necessary for legal and binding documentation.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD WRITING

1. Completeness: It requires that all the information be

provided complete in all aspects.
2. Correctness: It requires that relevant and precise
information be provided.
3. Credibility: It requires that credible information &
arguments be provided.
4. Clarity: It requires that the written document should never
be vague, confusing or ambiguous.
5. Conciseness: To the point material is appreciated.
6. Consideration: Anticipate the reader’s reaction.
7. Vitality: Active voice is preferred than passive voice.
 TYPES OF WRITING

 E-mails
 Personal Letters/ Official Letters
 Memorandums
 Working Papers / Agendas
 Business Reports
 Technical Reports
 Medical Reports
 General Reports
 Academic Documents
 Scientific Research Documents
 Research Papers
 EMAIL DEFINED
 E-mail is fast, convenient and easy method of writing.
 Email is the dominant method of communication in
business/ corporate world in this modern age of globalization.

 Email is convenient mode of communication with people at

different places and different time zones.

 It is easier mode of communication for people who

understand written English but reluctant for speaking.

 It is excellent mechanism for follow-up or action after a

meeting.
 Messages can be saved and retrieved easily.
PARTS OF AN EMAIL
 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION

Q. What are the types of Communication?

Ans. There are three types of communication.

1.Oral Communication/ Verbal Communication.

2. Body Language /Non-Verbal Communication.

3. Written Communication
 DEFINITIONS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

Q.1 What is Oral / Verbal Communication?

Ans. Oral communication is the process of sharing
information , knowledge , ideas and thoughts in shape of
words through the mouth.
2. Oral communication is the process of verbally transmitting
information, knowledge, ideas and thoughts with people in a
variety of ways.
3. Oral Communication occurs in form of spoken words. It
includes discussions, conversations, business meetings,
academic/ professional presentations, lectures, job interviews
& training sessions.
 DEFINITIONS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

4. Oral communication is an ability to compose the message

effectively and efficiently and deliver the information
through verbal interaction.
5. Oral communication is an art of exchanging information,
knowledge, ideas, thoughts and feelings in form of a speech.
6. Oral communication is an integrated part of
communication wherein, the message is transmitted in shape
of words.
7. Oral communication is a process of communication
whereby information is transmitted from sender to receiver
orally/verbally.
 Oral Communication Attributes
1. Pre- Planning:
Pre-planning requires that before communicating a message,
the speaker must pre-plan to send the message properly
and accurately to the audience. Pre planning in oral
communication plays a paramount role and it is always
very productive.
2. Certainty:
The speaker must speak plainly and clearly while interacting
with audience in a seminar or speech. The subject matter
of the talk needs to be authentic and credible in order to
avoid any confusion.
 Oral Communication Attributes

3. Conciseness :
Conciseness requires that the shared Information needs to be
enriched with concrete, logical, reliable and relevant data in
case of oral communication. Additionally, the subject matter
of the speech should be simple to catch the active attention of
the audience.
4. Attractive Presentation:
The communicated message should be presented in a pleasant
tone and voice. The Speaking style of the speaker should be
catchy to hold the full attention of the audience during the
presentation.
 Oral communication Attributes
5. Consideration for the Audience:
The speaker while interacting should consider the
qualification, knowledge, training and experiences of his/her
audience. Thus, simple language should be used that is liable
to be easily understandable for the audience.
6. Neutrality :
Neutrality demands that audience needs to show patience and
respect when the speaker is delivering speech.
7. Realistic:
Unrealistic information or, message can never hold the
attention of the audience. Thus, a speaker should provide
realistic and true information to the audience.
 Oral communication Attributes
8. Free from Error:
Errors or mistakes shall make audience confused. Confusion
on the part of audience shall lose confidence upon the speaker.
Thus, presented information need to be free from all types of
errors or mistakes.
9. Patience:
Patience is the leading path towards attaining success in
communication. Thus, speaker and audience both need to
show proper patience during oral communication interaction.
10. Free from Emotion:
Emotions make the subject matter complicated. Thus, fear
arises that audience wrongly can interpret the message.
 ADVANTAGES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

1. There is a good volume of understanding in oral

communication as it is of always in interpersonal nature.
2. There is always a flexibility in oral communication for
making the changes in the previous taken decisions.
3. The volume of feedback in oral communication is
spontaneous and in abundance. Thus, decisions are
made without any delay.
4. Oral communication is time saving and time is valued as
money in organizational communication.
 DISADVANTAGES OF ORAL
COMMUNICATION

1. Business communication is formal thus, oral

communication may not be sufficient in corporate sector.

