Quantitative Ability: © 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. LTD

QUANTITATIVE ABILITY
© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

RATIO & PROPORTION

• AND PROPORTION
RATIO
A ratio is a relation between two or more quantities normally of same kind. The ratio
a “to b” is written as a:b and is also expressed as a fraction a/b (b≠0). While
considering homogeneous quantities, the ratio is also expressed as percentage.
If two quantities are in the ratio a:b, it means that if the first quantity is ax, then the
second quantity is bx. A and B are in the ratio a:b as a proportion of the total, A is
a/a+b and B is b/a+b.
Ratio is a mere number and to find the ratio of two quantities, they must be
expressed in the same units.
If two ratios are equal, then the four quantities are in proportion. Thus if a:b is equal
to c:d, then a, b, c, d are in proportion and the proportion is written as a:b::c:d, where
a and d are called the extremes and b and c the means. Thus if a:b::c:d, then ad = bc.

Proportionality:
The values of two quantities may not be independent. For example, the
volume of a cube is proportional to its side and vice versa. Two mutually
dependent quantities are proportional if the ratio of their values remains
constant.
If a/b = c/d, then each term of the ratio a/b and c/d is called proportional.
a, b, c and d are respectively the first, second, third and fourth
proportionals. Here, a and d are known as extremes and b, c are known as
means.

Direct Proportion:
If two quantities are so related that an increase or decrease in one
quantity produces a proportional increase or decrease in the other, then
the two quantities are said to be directly proportional to each other, e.g.
the weight of a solid material is proportional to its volume.
Inverse Proportion:
If two quantities are so related that an increase in one of them produces a
proportional decrease in the other or vice versa, then the two quantities
are said to be inversely proportional to each other, e.g. the time a train
takes to travel a certain distance is inversely proportional to its speed.

Application 1
If all the members of a team are either juniors or seniors and if the ratio of
the juniors to seniors in the team is 3:5, what percent of the team
members are seniors?
(a) 50% (b) 60% (c) 62.5% (d) 65%
Ans: (c)
Solution
Ratio of juniors to seniors = 3:5 (i.e. 5 out of 8 members are seniors)
Seniors as a percent of the team = 5/8 × 100 = 500/8 = 62.5
Percentage of seniors = 62.5%

Application 2
•
A club had 3 boys and 5 girls. During a membership drive, same number of boys and girls joined the
club. How many members does the club have now if the ratio of boys to girls is 3:4?
(a) 12 (b) 14 (c) 16 (d) 15
Ans: (b)
Solution
Number of boys = 3 ; Number of girls = 5
Let the number of boys and girls who joined during the membership drive be x each.
The increased number of boys = 3 + x
The increased number of girls = 4 + x
The number of boys now = 3 + 3 = 6 and the number of girls = 5 + 3 = 8

The club now has 6 + 8 = 14 members.

•
Application 3
If two numbers are in the ratio 6:13 and their least common multiple is
312, what is the sum of the numbers?
(a) 60 (b) 76 (c) 65 (d) 75
Ans: (b)
Solution
Let the two numbers be 6x and 13x.
LCM of the numbers = 78x = 312
The two numbers are 6 × 4 = 24 and 13 × 4 = 52. The sum of the 2

numbers = 24 + 52 = 76.

Application 4
•
The sum of the salaries of John and Mary is Rs.12000 per month. John spends 80% of his salary
and Mary spends 70% of her salary. If their savings are in the ratio 4:3, what is the salary of John?
(a) Rs.8000 (b) Rs.8500 (c) Rs.6500 (d) Rs.7850
Ans: (a)
Solution
Let John's salary be Rs.X and Mary's salary be Rs.(12000 – X).
John's spending is 80% and his savings is 20%.
X × 20/100 = 0.2X
Mary's spending is 70% and her savings is 30%.
(12000 – X).
The ratio of John's savings to Mary's savings = 4:3
0.2X : 0.3(12000 – X) = 4:3
3(2X) = 4 × 3(12000 – X)
6X = 144000 – 12X
18X = 144000 X = 8000
Salary of John = Rs.8000

Application 5
Anand, Krish and Selva have invested a total of Rs.1,20,000 in a business in the
ratio 4:5:6. At the end of one year, the profit earned was Rs.12,000. What is the
profit share of Krish?
(a) Rs.3000 (b) Rs.4000 (c) Rs.5000 (d) Rs.6000
Ans: (b)
Solution
Anand : Krish : Selva
4 : 5 : 6
Proportion of Krish = 5/15
Total Profit = Rs.12,000
Profit share of Krish = (5/15) × Rs.12000 = Rs.4000

•
Application 6
Find the number that must be subtracted from the terms of the ratio
13:17 to make it equal to 5:9.
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 8 (d) 5
Ans: (c)
Solution
Let the number to be subtracted be x
Then
117 – 9x = 85 – 5x
x=8

Application 7
The incomes of A and B are in the ratio 7:2 and their expenditures are in the ratio 4:1. If each
saves Rs.1000 find their expenditures.
(a) Rs.20000, Rs.5000 (b) Rs.22000, Rs.7000
(c) Rs.18000, Rs.5000 (d) Rs.19000, Rs.6000
Ans: (a)
Solution
Let the incomes of A and B be 7x & 2x and their expenditures 4y & y respectively.
7x – 4y = 1000 … (1)
2x – y = 1000 … (2)
Multiplying (1) by 2, 14x – 8y = 2000 … (3)
and multiplying (2) by 7, 14x – 7y = 7000 … (4)
Solving (3) and (4), y = 5000
Expenditure of A = 4y = Rs.20,000 and that of B = Rs.5,000

•
Application 8

A mixture of 180 ml contains milk and water in the ratio 7:2. How much more water is to be added to
get a new mixture contain milk and water in the ratio 7:3.
(a) 25ml (b) 30ml (c) 18ml (d) 20ml
Ans: (d)
Solution
Mixture
Milk Water
7 : 2
180 ml of mixture v 140 ml 40 ml

Let the water to be added now be x ml.
Diluted (180 + x)ml 140 ml 40 + xml 7:3
140 × 3 = (40 + x) 7
Solving, x = 20
Water to be added = 20 ml

Application 9
There are 3 sections in standard III of a school. The ratio of students in sections A and B is 5:7
and that in B and C is 8:9. If the total number of students in the class is 318, Find the total
number of students in section B.
(a) 122 (b) 132 (c) 102 (d) 112
Ans: (d)
Solution
A B C
Ratio of students in the sections 5 : 7
8 : 9
Combined ratio 40 : 56 : 63
Total students in the three sections = 318
Students in section B = 318 × 56/159 = 112

Application 10
The ratio of present ages of Suresh and Naresh is 7:5. If after
6 years, their ages will be in the ratio of 4:3. What is the present age difference of the
two?
(a) 10 years (b) 12 years (c) 14 years (d) 11 years
Ans: (b)
Solution
Suresh Naresh
Present age 7 : 5 → 7x and 5x
After 6 years, the ratio of ages 4 : 3 → (7x + 6) and (5x + 6)
4 (5x + 6) = 3(7x + 6)
Solving, x = 6 and the present ages are 42 and 30 years.
Present age difference = 12 years

Application 11
In what ratio the two kinds of tea, one at Rs.90 per Kg and another at Rs.150 per
kg, must be mixed so that the mixture may cost Rs.102 per kg?
(a) 4:1 (b) 5:2 (c) 4:3 (d) 7:5
Ans: (a)
Solution
𝑠𝑡
1 48 4
𝑛𝑑
= = → 4:1
2 12 1
The two kinds are to be mixed in the ratio 4:1.

•
Application 12
Mary finishes the first half of her examination in two-third the time it takes her
to finish the second half. If the whole exam takes her 75 minutes, in how much
time did she finish the first half of the exam?
(a) 40 min (b) 30 min (c) 45 min (d) 20ml
Ans: (b)
Solution
Let the time taken to finish the second half be x min.
Time for finishing first half = 2x/3
x = 45 min
Time taken to finish the first half = × 45 = 30 min

GUARD AGAINST POPULAR ERRORS
• If the elements of a ratio a:b are multiplied by a constant say m i.e.
ma:mb, then the ratio remains the same i.e. a:b.
• If the elements of a ratio are increased by a constant say n i.e. a + n:b + n,
then the ratio will not remain the same.
• Difference between the ratio of two quantities is always directly
proportional to the difference when the ratio is multiplied by a constant.
• Difference between the ratio of two quantities is always the same when
the ratio is added by a constant.
• In case of addition of ratio by a constant, the proportion of elements of
the ratio will not remain the same.

TWI QUESTIONS
1. The numbers are in the ratio 3:4. LCM of the numbers is 360. Find HCF of the
numbers.
2. For every 3 litres of water, 2 litres of milk is mixed. After adding 10 litres of
water, the ratio of milk and water is 2:4. Initially the mixture was 50 litres. What
is the total quantity of milk (in litres) in the final mixture?
3. An automobile travels 176 miles on 8 gallons of gasoline. How far can it go on
a tankful of gasoline if the tank holds 14 gallons?
4. Place 10 dishes along the 4 edges of a table so that each edge has the same
number of dishes.
5. The ratio of Arun's marks to Babu's marks is 3:2 and their total marks are
165. What are Babu's marks?

• Ratio is nothing but a comparison of two or more different quantities based on the same
units.
• If the ratio is a:b, then proportion of 'a' is (a/a + b). Similarly, proportion of 'b' is (b/a +
b).
• If the ratio of a large container containing milk and water is 3:2, then each and every
drop of the container will have the same ratio.
• When Ramu eats 'A' cookies, Peter eats 'B' cookies; and when Peter eats 'C ' cookies, Syed
eats 'D' cookies. Here, the weighted ratio is A:(B+C):D
• If rice and sugar are in the ratio a:b and sugar and wheat are in the ratio c:d, then the
combined ratio must be ac:bc:db. For instance, if the ratio of rice and sugar is 4:3 and
the ratio of sugar and wheat is 5:2, then the combined ratio of rice, sugar and wheat is 4
× 5:3 × 5:2 × 3 = 20:15:6.