2. Oral communication is time saving in face to face

interactions , but in case of lengthy speeches consume lot
of time and tends to be unproductive at certain times.

3. Misunderstandings can arise in oral communication, if the

information is transmitted incompletely.
 NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Q. What is Body Language/ Nonverbal Communication?
Ans. Simply put, Nonverbal communication is “The World
Beyond Words”.
2. Nonverbal communication is: “Communication without
words”.
3. Body language is a kind of Nonverbal communication in which
physical behaviors as opposed to words are used to convey the
information.
4. Nonverbal communication involves a variety of body
movements. Human body expresses human feelings through
conscious and unconscious ways such as facial expressions,
gestures and postures.
 NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

5. Body language is a type of Nonverbal communication where

human feelings and thoughts are expressed by physical
behaviors for instance, facial expressions, body posture,
gestures, eye movement, touch and use of space.
6. Body language is a nonverbal communication that involves
body movement. Gesturing is termed as body language which
is absolutely nonverbal means of communication.
7. Body language is part of nonverbal communication where
messages are communicated by body position, body
movement, and body actions.
8. Nonverbal communication is a process of communication
through which wordless messages are sent and received.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

1. Appearance:
In non verbal communication one’s physical appearance affects the
message. Elements such as clothing, hairstyle, cleanliness, jewelry,
cosmetics, body size, and body shape transmit the messages. A
person’s physical appearance can affect the impression that others
receive of his/her credibility, honesty, trustworthiness, competence,
judgment or status.
2. Facial Expressions
Facial area such as (eyes, eye brows, forehead, mouth, and chin)
communicate messages nonverbally more than any other part of the
body. Face reveals impressions about Happiness, Sadness, Anger,
Frustration, Disgust, Fear, or Surprise.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
3. Eye Contact
Eye contact reveals that the person desires to communicate and the
communication channel is open for debate and discussion. Breaking
eye contact indicates that the speaker is uncomfortable with the
communication topic or the situation. Positive eye contact is considered
as of respect, interest & truthfulness in many cultures.
4. Gestures:
•“Head Nodding” indicates agreement. Head nodding also signals
receiver’s desire for continuous talk.
•Keeping “Arms” closed tends to signal uncomfortableness, on the
other front, open arms tend to reveal openness and acceptance.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

• Shaking head Up & down means “Yes“. Shaking head

Left-to-Right means “No."
• The V-shaped Hand gesture with the index finger and
middle finger is considered as the mark of “Victory” or
“Peace”.

5. Posture:
Posture displayed by individuals in communication process
transmits signals about a variety of things, including Status,
Confidence, Interest, & Openness. People of high status
often stand erect and hold their heads high as compared to
lower status people.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