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. If two numbers are in the ratio 4:13 and their least common multiple is
312, then the larger number is
(a) 72 (b) 76 (c) 78 (d) 44
2. The difference between a two digit number and the number obtained
by interchanging the digits is 36. What is the difference between the sum
and the difference of the digits of the number, if the ratio between the
digits of the number is 2:1?
(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 8 (d) None of these

3. The wages of labourers in a factory have increased in the ratio 22:25
and their number has decreased in the ratio 15:11. What was the original
wage bill of the factory if the present bill is Rs.5000?
(a) Rs.4000 (b) Rs.5000 (c) Rs.6000 (d) Rs.7000
4. Ramu spends Rs.3620 for buying pants at the rate of Rs.480 each and
shirts at the rate of Rs.130 each. What will be the ratio of the number of
pants to the number of shirts when maximum number of pants is bought?
(a) 7:2 (b) 7:3 (c) 2:7 (d) None of these

5. A bag contains Rs.600 in the form of one-rupee, 50 paise and 25 paise
coins in the ratio 3:4:12. The number of 25 paise coins is
(a) 600 (b) 900 (c) 1200 (d) 1376
6. Rs.79.20 is divided among 7 men, 11 women and 5 boys, so that each

woman may have thrice as much as a boy and a man as much as a woman
and a boy together. Find the share of a man.
(a) Rs.1.20 (b) Rs.2.40 (c) Rs.4.80 (d) Rs.5

7. The monthly income of A and B are in the ratio 4:5 and their expenses
are in the ratio 5:6. If A saves Rs.25 per month and B saves Rs.50 per
month, what are their respective incomes in rupees?
(a) 400 and 500 (b) 240 and 300
(c) 320 and 400 (d) 440 and 550
8. A, B and C play cricket. The ratio of A's runs to B's runs and that of B's
runs to C's are both 3:2. They got altogether 342 runs. How many runs did
A make?

9. The ratio of marks obtained by Vinod and Basu is 6:5. If the combined
average of their percentage is 68.75 and sum of their marks is 275, find
the total marks for which examination was conducted.
10. The ratio of present age of A to that of B is 6:4. Five years ago, the ratio
was 5:3. Find their present age in years?
(a) 42, 28 (b) 36, 24 (c) 30, 20 (d) 25, 15

11. A, B and C working alone can complete a job in 6, 8 and 12 days
respectively. If all three of them work together to complete the job and
earn Rs.2340, what will be C’s share of the earnings?
(a) Rs.520 (b) Rs.1080 (c) Rs.1170 (d) Rs.630
12. The marks scored by a student in three subjects are in the ratio of
4:5:6. If the candidate scored an overall aggregate of 60% of the sum of
the maximum marks and the maximum marks is the same in all three
subjects, in how many subjects did he score more than 60%?
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) None of the subjects

Directions for Q13 to Q15:
Answer (a) if statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question but statement 2
alone is not sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (b) if statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question but statement 1
Answer (c) if statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question but
neither statement alone is sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (d) if each statement alone is sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the
question and additional data specific to the problem are needed.
13. In what ratio sugar and sand must be mixed to sell at Rs.12/Kg?
(a) Cost price of 1 kg sugar is Rs.15.
(b) Cost price of 1 kg sand is Rs.5.

14. What is the profit in selling one kg of diluted HCl?
(a) 80% HCl solution is mixed in 3 litres of water.
(b) 100% HCl costs Rs.200/litre.

15. What is the resultant ratio of coffee and chicory, when two cups A and B are mixed?
(a) Coffee and chicory are mixed in the ratio 3:2 in Cup A.
(b) Coffee and chicory are mixed in the ratio 4:7 in Cup B.

MIXTURES & ALLIGATION

MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS
• Mixture is a material system made up of two or more different
substances which are mixed but are not combined chemically. A
mixture refers to the physical combination of two or more substances
in which the identities are retained.
• A Solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed together.

One of them is called the solute and the other is the solvent. A solute is
the substance to be dissolved (sugar). The solvent is the one doing the
dissolving (water). Both the substances may be of liquid form.

ALLIGATION
It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given
prices must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.
• MEAN PRICE
The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.
• RULE OF ALLIGATION
When two or more quantities of different products are mixed together to produce a mixture of
a mean value, the ratios of their amounts are inversely proportional to the difference of their
values from the mean value.
If two ingredients are mixed, then
Quantity of cheaper = C.P. of dearer – Mean Price
Quantity of dearer = Mean price – C.P. of cheaper

Alligation is represented as:
The ratio in which the quantity of the cheaper is mixed with the quantity
of the dearer to obtain the mean value is given as:

To be known:
1. Choose any one constituent of the mixture or solution. (There is no rule
in selection)
2. Check out the proportion or percentage or amount of the chosen
constituent in the two mixtures or solutions available and also in the
resultant mixture.

PROBLEMS ON MIXTURES AND SOLUTIONS FALL UNDER FIVE
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES:
Type 1
Given: Two similar mixtures or solutions containing the same two
constituents in two different ratios.
To Find: Ratio in which these two mixtures are to be mixed to obtain a
desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant mixture.

Example
•
In what ratio should a coffee blend
containing coffee and chicory in the ratio
3:7 and another blend with coffee to
chicory ratio as 2:3 be mixed so that the
resultant blend will have a coffee to Aliter:
chicory ratio of 7:13?
Solution
Let x and y be the quantities of the first
and the second blends respectively to be
mixed. Then in the resultant blend, the Therefore, the required ratio is 1:1.
quantity of coffee
and the quantity of chicory
By the given condition,

Type 2:
Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution with the ratio of the constituents.
To find: The quantity of similar mixture or solution of same constituents to

be added to obtain a desired ratio of constituents in the resultant mixture.
Example
A container has 60 liters of 40% alcohol solution. How many liters of a 50%
alcohol solution should be added to this solution so that the resultant solution
will have 42% alcohol?
(a) 2:3 (b) 5:1 (c) 4:1 (d) 3:4
Ans: (c)

Type 3:
Given: Quantity of one mixture or solution of two constituents in a particular
ratio.
To find: The quantity of either of the constituents to be added to obtain a

desired ratio of the two constituents in the resultant mixture or solution.
Example
Sea water contains 5% salt by weight .How many kilograms of fresh water must
be added to 40 kg of sea water for the salt content of the solution to be 2%?
(a) 50 (b) 60 (c)65 (d) 70
Ans: (b)

•
Solution
Let the quantity of fresh water to be added be x kg.
Quantity of salt in 40 kg of sea water = 40 x 0.05 = 2 kg
Total quantity of the solution after adding water = (40 + x)
Percentage of salt in the resultant solution
So, 60 kg of fresh water should be added.

Type 4:
Given: The quantity of one mixture or solution of two constituents in a
particular ratio.
To Find: The ratio of the two constituents in the resultant mixture or solution
when certain quantity is removed and replaced with one of the constituents.

Example
A vessel is filled with a liquid, 3 parts of which are water and 4 parts milk. How
much of the mixture must be drawn off and replaced with water so that the
mixture may be half water and half milk?
(a) 1/7 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/8 (d) 1/6
Ans: (c)

Type 5:
A variation of type 4 where the process of removing and replacing is repeated
Solutions to the problems of this type can be worked out quickly using the following formula.
where
F.C. - Final Concentration of constituent
I.C. - Initial Concentration of constituent
P - Proportion of the quantity taken out and replaced
K - Number of repetitions
Example
A milkman has in his container 80 litres of pure milk. He sells 8 litres to his first customer. After
adding 8 litres of water to his container, he sells 8 litres to the second customer. Again after
adding 8 litres of water to the container, he sells 8 litres to the third customer. How many litres
of pure milk does the third customer get?

Application 1
In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of pulses costing Rs.15 and Rs.20 per kg
respectively so as to get a mixture worth Rs.16.50 kg?
(a) 2:3 (b)5:1 (c) 7:3 (d) 3:4
Ans: (c)
Solution
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 1 = Rs.15
Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg.
Cost of 1 kg pulses of variety 2 = Rs.20
Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg
Cost of 1 kg pulses of the mixture = Rs.16.50
Quantity of the mixture = (x + y) kg
So, we get 15x + 20y = 16.50 (x + y)
1.50x = 3.50y  x:y = 3.5:1.5 = 7:3

•
Application 2
A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest
at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity sold at 18% profit is
(a) 400 kg (b) 560 kg (c) 600 kg (d) 640 kg
Ans: (c)
Solution
Let the quantity sold at 8% profit be x kg and that at 18% profit be y kg
Profit on x kg = 8% x and profit on y kg = 18% y
Profit on (x + y) kg = 14% (x + y)
So, we get 8%x + 18%y = 14%(x + y) 6%x = 4%y
Hence, the required ratio of x and y = 4:6
Therefore, the quantity sold at 18% profit is 600 kg.

•
Application 3

In what ratio must a grocer mix two varieties of tea worth Rs.60 a kg and Rs.65 a kg so that by
selling the mixture at Rs.68.20 a kg, he may gain 10%?
(a) 3:2 (b) 3:4 (c) 3:5 (d) 3:7
Ans: (a)
Solution
Selling price of the mixture per kg = Rs.68.20
Gain = 10%
Cost price of the mixture
Cost price of 1 kg of variety 1 = Rs.60
Cost price of 1 kg of variety 2 = Rs.65
Let the quantity of variety 1 be x kg
Let the quantity of variety 2 be y kg
So, we get 60x + 65y = 62(x + y) 2x = 3y
So, the required ratio = 3:2

Application 4
A vessel is filled with a mixture 3 parts of which are water and 5 parts syrup. How much part of the mixture
must be drawn off and replaced with water so that the final mixture may be half water and half syrup?
(a) 1/3 (b) 1/4 (c) 1/5 (d) 1/6
Ans: (c)
Solution

Application 5
A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container, 4 litres of milk were taken out and
replaced with water. This process was repeated further two times. How much milk is now contained
by the container?
(a) 26.34 litres (b) 27.36 litres (c) 28 litres (d) 29.16 litres
Ans: (d)
Solution

Application 6
Four litres of 100% pure sulphuric acid is added to six litres of 20% sulphuric acid. What is the
strength of the acid in the new mixture?
(a) 48% (b) 42%(c) 52% (d)51%
Ans: (c)
Solution
Let the strength of the acid in the new mixture be x%.
Applying the principle of alligation,

Application 7
Ratio of milk and water in one container is 5:1 and that in the other container is 7:2. In what ratio the
contents of the two containers should be mixed so that the quantity of milk in the resulting mixture may
become 80%?
(a) 3:4 (b) 2:3 (c) 4:3 (d) 2:5
Ans: (b)
Solution

Application 8
Two alloys contain zinc and copper in the ratio of 2:1 and 4:1 respectively. In what ratio the two
alloys should be melted to get a new alloy having zinc and copper in the ratio 3:1?
(a) 3:5 (b) 3:7 (c) 4:7 (d) 7:5
Ans: (a)
Solution

Application 9
In what ratio must a person mix three kinds of solution costing Rs.12, Rs.14.40 and
Rs.17.40 per kilogram so that the mixture may be worth Rs.14.10 per kilogram?
(a) 11:77:7 (b) 11:17:7 (c) 11:7:77 (d) 13:11:77
Ans: (a)
Solution

Application 10
A vessel contains a mixture of two liquids A and B in the ratio 7:5. When 9 litres of mixture are
drawn off and the flask is filled with liquid B, the ratio of A and B becomes 7:9. How many litres of
liquid A was present initially in the flask?
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 24 (d) 21
Ans: (d)
Solution

• Mixing 80% milk solution and 90% milk solution does not always result in
a 85% milk solution - this is possible only if equal quantities are mixed.
• In 20 litres of milk solution, milk and water are in the ratio 3:2. When 10
litres of water added to the solution, the ratio becomes 2:3, but not at 3:2.
• In 10 litres of mango juice, milk and mango are in the ratio 1:2. Then every
drop of the 10 litres will bear the same ratio.
• In case of solid mixtures, the ingredients should be powdered and mixed
so that they become homogeneous. Then only each and every part of the
mixture will bear the same ratio.

TWI QUESTIONS
1. How many kgs of Basmati rice costing Rs.42/kg should a shopkeeper mix with 25 kgs of
ordinary rice costing Rs.24 per kg so that he makes a profit of 25% on selling the mixture at
Rs.40/kg?
2. A zookeeper counted the heads of the animals in a zoo and found it to be 80. When he counted
the legs of the animals he found it to be 260. If the zoo had only pigeons and horses, how many
horses were there in the zoo?
3. How many litres of a 12 litre mixture containing milk and water in the ratio of 2:3 are to be
replaced with pure milk so that the resultant mixture contains milk and water in equal
proportions?
4. The milk and water in two vessels A and B are in the ratio 4:3 and 2:3 respectively. In what ratio
the liquids in the two vessels be mixed to obtain a new mixture in vessel C consisting half milk
and half water?
5. A goldsmith has two qualities of gold, one of 10 carat and the other of 15 carat purity. In what
proportion should he mix both to make an ornament of 12 carat purity?

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. In what ratio two varieties of milk costing Rs.8 and Rs.9 per litre
respectively are to be mixed, so that the mixture costs Rs.8.30 per litre?
(a) 9:8 (b) 7:3 (c) 3:7 (d) 8:9
2. How many litres of pure alcohol should be added to 10 litres of a 30%

alcohol solution to make it a 44% alcohol solution?
(a) 7.5 (b) 3.5 (c) 5.0 (d) 2.5

3. A grocer bought two kinds of rice at Rs.38 and Rs.32 per kg respectively.
In what ratio should these be mixed, so that by selling the mixture at
Rs.42.5 per kg, 25% may be gained?
(a) 2:1 (b) 3:2 (c) 3:4 (d) 1:2
4. In a mixture of 60 litres, the ratio of milk to water is 2:1. If the ratio of

the milk to water is to be 1:2, then the amount of water to be added is
(a) 20 litres (b) 30 litres
(c) 40 litres (d) 60 litres

5. A trader mixes ‘Ariel’ detergent costing Rs.64 per kg with ‘Surf Excel’
which costs Rs.76 per kg in the ratio 1:3. If the cost of ‘Surf excel’ drops to
Rs.74 per kg, then in what ratio should he mix the two to leave the cost of
mixture unchanged?
(a) 1:9 (b) 1:8
(c) 9:1 (d) None of these
6. A milkman dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. The percentage of milk

in the solution is now 80%. How many litres of water did he add?
(a) 9 (b) 10 (c) 4 (d) 36

7. From a vessel containing only milk, 5 litres are drawn and replaced with
water. This action is repeated once more (i.e. 5 litres of the mixture are
drawn and replaced with water). The ratio of milk to water now is 36:13.
How many litres of solution does the vessel hold?
8. A vessel contains wine solution, wine and water being in the ratio 4:1.
How many litres of water should be added to this solution so that the ratio
of wine to water becomes 3:2 in the resultant solution of 100 litres?

9. The cost price of three kinds of sugar is Rs.5, Rs.6 and Rs.6.80 per bag
respectively. In what ratio should they be mixed so that the price of the
mixture is Rs.6.50 per bag?
(a) 1:3:10 (b) 1:10:3 (c) 1:2:3 (d) None of these
10. Two vessels contain a litre each of kerosene and petrol. 100 ml of kerosene
is added to the vessel containing petrol. Now, 100ml from the vessel originally
containing only petrol is poured back into the vessel originally containing only
kerosene. Then, the fraction of kerosene in petrol is same as the fraction of
petrol in kerosene. State whether the above statement is true or false.
(a) True (b) False
(c) Cannot say (d) None of these

11. A grocer mixes 38 kg of rice that cost him Rs.8 per kg with 42 kg of
rice that cost him Rs.12.50 per kg. He sells the mixture at Rs.11.25 per kg.
Find his gain or loss percentage.
(a) 8.05% (b) 7%
(c) 7.05% (d) None of these
12. A can contains 200 litres of pure spirit. From this can, 20 litres of spirit
is removed and replaced with water. This process is repeated two more
times. Find the concentration of spirit in the resultant solution.
(a) 72.9% (b) 70.9%
(c) 52.9% (d) None of these

13. Two glasses are filled with a solution of water and spirit. In the first
glass, the volume of water is thrice the volume of spirit, while in the
second glass the volume of spirit is twice the volume of water. The
contents of the two glasses are emptied into a third glass of capacity 15
litres, so that it contains an equal amount of spirit and water. What is the
volume (in litres) of the solution taken from the second glass?
(a) 9 (b) 12
(c) 10 (d) None of these

Directions for Q14 and Q15:
Answer (a) if statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question but
statement 2 alone is not sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (b) if statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question but
statement 1 alone is not sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (c) if statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question
but neither statement alone is sufficient to answer the question;
Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the
14. What is the ratio of the gold added to the gold present in the alloy originally?
I. In an alloy, the ratio of gold and tin present is 5:3.
II. By adding certain quantity of gold, the ratio becomes 2:1.

Directions for Q14 and Q15:
Answer (e) if both statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question
and additional data specific to the problem are needed.
15. A cowboy dilutes 36 litres of milk with water. How many litres of water did he add?
I. After adding water, percentage of milk in the solution is 80%.
II. Cost of milk is Rs.15 per litre

SIMPLE EQUATION BASED
PROBLEMS
WORD PROBLEMS
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. There are 3 societies A, B, C having some tractors each.

A gives B and C as many tractors as they already have.
After a few days B gives A and C as many tractors as they have.
After a few more days C gives A and B as many tractors as they
have.
Finally, each society has 24 tractors. What is the original No. of
tractors each had in the beginning?
(a) A-39, B-21, C-12 (b) A-49, B-21, C-12
(c) A-39, B-26, C-12 (d) A-29, B-21, C-11

2. 24 apples were divided among 3 brothers. Each of them got
the same No of apples as their age 3 years ago. The youngest
of them kept half of his share and divided the rest of them
equally between other two. The other two did the same
thing. They all ended up with 8 apples each. Determine their
ages.
(a) 8, 12, 16 (b) 9, 12, 15
(c) 7, 10, 16 (d) 5, 10, 15

Directions for Q3 and Q4: The cost of fuel for running the engine of
an army tank is proportional to the square of the speed and is Rs.64
per hour for a speed of 16 kmph. Other costs amount to Rs.400 per
hour. The tank has to make a journey of 400 km at a constant speed.
3. The most economical speed for this January is
(a) 20 kmph (b) 30 kmph
(c) 35 kmph (d) 40 kmph
4. The total cost for the journey at this most economical speed is
(a) 8000 (b) 10000
(c) 12000 (d) 14000

5. Abhishek had a certain number of Rs.1 coins, Rs.2 coins
and Rs.10 coins. If the number of Rs.1 coins he had is six
times the number of Rs.2 coins Abhishek had, and the total
worth of his coins is Rs.160, find the maximum number of
Rs.10 coins Abhishek could have had.
(a) 5 (b) 6
(c) 12 (d) 10

6. In a family of husband, wife and a daughter, the sum of the
husband’s age, twice the wife’s age, and thrice the
daughter’s age is 85; while the sum of twice the husband’s
age, four times the wife’s age, and six times the daughter’s
age is 170. It is also given that the sum of five times the
husband’s age, ten times the wife’s age and fifteen times
the daughter’s age equals 450. The number of possible
solutions, in terms of the ages of the husband, wife and the
daughter, to this problem is
(a) 1 (b) 0
(c) 2 (d) many

7. The currencies in countries X and Y are denoted by
Xs. and Ys. respectively. The exchange rate in 1990 was
1 Xs. = 0.6 Ys. The price level in 2006 in X and Y are 150
and 400 respectively with 1990 as a base of 100. The
exchange rate in 2006, based solely on this purchasing
power parity consideration, is 1 Xs.=
(a) 1.6 Ys (b) 0.8 Ys
(c) 2 Ys (d) 1.2 Ys