6. Touch:
Touch communicates many things such as: Affection,
Playfulness, Hostility, Decisiveness, Solidarity, Assurance &
urgency.
•There are universally four recognized aspects of touching such
as:
A. Professional touch:
Professional touch is used by business people while meeting
for the first time.
B. Social touch:
Social/Polite touch is used by acquaintances who wish to
convey friendly but slightly detached appreciation and affection.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
C. Friendly touch:
Friendly touch is used by close friends. Close business
partners & colleagues congratulate one another on achieving a
marvelous achievement in business context.
D. Intimate touch:
It is usually reserved for expressing deep love and affection
through kissing, hugging, or caressing. The nature of love in
this domain varies from culture to culture.
7. Voice:
In many cases, voice mannerisms: pitch, rhythm, range, rate,
non words (such as “ah,” “um,” “uh”), & pauses communicate
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION
more than the actual words. There are eight attributes of speech that
provide especially important vocal cues to the listener:
(a) Loudness: Lowering your voice you cannot be heard. Shouting or
harsh voice is perceived as disruptive or insulting.
(b) Pitch: Factual communication includes moderate changes in the pitch
of voice. A high pitch voice may is perceived as indicating excitement
whereas, a low pitched voice is perceived indicating an anger.
(c) Rate: A slow rate of speech may frustrate the listener. An increasing
rate may be perceived as the result of increasing intensity. A fast rate may
be perceived as nervousness and the message is difficult to understand.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

(d) Quality: This is the characteristic that allows for

differentiating one voice from the other.
(e) Articulation: Speaking each word clearly that makes you
easier to catch the message easily.
(f) Regularity: The regular or rhythmic voice will normally
make you sound more confident. Irregular speech might be
perceived as more thoughtful or uncertain depending on your
words and other nonverbal messages.
(g) Pronunciation: To understood the message clearly one
should use correct sounds and emphasis in pronouncing each
word. Because, mispronouncing a word can be perceived a
mark of ignorance or incompetence.
 ELEMENTS OF NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION

(h) Silence: The absence of sound can also send a strong

message. Silence gives you an opportunity to listen. You can
obtain useful information from the listening to what one says
and how he/she is saying it.
 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
Q. What is Written Communication?
Ans. Written Communication occurs in shape of written
documents. It is a formal way to communicate information in
organizations internally and externally. In today's age of
globalization and industrialization it is a lost art.
•Organizations require effective written communication skills and
competencies of its employees to build the image of organizations
at national and international level.
•Poor writing skills can have a negative impact on job performance
of an employee as well as on organization’s reputation.
•In fact, writing is a learnt skill & can be mastered through
practice.
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING

• The writing process first evolved from the ancient

past. Archaeologist Denise determined the link
between previously uncategorized clay "tokens" and
the first known writing, cuneiform (one of the
earliest known forms of written expression, used in
Persia and Assyria around the 30th century BC).
• Clay tokens were replaced over time by the written
documents to avoid the complexity of using the clay
token.
• Writing is an extension of human language across
time and space.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF WRITING

• Writing most likely evolved as a result of political

expansion in ancient cultures, which needed reliable
means for transmitting information, maintaining
financial accounts, keeping historical records, and
similar activities.
• Around the 4th millennium BC, the complexity of
trade and administration outgrew the power of
memory, and writing became a more dependable
method of recording and presenting transactions in a
permanent form.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
WRITING
• Researchers divide the development of written
communication into three revolutionary stages called
“Information Communication Revolutions”.
• During the first stage, written communication first emerged
through the use of pictograms. The pictograms were
pictured on stone, thus, written communication was not
easily mobile.
• During the second stage, writing began to appear on paper,
papyrus, clay, wax, etc. Common alphabets were introduced
and allowed for the uniformity of language across large
distances. A leap in technology occurred when the
Gutenberg printing-press was invented in the 15th century.
 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
WRITING
• The third stage is characterized by the transfer of
information through controlled waves and electronic
signals.
 TYPES OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION

 Resume/Curriculum Vitae
 E-mails
 Official Letters
 Memorandums
 Working Papers / Agendas
 Business Reports
 Technical Reports
 General Reports
 Academic Documents
 Scientific Research Documents
 Research Papers
 Minutes of Meetings
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Q. What is difference between Bio-Data, Resume &