Directions for Q8 to Q10: A boy is roaming on the roof of his house observes that
insects are there in bunches. He found 'p' insects on day 1. On day two, the number of
insects doubled and he takes out 'q' insects and kills them. On the third day again, the
insects left have doubled and he again takes out 'q' insects and kills them. On the fourth
day also he found the same, insects left have doubled and he takes out 'q' insects again.
He is surprised to find that there are no insects left on his roof.
8. If the number of insects on the roof, on day 1 is 63, then the number of insects that
are killed on the fourth day is
(a) 72 (b) 63 (c) 50 (d) 55
9. The minimum number of insects that he kills on any of the last three days is
(a) 8(b) 7(c) 0 (d) 1
10. The minimum number of insects that he left on day 1 is

(a) 8(b) 7(c) 0 (d) 1

11.Three persons Suresh, Devesh and Prashant were born on different
days in the same year. If the date and month of birth of Suresh,
Devesh and Prashant are numerically equal, then what could be the
minimum difference in the ages of youngest and oldest in days?
(a) 61 (b) 57 (c) 60 (d) 70
12.In a green view apartment, the houses of a row are numbered

consecutively from 1 to 49. Assuming that there is a value of 'x'
such that the sum of the numbers of the houses preceding the
house numbered 'x' is equal to the sum of the numbers of the
houses following it. Then, what will be the value of 'x'?
(a) 35 (b) 49 (c) 17 (d) 20

13.In a cricket match, Team A scored 232 runs without losing a wicket.
The score consisted of byes, wides and runs scored by two opening
batsmen: Raj and Shyam. The runs scored by the two batsmen are
26 times wides. There are 8 more byes than wides. If the ratio of
the runs scored by Raj and Shyam is 6:7, then the runs scored by
Raj is
(a) 40 (b) 70 (c) 50 (d) 10
14.A and B collect fruits from some trees such that A picks 4 from each
tree while B picks 3 from each tree and the number of trees that B
used is 4 more than that of A. If A and B have equal number of fruits
then what will be the total number of fruits in their collection?
(a) 40 (b) 70 (c) 50 (d) 96

15.The time taken by a hose to fill up a cistern is less than the time
taken by another hose used for the same purpose by 6 minutes. If
1st one is 5/2 times faster than the second, What is the time taken
(minutes) by the 1st hose to fill up?
(a) 4 (b) 7 (c) 5 (d) 1
16.Village A has a population of 6,800, which is decreasing at a rate of

120 per year. Village B has a population of 4, 200, which is
increasing at a rate of 80 per year. In how many years will the
population of the two villages be equal?
(a) 9 (b) 11 (c) 13 (d) 16

17. The number of blues was two more than the total number of reds and
greens. Three times the number of reds added to twice the number of
greens was twice the number of blues. If there were 22 total, how
many were there of each colour (red, green and blue)?
(a) 4, 6, 12 (b) 6, 4, 12
(c) 8, 2, 12 (d) None of these
18. Ram and Mohan are friends. Each has some money. If Ram gives Rs.30
to Mohan, then Mohan will have twice the money left with Ram. But, if
Mohan gives Rs.10 to Ram, then Ram will have thrice as much as is left
with Mohan. How much money does each have?
(a) Rs.62, Rs.34 (b) Rs.6, Rs.2
(c) Rs.170, Rs.124 (d) Rs.43, Rs.26

19. A lady went to the market with a few one-rupee notes and a few 20-paise coins.
When she returned, she had as many one-rupee notes as she originally had 20-
paise coins and vice versa. She actually came back with about one-third of what she
had gone with. How much does she spend in the market?
(a) Rs.14.40 (b) Rs.14.70 (c) Rs.15.50 (d) Rs.17.40
20. Ramesh has two examinations on Wednesday - Engineering Mathematics in the

morning and Engineering Drawing in the afternoon. He has a fixed amount of time
to read the textbooks of both these subjects on Tuesday. During this time he can
read 80 pages of Engineering Mathematics and 100 pages of Engineering Drawing.
Alternatively, he can also read 50 pages of Engineering Mathematics and 250 pages
of Engineering Drawing. Assume that the amount of time it takes to read one page
of the textbook of either subject is constant. Ramesh is confident about Engineering
Drawing and wants to devote full time in reading Engineering Mathematics. The
number of Engineering Mathematics text book pages he can read on Tuesday is
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 200 (d) 175

PROBLEMS ON AGES
• Problems on ages can be categorized into three types, i.e. questions
based on calculating the present age, questions to determine the age of
person after k years and questions to calculate the age of a person
before k years. These three types may cover cases of various types with
different combinations of ratios, fractions etc.
1. If the present age of ‘A’ is ‘x’ years, then
‘n’ years ago => Age of ‘A’ was (x – n) years.
‘n’ years after => Age of ‘A’ will be (x + n) years.
2. In general, at the starting of the solution we have to assume the present age
of one person. It is better to assume the present age as ‘x’ years.
3. It is advisable to assume the age of the younger person as ‘x’ years.
4. If the present age ‘A’ and ‘B’ are ‘x’ and ‘y’ years respectively, then ‘n’ years
ago => Age of ‘A’ and ‘B’ were (x – n) and (y – n) years respectively.
‘n’ years after => Age of ‘A’ and ‘B’ will be (x + n) and (y + n) years respectively.
5. The age difference between you and your friend is let’s suppose 6 years. And
after 10 or 15 years, this will be same, because clock will run equally for all.
Why should I learn:
• ‘Problems on ages’ is an important topic in quantitative exams which is very
essential in bank exam. It is based on algebra equation solving
• Algebra is a very powerful branch of Mathematics. It provides solution to real–
world problems. It helps in transforming word problems into mathematical
expressions in the form of equations using variables to denote unknown
quantities or parameters thus providing numerous techniques to solve these
mathematical equations and hence, determining the answer to the problem.
• In CAT you will be getting very tricky problems and there would be multiple
instances where you have to make use of linear equations to find the solution
of the problem. So, to successfully apply linear equations, we first need to
learn to translate aptly the word problem into them.
Example 1
The present age of the mother is 5 times the age of her son. Five years ago, the age of the
mother was ten times the age of her son at that time. How old is the mother at present?
(a) 45 years (b) 40 years
(c) 48 years (d) 49 years
(e) None of these
Ans: [a]
REGULAR METHOD TO SOLVE AGE PROBLEM
Step 1: SMART METHOD TO SOLVE AGE PROBLEMS
Let us assume mother’s present age as M. Step 1:
Let us assume the present age of the son to be as S. To solve this question using the smart method, we need to
Step 2: understand the question carefully.
As mentioned in the question, the present age of the As mentioned in the question that the mother’s age is 5
mother is 5 times the age of son times the age of son, we can clearly make out that the
M=5xS ... (i) mother’s age should be a multiple of 5.
Step 3: By this, we can easily eliminate the options which are not
Now an equation now the multiples of 5.
(M – 5) = 10 (S – 5) ...(ii) Therefore, option 3 and option 4 are eliminated.
Step 4: Step 2:
M – 5 = 10S – 50 Now we take the second condition into consideration and
5S – 5 = 10S – 50 (Applying equation (i)) check which option satisfies the condition.
5S = 45 Option 1: 45 years.
S =9 If the mother’s present age is 45 then the son’s age would
F = 9 x 5 = 45 be 9, since the mother is 5 times the son’s age.
Now, five years ago mother’s age would be 40 and son’s
age would be 4.
Hence, the second statement states that 5 years ago
mother’s age was 10 times the age of the son.
As, 40 = 10 x 4; option 1 satisfies both the condition.
Therefore the mother’s present age is 45.
Example 2
The total age of P and Q is 25 years more than the total age of Q and R. R is
how many years younger than P?
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14
Ans: [b]
Given that P + Q = 12 + Q + R
=> P – R = 25 + Q – Q = 25
=> R is younger than P by 12 years
Example 3
Eight years ago, Krishna’s age was 4/3 times that of Vishal. Eight years hence,
Krishna's age will be 6/5 times that of Vishal. What is the present age of Krishna?
(a) 41 yrs (b) 40 yrs (c) 37 yrs (d) 33 yrs
Ans: [b]
Let the present ages of Krishna and Vishal be 'K' and 'V' years respectively.
=> K – 8 = 4/3 (V – 8) and K + 8 = 6/5 (V + 8)
=> 3/4(K – 8) = V – 8 and 5/6(K + 8) = V + 8
V = 3/4 (K – 8) + 8 = 5/6 (K + 8) – 8
=> 3/4 K – 6 + 8 = 5/6 K + 20/3 – 8
=> 10 – 20/3 = 10/12 K – 9/12 K
=> 10/3 = K/12 => K = 40.
Example 4
When Vijay was born, his mother was 32 years older than his cousin brother
whose mother was 25 years older than Vijay’s sister. If Vijay's brother is 6
years older than Vijay and the brother’s mother is 3 years younger than
Vijay’s mother, how old was Vijay's sister when Vijay was born?
Ans: [c]
Vijay age when he was born = 0 years
=> His cousin brother's age = 6 years
=> Vijay’s mother's age = brother age + 32 years = 6 + 32 = 38
=> Brother’s mother's age = 38 – 3 = 35
So Vijay’s sister's age = 35 – 25 = 10 years.
Example 5
On a women’s tombstone, it is said that one sixth of her life was spent in
childhood and one twelfth as a teenager. One seventh of her life passed
between the time she became adult and the time she married; five years
later, her son was born. Siva, her son, died four years before she did. She
lived to be twice as old as her son did. How old did the women live to be?
Let the woman live to be x years and her son live to be y years.
∴ x/6 + x/12 + x/7 + 5 + y + 4 = x... (1)
x = 2y ... (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
x = 84
The woman lived to be 84 years.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. The ratio of Abhishek’s age 4 years ago and Salman’s age after 4 years is
1 : 1. If at present, the ratio of their ages is 5 : 3, then find the ratio
between Abhishek’s age 4 years hence and Salman’s age 4 years ago.
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
2. 4 years ago, sister’s age was 6 times the age of her brother and the sum
of the present ages of the sister and the brother is 29 years. What will be
the age of her brother after 5 years?
(a) 12 years (b) 13.5 years (c) 15 years (d) 20 years
3. Father is 3 times more aged than his son. If after 5 years, he would be 3
times of son’s age, then further after 5 years, how many times he would be
of his son’s age?
(a) 1 (½) times (b) 2 times
(c) 2.5 times (d) 3 times
4. Paviesh is 15 years older than Mohan. If 5 years ago, Paviesh was 3

times as old as Mohan, then find Paviesh's present age.
(a) 32.5 years (b) 27.5 years
(c) 25 years (d) 24.9 years
5. What is Akshay's present age, if after 20 years his age will be 10 times
his age 10 years back?
(c) 13.3 years (d) 10 years
6. The ratio of Sachin’s age 4 years ago and Dravid’s age after 4 years is 1:
1. Presently, the ratio of their ages is 5: 3. Find the ratio between Sachin’s
age 4 years hence and Dravid’s age 4 years ago.
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1 (c) 4 : 3 (d) 3 : 4
7. Six years ago Aditi was P times as old as Bhema was. If Aditi is now 17
years old, how old is Bhema now in terms of P?
(a) 11/P + 6 years (b) P/11 +6 years
(c) 17 – P/6 years (d) 17/P years
8. Sum of present ages of Pooja and Quincy is 41. Age of Pooja 2 year
hence is equal to age of Riya 1 year ago. Age of Pooja, 4 year hence is equal
to age of Quincy 1 year ago and ratio of present age of Pooja and Sruthi is
3 : 4. Find the difference of age of Riya and Sruthi.
9. The average age of Vijay and Paviu is 24 years. If a new person Uma is
also included, the average age increases by 1.5 years. What is the age of
Uma?
(c) 30.5 years (d) 27 years
10. Arun's present age is 9 years more than that of what Pavi's age will be
after five years. Pavi's present age is seven years more than that of what
Vino's age was 4 years ago. Vino's present age is 19 years. What will be
Arun's age after 5 years?
11. Mr. Anand got married 12 years ago to Priya and she became the 7th
member of the family. Today his mother died and Mrs. Priya gave birth to
a girl baby. The average age of Anand’s family at the time of his marriage
was the same as of today. What is the age of his mother when she died?
(a) 60 (b) 72 (c) 84 (d) 54
12. Peter’s current age is 2/5th of the age of his father. After 8 years, he
will be 1/2 of the age of his father. What is the age of the father at present?
(a) 50 (b) 40 (c) 33 (d) 30
13. The age of a person is ten times the total age of his 2 daughters. 0.5
decade hence, his age will be five times the total age of his daughters.
Then what is the father’s current age? [0.5 Decades = 5 Years]
14. 0.1 decade ago, Vimala was quadrice as old as her daughter Sasi. 0.6
decades hence, Vimala’s age will beat her daughter’s age by 0.9 decades.
The proportion of the current ages of Vimala and Sasi is [0.1 Decades = 1
Year; quadrice = 4 times]
(a) 8:1 (b) 10:2 (c) 11:4 (d) 13:4
15. The ratio of Kishore’s and Kaviya’s age is 4: 5. If the difference
between the present age of Kaviya and the age of Kishore 5 years hence is
3 years, then what is the total of the present age of Kishore and Kaviya?
16. The average of the ages of W, X and Y is 43 years and the average of the
ages of W, Y and Z is 49 years. If Z is 54 years old, what is the age of X?
17. Dileep is twice more than the age of Rohini. After 10 years, he would
be twice the age of Rohini. After 30 years, how many times would he be of
Rohini’s age?
(a) 2.5 times (b) 1.5 times
(c) 2 times (d) 3 times
18. Joseph is six years older than Sangeetha. 30 years ago, the difference
between thrice Joseph’s age and four times Sangeetha's age was 6.They
got married when Sangeetha was 22 years old. How old would they be
when they celebrate their 50th wedding anniversary?
(a) 74 , 80 (b) 68 , 74 (c) 70 , 76 (d) 78 , 72
•19. A father has a daughter and a son. The son is four years older than the
daughter. In two years, the father will be seven times as old as the
daughter is now. In ten years the father will be fourteen years older than
the combined ages of his children. Find the present age of the father.
20. Father’s age is twice more than his son’s age. After 6 years, father’s age
will be rd of his son's age. How many times would his age be of his son's
age after 12 years?
(a) Twice (b) Two and half times
(c) Thrice (d) One and half times
21. Three sisters Rina, Meena and Tina whose ages are in the
ratio 7:4:3, had to divide the total of 770 pearls among them
in the ratio of their ages. How many pearls did Tina get?
(a) 330 (b) 75 (c) 144 (d) 165

22. Twice the age of the eldest child in a family is just 6 years
short of thrice the age of the youngest child. Twice the age of
the youngest child exceeds the age of the eldest child by 19
years. By how many years is the youngest child younger than
the eldest child?
(a) 13 (b) 15 (c) 14 (d) 16

23. The average age of 10 lecturers of a department is the
same as it was 5 years ago, because a lecturer has been
replaced by another lecturer. What is the age of the lecturer
who left the department?
(a) 50 yrs (b) 55 yrs
(c) 60 yrs (d) Cannot say

24. Sampath is as much as younger to Vamsi as he is older to
Rakesh. If the sum of ages of Vamsi and Rakesh is 56, how old
is Sampath now?

25. Jerry went to get his driving license. When asked his age,
he said “My age today is three times what it will be three
years from now minus three times what my age was three
years ago”. How old is Jerry?

26. A man has a daughter and a son. The son is 3 years older
than the daughter. In 1 year, the man will be 6 times as old as
daughter is now. In ten years, man will be 14 years older than
the combined age of children at that time. What is man’s
present age?

27. Three times the age of my father added to seven times the
age of my sister is 183 years. Six times the difference of their
ages added to 9 years is three times the sum of the ages.
Determine the sister’s present age.

28. Mr. Nagaraj got married 12 years ago to Parvathy and she
became 7th member of the family. Today his mother died and
Mrs. Parvathy gave birth to a girl baby. The average age of
Nagaraj’s family at the time of his marriage is the same as of
today. What is the age of his mother when she died?

29. The sum of present ages of father and son is 55 years. If
the father is to live another year’s equal to present age of son,
then the sum of their ages will be 93 years. Find the present
ages of father and son respectively (in years)?
(a) 38, 20 (b) 36, 19
(c) 37, 20 (d) 32, 18

30. In January of the year 2000, I was one more than eleven
times as old as my son William. In January of 2009, I was
seven more than three times as old as him. How old was my
son in January of 2000 (in years)?

31. A says to B, “I am twice as old as you were, when I was as
old as you are”. The sum of their present ages is 63 years,
what are the present ages of A and B respectively?
(a) 36, 27 (b) 35, 25 (c) 35, 27 (d) 38, 24

32. Father is aged three times more than his son Sunil. After 8
years, he would be two and a half times of Sunil's age. After
further 8 years, how many times would he be of Sunil's age?
(a) 4 times (b) 3 times
(c) 2 times (d) None of these

33. Aftab tells his daughter “Seven years ago, I was 7 times as
old as you were then. Also, three years from now, I shall be
three times as old as you will be”. Find the present ages of
Aftab and his daughter (in years)?
(a) 42, 12 (b) 40, 10 (c) 45, 12 (d) 41, 10

34. Ravi is three years older than Vimala. When they got
married 40 years ago, the difference of twice Ravi age from
thrice Vimala’s age was 16 years. How old will each of them
be when they celebrate their golden anniversary (50th year)
(in years)?
(a) 75, 72 (b) 70, 68
(c) 74, 72 (d) 74, 69

35. Nitin’s age was equal to square of some number last year
and the following year it would be cube of a number. If again
Nitin’s age has to the cube of some number, then for how long
he will have to wait?

36. The present age of a father is 3 years more than three
times the age of son. Three years later, father’s age will be 10
years more than twice the age of son. Find the present age of
father?

37. In three more years, Arun’s grandfather will be six times
as old as Arun was last year. When Arun’s present age is
added to his grandfather’s present age, the total is 68. How
old is Arun’s grandfather?

38. A is two years older than B who is twice as old as C. The
total of the ages of A, B and C is 27. How old is B?

39. I am three times as old as my son. Five years later, I shall
be two and half times as old as my son. How old is my son?

40. Sobha’s father was 38 years of age when she was born
while her mother was 36 years old when her brother four
years younger to her was born. What is the difference
between the ages of her parents?