Curriculum Vitae (C.V)?
Bio-Data: Bio data is nothing but an old fashioned
terminology used for Resume or CV. In Bio data, the focus is
on an individual’s personal details like name, date of birth,
gender, religion, race, nationality, residence, marital status and
educational qualification.
Resume: A Resume is ideally a summary of one's education,
skills and employment when applying for a new job. A resume
does not list out all the details of a profile, but only some
specific skills customized to the target job.  
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Curriculum Vitae (C.V)
C.V. is a more detailed document than Bio-data &
Resume. It lists out one’s personal details, academic
qualifications, jobs positions held, administrative
experiences, professional affiliations, research
publications, achievements that the applicant has
acquired in a chronological order. So, if one has 20
years of service experience, his/her C.V. will contain
details of entire 20 years of service even if it means a
10 page document.
FORMAT OF BIO-DATA
FORMAT OF RESUME
FORMAT OF CURRICULUM VITAE
(C.V.)
 The Process of
Communication
Q. What is Process of Communication?
Ans. Communication process occurs between two or more
than two people. It begins when one person initiates
communication with the other. Communication takes birth in
shape of mental images within a person, who conveys the
same images to the other person. Mental images include
ideas, thoughts, feelings, beliefs, emotions, attitudes,
opinions and pictures. Thus, to transfer images, the sender
first transposes or translates images into symbols so that the
receivers can understand it. Symbols often are words but can
be pictures, sounds, or sense information (e.g., touch or
smell).
 The Basic Communication Process
5. Feedback travels
to sender

1.Sender 2.Sender 4.Receiver

3.Message
has an encodes idea
travels over decodes the
in a message message
idea. channel

6. Possible additional
feedback to Receiver
 The Basic Communication Process
 Components of  Communication Process:
The components of communication process include:
 Sender
 Encoding of Message
 Channel of Communication
 Decoding of Message
 Feedback
1. Sender:
The sender or the communicator generates the message and
conveys it to the receiver. Thus, sender is main source who
starts the communication.
 The Basic Communication Process
2. Encoding:
The message generated by the sender is encoded
symbolically in form of words, pictures, gestures, etc. before
it is conveyed to the receiver.

3. Channel:
•A channel is a medium through which a message is sent or
received between two or more than two persons.
•Several channels can be used for sending or receiving the
messages such as, seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, &
tasting.
 The Basic Communication Process
• While selecting a channel, several factors need to be
considered such as: availability of channel , purpose,
suitability, types of receivers, type of message, preference
of sender & receiver, and communication skills of the
sender.
 Classification of Channels of Communication:
• Visual channel: Facial expression, body language, posture,
gestures, pictures & written words, electronic mails, and
mass media, etc. fall in visual channel.
• Auditory channel: Spoken words, sounds, telephone or
mobile communications, and delivering audio content
(radio, voicemail) fall in auditory channel.
 The Basic Communication Process
• Tactile Channel: It is a form of nonverbal or body
language in which touching, handshaking , kissing, anger,
love, warmth, coldness and hostility convey a message
from sender to the receiver.
• Combined Channel: It states that consoling a person with
touch communication & speaking in shape of words gently
and sympathetically fall in the domain of combined
channel.
 The Basic Communication Process

4. Decoding of Message:
The receiver needs to be able to decode the message, which
means mentally processing the message into the domain of
understanding.
• If the receiver is unable to decode the message, then it will
be considered the delivery of the message as failure. For
example, sending a message in Foreign/English Language
that is not understood by the receiver will surely result in
failure of decoding the message. Thus, it shall be an
considered as an unproductive communication between the
sender and the receiver.
 The Basic Communication Process
5. Feedback:
•It is a return message sent by the receiver to the sender.
•It is most essential element of the communication process as
it shows that the receiver has understood the primary message
sent by the sender & the communication process is
considerably successful complete.
•A successful communication must be a two-way process of
communication, where the sender sends the message & in
return receives the feedback from the receiver.
•The feedback takes the shape of a verbal as well as
nonverbal.
 The Expanded Communication Process
• Stimulus: A stimulus
is an abstract thing that
Stimulus
causes a reaction in the
Decoding
part of human body. It
Encoding generates a need
to communicate,
Understanding
Understa hence, there must be
nding a stimulus for commun
Encoding
ication to take place.
This stimulus may be
Decoding
external or internal.
When it develops in an
environment, it is
called
external stimulus.