PERCENTAGES
DEFINITION:
• The term ‘per cent’ means one out of a hundred. In Mathematics percentages are used to
describe parts of a whole – the whole being made up of a hundred equal parts.
• Percentage is a concept evolved so that there can be a uniform platform for comparison of
various things. (Since each value is taken to a common platform of 100)
• For example,
• To compare three different students depending on the marks they scored, we cannot directly
compare their marks until we know the maximum marks for which they took the test. But by
calculating the percentages, they can directly be compared with one another.
• There are lots of reasons why you may want to find the percentage of a number. Let's
suppose that you want to buy a new laptop computer for £500 – you have checked with the
suppliers and one company has offered to give you 20% off the price. How much will the
laptop cost taking into account the discount offered?
• Like this, percentages are used frequently in all walks of life. "30% increase in fuel prices this
winter", "20% off all shoes", "79% of people in UK have an Internet connection", "50% extra
free".
• In one recent study…51% of adults could not calculate a 10% tip on a lunch bill.
Why should I learn This Topic?
• Percentages are used in two main ways in everyday life:
• As operators
• In many real life situations you find a percentage of an amount. For example,
if you buy something at 30% discount you pay 70% of the usual price.
• 70% operates on the usual price, e.g. 70% of Rs.60 is Rs.42.
• 2. As proportions
• Percentages are often used to compare two or more proportions. For
example, to compare two shooters in a netball game, you might convert the
statistics into percentages.
• Selma gets 32 out of 40 shots and so her shooting percentage is 80%.
• Niki gets 33 out of 44 shots and so her percentage is 75%.
How to find percentage:
• As we have already learnt, percentages are ways of dividing the whole
into 100 equal parts. The whole can be anything, an amount of money,
a period of time, your body weight – the whole is simply the whole
amount of something or 100%.
• 1 % of £500 is, therefore, £500 ÷ 100. That is £5. 1% of £500 = £5.
• Once you have worked out what 1% is equal to, you can multiply it by
the percentage you are looking for, in this case 20%. So £5 × 20 =
£100. Therefore 20% of £500 = £100. The laptop computer will
therefore cost £500 – 20% which is £500 – £100 = £400.
The easy way to work out 1% of any number:
• 1% is the whole (whatever that may be) divided by 100. When we divide
something by 100, we simply move the place values two columns to the
right,
• Once you have mastered dividing by 100 to work out 1% of the whole,
the relevant questions can be answered as per following steps.
1. Find your whole value and the number that you want to turn into a percentage.
2. Turn the two numbers into a fraction.
3. Place the number you want to turn into a percentage over the whole value.
4. Convert the fraction into a decimal.
5. Multiply the decimal by 100 to get the percent.
6. Use the percent as your answer.
PERCENTAGES – FRACTIONS CONVERSIONS
• For faster calculations we can convert the percentages or decimal
equivalents into their respective fraction notations. The following is a
table showing the conversion of percentages and decimals into fractions:
FRACTIONS PERCENTAGE (%)
1 100
1/2 50
1/3 33.33
1/4 25
1/5 20
1/6 16.66
1/7 14.28
1/8 12.5
1/9 11.11
1/10 10
• Finding 100%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% of any value helps to find
the given percentage easily.
PROPERTIES OF PERCENTAGE:
• x% of y = y% of x
(x/100) * y = (y/100) * x
• x as a % of y ≠ y as a % of x
𝑎 ×𝑦≠ 𝑎 ×𝑥
100 100
Example 1:
Find 100%, 50%, 10%, 5%, 1% and 0.5% of 80.
Solution:
100% = 80
50% = 40
10% = 8
5% = 4
1% = 0.8
0.5% = 0.4
Example 2:
Find 52% of 60.
Solution:
50% of 60 = 30
1% of 60 = 0.6
So 2% of 60 = 1.2
Hence, 52% can be written as 50% + 2% => 30 + 1.2 = 31.2
Example 3:
Find 49% of 70.
Solution:
50% of 70 = 35
1% of 70 = 0.7
So 49% of 70 = 50% – 1% => 35 – 0.7 = 34.3
Example 4:
Find 33.33% of 60.
Solution:
We know that fraction value of 33.33% is 1/3.
Applying, we get, 1/3 of 60 = 20
Example 5:
Find 120 % of 50.
Solution:
120 % of 50 = 50% of 120
Finding 50% of 120, we get 60.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Find 62.5% of 160.
(a) 100 (b) 150 (c) 120 (d) 200
2. Find 166.66% of 1200.

(a) 1000 (b) 2000 (c) 1500 (d) 2100
3. If 40% of a = b, then b% of 40 is the same as:
(a) 33.33% of a (b) 16 % of a
(c) 40% of a (d) a% of b
4. Orange fruit contains 68% water and the dry fruit contains 15% water.
How much dry fruit will be equivalent to 15 kg of oranges?
(a) 34 kg (b) 15 kg (c) 68 kg (d) 100 kg
5. Hari spends 45% of his income on food, 25% on children's education
and 80% of the remaining on house rent. What percent of his income he is
left with?
(a) 5% (b) 6% (c) 8.25% (d) 10%
6. 72% of 180 + 24 % of 210 – x = 420

(a) – 240 (b) – 244.8 (c) – 278 (d) – 120
7. A bag contains 400 coins of 25 p denomination and 600 coins of 50 p
denomination. If 24% of 25 p coins and 12% of 50 p coins are removed,
the percentage of coins removed from the bag is nearly:
(a) 15.2 (b) 36% (c) 16.8% (d) 25%
8. A bag contains 400 coins of 25 p denomination and 600 coins of 50 p

denomination. If 24% of 25 p coins and 12% of 50 p coins are removed,
the percentage of money removed from the bag is nearly:
(a) 16% (b) 15% (c) 14% (d) 36%
9. In some quantity of milk, 60% is pure milk and 40% is water. If 10 litres
of pure milk is added, then the concentration of water becomes 20%. The
original quantity was:
(a) 5 litres (b) 15 litres
(c) 10 litres (d) 20 litres
Directions for Q10 and Q11: George spends 10 % of his income on
travel, 25% on food, 20% on house rent and 15% on medical and he is left
with Rs.594/–.
10. What is his income?
(a) 2010 (b) 1980 (c) 1680 (d) 1800
11. What is the amount spent on medical expenses?

(a) 297 (b) 300 (c) 500 (d) 420
12. 79% of 8400 + 66.66% of 4800 = 120% of 7200 + x% of 4784. What is
the value of x?
(a) 33.33 (b) 25 (c) 11.11 (d) 20
13. In a town of total population, 40% are educated and the remaining are
uneducated. 35% educated are employed and 45% uneducated are
unemployed. What is the total percentage of people who are employed?
(a) 55% (b) 58% (c) 49% (d) 47%
Directions for Q14 to Q16: A school is conducting exams for Physics,
Chemistry, Mathematics and English and the maximum marks are 120,
150, 125 and 75 respectively. A student scored 65% in Physics, 78% in
Chemistry, 84% in Mathematics and totally he scored 354 marks.
14. What is the percentage of marks secured by him in English?
(a) 66.67% (b) 54% (c) 72% (d) 68%
15. What is the overall percentage of the student?

(a) 75.31% (b) 63.28% (c) 70.8% (d) 76.66%
16. If 35% of A = B, what is B% of 35?

(a) 35%A (b) 70%A (c) 12.25%A(d) 25%A
17. A and B are 2 digit numbers. If 25% of A + B = A and 33.33% of B = A,
what is the ratio between A and A + B?
(a) 1:4 (b) 3:4 (c) 4:3 (d) 1:2
18. 20% of 1750 is what percentage over 20?

(a) 20% (b) 1250% (c) 1500% (d) 1750%
Directions for Q19 and Q20: Out of total, party A secured 35% votes and
party B got 52% of votes. Difference in the number of votes between party
A and party B is 255. Remaining votes are not valid.
19. What is the total number of votes?
(a) 1800 (b) 1500 (c) 1200 (d) 1000
20. How many votes are not valid?

(a) 100 (b) 205 (c) 185 (d) 195
SUCCESSIVE PERCENTAGES:
• If a value is increased by some percentage and decreased by some
percentage subsequently or vice–versa then it is known as successive
percentages or percentage increase or decrease.
• You can use the formula for effective percentage change in case of
successive percentage changes of a% and b% is (a + b + ab/100)
• Note: Please keep in mind the +/– sign while using the formula. + sign
is used to increase the price amount in case of tax, GST etc. and – sign
is used to decrease the price amount in case of discount offers.
PRODUCT CONSTANCY:
• Petrol/Diesel price is regularly hiked. But we are not affected as we
always fill for 100 Rupees.
Formula:
• If Z = XY, where X and Y are the price and quantity of an object and Z is
the total expenditure and if there is p% increase in X (or Y) then Y (or
X) should decrease by p/(100 + p) x 100 to keep Z constant.
• If there is p% decrease in X(or Y) then Y (or X) should increase by
p/(100 – p) x 100 to keep Z constant.
Example 1:
The price of a bouquet flower increases from Rs.5 to Rs.7. What
percentage increase is this?
(a) 40% (b) 20% (c) 35% (d) 50%
Ans: [a]
Percentage increase = 7–5 * 100 / 5  2 * 100 / 5  40%
Therefore, it is 40% increase in the price of bouquet flower.
Example 2:
A number 98 is misread as 89. Find the reading error per cent.
(a) 8.5 (b) 7.3 (c) 9.18 (d) 10.32
Ans: [c]
Reading error percentage = 98 – 89 * 100 / 98  900/98
 9.18%
Example 3:
What would be the final value of 120 if increased by 20% and then
decreased by 25%?
(a) 144 (b) 108 (c) 180 (d) 132
Ans: [b]
20% of 120 = 1/5 of 120 = 24 yielding 144
25% of 144  ¼ of 144 = 36 yielding 108
The final value of 120 when it is increased by 20% and then decreased by
25% would be 108.
Example 4:
The price of an article has been reduced by 20%. In order to restore the
original price, the new price must be increased by how much percentage?
(a) 25% (b) 20% (c) 33 1/3% (d) 50%
Ans: [a]
The price of an article is reduced to 20%.
The new price of an article is to be increased by 20/(100–20) * 100
=> (20 / 80) *100 => 25%
So, the new price must be increased by 25% to restore the original price.
Example 5:
If the price of oil be raised by 20%, then the percentage by which a person
must reduce his consumption so as not to increase his expenditure on oil is
(a) 20% (b) 25% (c) 50% (d) 75%
Ans: [b]
The price of oil is raised by 20%.
To maintain the expenditure, the person has to reduce the consumption by
b = a/(100 – a) * 100
=> (20/100–20 )* 100 => 20/80 * 100 => 25%
The person has to reduce the consumption by 25% to maintain the
expenditure.
PRACTICE EXERCISE
21. What is the overall change when 120 is increased by 20% and then
decreased by 25%?
(a) 12% (b) 11% (c) 10% (d) 8%
22. A new bike costs Rs.85000. The customer was asked to pay 10% for
extra accessories and 5% was added as road tax. Finally, how much did
the customer pay?
(a) Rs.98175 (b) Rs.98000
(c) Rs.97355 (d) Rs.98375
23. The population of a town was 280000 two years ago. If it increased by
7% & 5% respectively in the last two years, then the present population
is:
(a) 400170 (b) 296150 (c) 314580 (d) 382110
24. Initially, Ramesh has Rs.800 in his phonepe wallet. Then he increased
it by 25%. Once again he increased his amount by 20%. The final value of
money in his wallet will be how much percentage greater than the initial
amount?
(a) 40% (b) 50% (c) 80% (d) 60%
25. The revenue of a shop in the month of June was ₨ 75,000. In the
month of July, the shopkeeper announced a discount of 30% and hence,
his sales went up by 30%. What will be the revenue in the month of July?
(a) 65750 (b) 68250 (c) 69420 (d) 64550
26. Mr. Sam purchases some articles with market price of Rs.6000. If the
tax of the article increased from 7% to 28% then what will be the
difference in his purchases?
(a) Rs.1275 (b) Rs.2303 (c) Rs.1960 (d) Rs.1260
27. The price of a washing machine is increased by 20 % and then
decreased by 20%. If the original price of washing machine was 8900, then
what is the final price of washing machine and the percentage change in the
price?
(a) 7896 and 8% decrease (b) 9078 and 2% increase
(c) 7990 and 10% decrease (d) 8989 and 10% increase
28. The population of a town increased by 10% in the first year, decreased
by 20% in the 2nd year and increased by 10% in the next year. If the
population of the town was 28500 three years before, then the population
of the town at present is
(a) 24010 (b) 27588 (c) 25004 (d) 24545
29. In a test, minimum passing percentage for boys and girls is 40% and
50% respectively. A girl scored 360 marks and failed by 140 marks. How
many more marks did a boy require to pass in the test if he scored 220
marks?
(a) 112 (b) 160 (c) 180 (d) 160
30. If K is 200 percentage of S, then S is what percentage of S +K?

(a) 33.33% (b) 40% (c) 75% (d) 80%
31. Mahesh buys a television for Rs.7580. He gets discount of 8% on it.
After getting the discount, he pays service tax at 18%. Find the amount he
will have to pay for the television.
(a) Rs.6876.10 (b) Rs.8228.848
(c) Rs.8216.78 (d) Rs.8118.36
32. Three successive discounts of 10%, 16%, 20% are equal to a single
discount of
(a) 53.12% (b)49.23% (c) 36.78% (d) 39.52%
•33. What conditions must be suitable for the percentage increase and the
subsequent percentage decrease of a good resulting in no change in the
price?
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
34. The output of a company was increased by 15% to keep up with rising
demand. To handle the holiday rush, this new output was increased by
30%. By approximately what percentage would the output now have to be
decreased in order to restore the original output?
(a) 20.36% (b) 24.96% (c) 30.45% (d) 33.11%
35. A person started from Bangalore at 60 kmph to reach Chennai at 600
kms in certain time. Due to some engine problem, he wasted 1 hr while
starting. By how much percentage should the person increase the speed
to reach on time?
(a) 10% (b) 11.11% (c) 12.5% (d) 14.28%
36. The price of sugar increased by 25%. What should be the percentage
decrease in the consumption of sugar by a family, such that their
expenditure on sugar remains the same?
(a) 25% (b) 22.5% (c) 20% (d) 17.5%
37. 30 books in the length of 50 cm are arranged in box. If the length of
the book is reduced by 50%, then, how many books can be arranged in
that box?
(a) 40 (b) 35 (c) 45 (d) 60
38. 50 men can do a work in 10 days. If the number of men is decreased

by 50%, then by how much percentage the number of days gets
increased?
(a) 75% (b) 80% (c) 90% (d) 100%
39. The price of petrol increases by 45%. A family reduces its
consumption so that the expenditure of the petrol is up by 20% only. If the
total consumption of petrol before the price rise was 20 litres per month,
then the consumption of petrol per month at present ( in lts)
(a) 17.65 litres (b) 16.55 litres
(c) 18.92 litres (d) 19.24 litres
40. If the price of barley be raised by 37%, find by how much percentage a
person must reduce his consumption so as not to increase his
expenditure?
(a) 24% (b) 25% (c) 26% (d) 27%
INTEREST CALCULATION

INTEREST CALCULATIONS
1. Principal:
The amount of money initially borrowed for a certain period is called the principal
or the sum.
2. Interest:
Extra money paid for use of the principal after the certain period is called the
interest.
3. Amount:
The sum of the principal and the interest after a certain period is called the amount.
4. Rate of Interest:
The rate at which the interest is calculated is called the rate of interest, which is
always specified as a percentage.

• Simple
5. Interest (S.I):
If the interest on a sum borrowed for a certain period is reckoned uniformly, it
is called simple interest.
If P is the principal, R% is the rate of interest per annum and T the time in years,
S.I.
Amount
6. Compound Interest:
If after specific intervals, the interest is also added to the principal for
calculation of further interest, then the interest is called compound interest.
The specific interval may be annual, half yearly and quarterly.

• Formulae
7. for compound interest:
Let P be the principal, rate of interest r% per annum and ‘n’ the time in number of
years.
(i) When the interest is compounded annually
Compound Interest = A – P where
(ii) When the interest is compounded half-yearly
Compound Interest = A – P where
(iii) When the interest compound quarterly,
Compound Interest = A – P, where
(iv) When the interest is compounded annually, but time is in fraction, say 3½ years
Amount
(v) Present worth of Rs.x due n years hence is,
Present worth

•
Application 1
Find the simple interest on a principal of Rs.5000 at an interest rate of 6%
p.a. for a period of 6 years.
Solution:
P = Rs.5000, R = 6% p.a., T = 6 years
Simple interest

1. While calculating the interest, the time period is always years. If
months are given, it has to be converted to years by dividing by 12.
2. If the rate of interest is specified as half-yearly or quarterly, time to
be taken in terms of 6 months or 3 months.
3. The half yearly interest rate will be ½ of the annual rate of interest
and the quarterly interest rate will be ¼ of the annual rate of interest.
4. While calculating compound interest, the principal should be
subtracted from the amount calculated.

TWI QUESTIONS
1. Ranjan deposited Rs.2000 in a bank. The bank pays 5% interest per
annum. What will be his annual income?
2. Shyam lent Rs.2100 at compound interest of 5% p.a. for 2 years to his
friend. Find the amount after 2 years.
3. Find the rate of interest if the amount after 2 years of simple interest on
a capital of Rs.1200 is Rs.1440.
4. At what rate percent per annum simple interest will a sum of money
double in 16 years?
5. At what time will Rs.1000 become Rs.1331 at 10% per annum
compounded annually?

PRACTICE EXERCISE
1. Find the difference between the simple interest and compound interest
at 5% per annum for 2 years on a principal of Rs.2000.
(a) Rs.5 (b) Rs.105 (c) Rs.50 (d) Rs.5.50
2. The SBI lent Rs.1331 to the Tata group at compound interest and got
Rs.1728 after 3 years. What is the rate of interest charged if the interest
was compounded annually?
(a) 11% (b) 9.09% (c) 12% (d) 8.33%

3. Ranjan purchased a Maruthi van for Rs.1,96,000 and the rate of
depreciation is 14 2/7% per annum. Find the value of the van after 2
years.
(a) Rs.1,40,000 (b) Rs.1,44,000
(c) Rs.1,50,000 (d) Rs.1,60,000
4. A sum was invested at simple interest at certain rate for 2 years. It

would have fetched Rs.60 more had it been invested at 2% higher rate.
Find the sum.
(a) Rs.1500 (b) Rs.1300
(c) Rs.2500 (d) Rs.1000

5. Shashikanth derives an annual income of Rs.688.25 from Rs.10,000
invested partly at 8% per annum and partly at 5% per annum simple
interest. Find the sum of money invested at 5%.
(a) Rs.5000 (b) Rs.4225 (c) Rs.4800 (d) Rs.3725
6. A sum of money doubles itself in 5 years. In how many years will it

become four-fold if interest is compounded annually?
(a) 15 (b) 10 (c) 20 (d) 12

• If a person repaid Rs.22500 after 10 years of borrowing a loan at 10%
7.
per annum simple interest, find out the amount he took as loan.
(a) Rs.11225 (b) Rs.11250
(c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.7500
8. The RBI lends a certain amount to the SBI on simple interest for 2 years
at 20%. The SBI gives this entire amount to Bharathi Telecom on
compound interest for 2 years at the same rate annually. Find the
percentage earning of the SBI at the end of 2 years on the entire amount.
(a) 4% (b)
(c) (d)

9. Find the compound interest at the rate of 10% for 2 years on the
principal which in 3 years at the rate of 10% p.a. gives Rs.300 as simple
interest.
(a) Rs.331 (b) Rs.310 (c) Rs.330 (d) Rs.333
10. The difference between compound interest and simple interest on a

certain sum of money at 10% p.a. for 3 years is Rs.620. Find the principal
if it is known that the interest is compounded annually.
(a) Rs.200,000 (b) Rs.20,000
(c) Rs.10,000 (d) Rs.100,000

11. Find the least number of complete years in which a sum of money put
out at 20% compound interest will be more than doubled.
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
12. Mr. Dhas invested money in 2 schemes A and B offering compound

interest at 8% per annum and 9% per annum respectively. If the total
amount of interest accrued through the two schemes together in 2 years
was Rs.4818,30 and the total amount invested was Rs.27,000. Find the
amount invested in scheme A.
(a) Rs.12,000 (b) Rs.13,500
(c) Rs.15,000 (d) None of these

Directions for Q13 to Q15
Answer (a) if Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question but statement II alone is
not sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (b) if Statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question but Statement I alone is
Answer (c) if Statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question but neither
Statement alone is sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (d) if each Statement alone is sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (e) if both Statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the question and
additional data is needed.
13. What is the compound interest earned by Akash at the end of 2 years?
I: Simple interest at the same rate for 1 year in Rs.1020 and the rate of interest is 12% per
annum.
II: The amount invested is Rs.8500.

Answer (a) if Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question but statement II alone is
Answer (b) if Statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question but Statement I alone is
Answer (c) if Statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question but neither
Statement alone is sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (e) if both Statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the question and
additional data is needed.
14. An amount of money was lent for 3 years. Find the difference between the simple and the
compound interest earned on it at the same rate.
I: The rate of interest was 8% per annum.
II: The total amount of simple interest was Rs.1200.

Answer (a) if Statement I alone is sufficient to answer the question but statement II
alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (b) if Statement II alone is sufficient to answer the question but Statement I
alone is not sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (c) if Statements I and II together are sufficient to answer the question but
neither Statement alone is sufficient to answer the question.
Answer (e) if both Statements I and II together are not sufficient to answer the
question and additional data is needed.
15. What is the principal deposited by Krishna in a bank?
I: The interest earned on a fixed deposit for 2 years is Rs.4830.
II: The bank offers 10% interest compounded annually on fixed deposits.

16. Kaviya borrowed a sum of Rs.4800 from Anitha as a loan. She
promised Anitha that she would pay it back in two equal instalments.
If the rate of Interest be 5% per annum compounded annually, find
the amount of each instalment.
(a) Rs.2581.46
(b) Rs.4232.075
(c) Rs.2845.16
(d) Rs.4243.075

17. Equal sums of money are deposited in two different banks by M/s
ABC Company, one at compound interest (compounded annually) and
the other at simple interest, both at 15% per annum. If after two
years, the difference in the amounts comes to Rs.360, what is the
amount deposited with each bank?
(a) Rs.17200
(b) Rs.16400
(c) Rs.16000
(d) Rs.18400

18. Mr. X puts equal amount of money in two schemes: one at 10% per
annum compound interest payable half yearly and the second at a
certain percent per annum compound interest payable yearly. If he
gets equal amounts after 3 years, what is the value of the interest
percent in the second scheme?
(a) 10.25%
(b) 15%
(c) 22%
(d) 21%

19. A sum of Rs.5887 is divided between Prince and Fernando, such that
Prince’s share at the end of 9 years is equal to Fernando’s share at the
end of 11 years both compounded annually at the rate of 5%. The
share of Prince is
(a) Data inadequate
(b) Rs.3087
(c) Rs.2000
(d) Rs.2088

20. A sum of money is accumulating at compound interest at a certain
rate. If simple interest instead of compound were reckoned, the
interest for the first two years would be diminished by Rs.20 and that
for the first three years by Rs.61. Find the sum.
(a) Rs.7000
(b) Rs.47405
(c) Rs.45305
(d) Rs.8000

21. An amount of Rs.7500 is invested in a compound interest scheme for
4 years. The rate of interest is 2% for the first year, 3% for the next 2
years and for the last year, it is 4%. The final amount approximately is
(a) Rs.8356.7
(b) Rs.8557.45
(c) Rs.8440
(d) Rs.8635

22. A took a sum of Rs.4500 from B. He promised B that he would give
back her money at the end of the year but she gave an option to him
that he could pay her in two equal annual instalments. A agreed on
her suggestion. If the rate of interest on the sum was 10% per annum,
compounded annually, find the amount of the instalment given by A.
(a) Rs.2390
(b) Rs.3429
(c) Rs.2560
(d) Rs.2592

23. The simple interest accrued on an amount of Rs.27,500 at the end of
three years is Rs.9900. What would be the difference between
compound interest and simple interest on the same amount at the
same rate in the same period?
(a) Rs.11550
(b) Rs.1262.52
(c) Rs.1235.52
(d) Rs.11135.52

24. Shawn invested one half of his savings in a bond that paid simple
interest for 2 years and received $550 as interest. He invested the
remaining in a bond that paid compound interest, interest being
compounded annually, for the same 2 years at the same rate of
interest and received $605 as interest. What was the value of his total
savings before investing in these two bonds?
(a) $5500
(b) $7750
(c) $3550
(d) $2750

25. Raj borrowed Rs.7000 from a bank at 5% simple annual rate of
interest. The amount is to be paid after five years. Raj paid Rs.4000
after two years. How much amount should he pay at the end of 5
years to pay off his debt completely?
(a) Rs.4050
(b) Rs.4100
(c) Rs.4150
(d) Rs.4200

26. Effective annual rate of interest corresponding to nominal rate of 6%
per annum compounded half yearly will be
(a) 6.09%
(b) 6.10%
(c) 6.12%
(d) 6.14%

27. Adam borrowed some money at the rate of 6% p.a. for the first two
years, at the rate of 9% p.a. for the next three years, and at the rate of
14% p.a. for the period beyond five years. If he pays a total interest of
Rs.11,400 at the end of nine years, how much money did he borrow ?
(a) Rs.15000
(b) Rs.11000
(c) Rs.12000
(d) Rs.18000

28. The compound interest on a sum for 2 years is Rs.832 and the simple
interest on the same sum for the same period is Rs.800. The
difference between the compound and simple interest for 3 years will
be
(a) Rs.98.56
(b) Rs.99.86
(c) Rs.96.62
(d) Rs.97.77

29. Sally borrowed a sum of Rs.14000 at 9% rate of interest per annum
from Martha for a term of 2 years. After completion of one year, Sally
repaid some amount and finally at the end of two years Sally
completed the debt by discharging a sum of Rs.11990. What amount
did Sally pay at the end of the first year?
(a) Rs.4560
(b) Rs.4260
(c) Rs.4460
(d) Rs.4360

30. What annual instalment will discharge a debt of Rs.6450 due in 4
years at 5% simple interest?
(a) Rs.1000
(b) Rs.1200
(c) Rs.1450
(d) Rs.1500

31. A sum of Rs.10 is given as a loan to be returned in 6 monthly
instalments at Rs.3. What is the rate of interest?
(a) 500%
(b) 620%
(c) 640%
(d) 580%

32. Rs.7500 is to be paid in 3 years at 5% C.I in equal annual instalments.
Find the value of the instalment?
(a) Rs.2754
(b) Rs.2457
(c) Rs.2547
(d) Rs.2745

33. Interest on a sum of money at the end of 3 years is 3/8th of the sum
itself. Find the rate of interest.
(a) 11.5%
(b) 12.2%
(c) 12.5%
(d) 13.5%

34. Arun borrowed a certain sum from Manish at a certain rate of simple
interest for 2 years. He lent this sum to Sunil at the same rate of
interest compounded annually for the same period. At the end of two
years, he received Rs.2400 as compound interest but paid Rs.2000
only as simple interest. Find the rate of interest.
(a) 40%
(b) 30%
(c) 10%
(d) 20%

35. Divide Rs.3364 between A and B, so that A's share at the end of 5
years may equal to B's share at the end of 7 years, the compound
interest being 5 percent.
(a) Rs.1764, Rs.1600
(b) Rs.1756, Rs.1608
(c) Rs.1722, Rs.1642
(d) None of these

NUMBER PROPERTIES

1. Write 0.0512512... as a fraction in its lowest terms.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2. The number 43xy20xy is exactly divisible by 12. How many two digit
numbers as xy are possible?
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 8
(d) Cannot be determined

3. Let N=5ab42ab. If N is exactly divisible by 180, then the sum of the
digits in N is
(a) 18
(b) 24
(c) 27
(d) 36

4. The HCF and LCM of two numbers are 73 and 2555 respectively. If one
number is 365, then the other number is
(a) 73
(b) 146
(c) 438
(d) 511

5. Which of the following is the largest four digit number that can be
added to 5793 so that the sum is divisible by each of 12, 14, 33 and 42?
(a) 9854
(b) 9924
(c) 9963
(d) 9915

6. Find the greatest number of five digits which when divided by 10, 13,
15 and 26 gives remainders 4, 7, 9 and 20 respectively.
(a) 99854
(b) 99834
(c) 99844
(d)99914

7. How many pairs of positive integers a, b exist such that HCF (a, b) + LCM (a, b)
= 77?
(a) 10
(b) 8
(c) 7
(d) 6

8. The product of the two positive integers multiplied with the square of its HCF
is 240. How many such pairs exist?
(a) 9
(b) 7
(c) 5
(d) None of these

9. If a two digit number pq has 3 divisors, then how many divisors does the
number pqpq have?
(a) 3
(b) 6
(c) 9
(d) 12

10. Find the number of divisors of 1400 which are not perfect squares.
(a) 24
(b) 20
(c) 18
(d) 16

11. Find the number of even divisors of 2016.
(a) 20
(b) 22
(c) 30
(d) 24

12. Find the sum of divisors of 2475.
(a) 2418
(b) 3627
(c) 4836
(d) Cannot be determined

13. How many divisors of xx are perfect squares?
(a) 15
(b) 16
(c) 17
(d) 18

14. The numbers A, B, C and D have 10, 15, 27 and 49 divisors respectively.
Which of these could be a perfect cube?
(a) A and B
(b) B and C
(c) C and D
(d) A and D

15. What is the unit's digit of ?
(a) 7
(b) 9
(c) 3
(d) 1

16. Find the last non zero digit of the number 801230.
(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 6

17. What is the unit's digit of ?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) 6

18. Find the number of trailing zeros in 229!
(a) 50
(b) 55
(c) 60
(d) 65

19. Find the least number n such that no factorial has n trailing zeros or n+1
trailing zeros.
(a) 29
(b) 30
(c) 49
(d) 50

20. Find the greatest value of n such that exactly divides 128!
(a) 30
(b) 15
(c) 31
(d) such n does not exist

21. A number N gives a remainder of 6 when divided by D and a
remainder of 19 when divided by 3D. What will be the remainder
when 2N is divided by D?
(a) 6
(b) 12
(c) 19
(d) 24

22. What is the remainder when 690 – 590 is divided by 91?
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 89
(d) 90

23. Find the remainder when 35555 + 53333 is divided by 23.
(a) 18
(b) 7
(c) 0
(d) None of these

24. What is the remainder when is divided by 7?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 4
(d) 6

25. What is the remainder when 35182 is divided by 37?
(a) 15
(b) 11
(c) 8
(d) 4

26. Find the remainder when the number 3451 + 3452 +…
+ 3794 is divided by 345.
(a) 340
(b) 175
(c) 53
(d) None of these

27. How many integers are there from 1 to 500 that leaves a remainder of
2 on division by 5 and a remainder of 5 on division by 7?
(a) 12
(b) 13
(c) 14
(d) 15

28. A number when divided by 33 leaves a remainder 10. The same
number when divided by 22 leaves a remainder n. How many values
can n take?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

29. Find the remainder when 264 is divided by 160.
(a) 36
(b) 66
(c) 96
(d) None of these

30. What is the last two digits in the expression 91  92  93
 …  98?
(a) 80
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50

31. Find the last two digits in 3177 × 7584.
(a) 25
(b) 55
(c) 75
(d) 95

32. Find the last two digits in 5927.
(a) 19
(b) 29
(c) 39
(d) 49

(a) 18
(b) 32
(c) 58
(d) 72

34. What is the last two digits of 1626?
(a) 16
(b) 26
(c) 06
(d) None of these

35. What is the last two digits in the expression 3115 – 2415?
(a) 25
(b) 75
(c) 27
(d) 57

36. How many divisors of 1405will have at least one zero at its end?
(a) 225
(b) 300
(c) 350
(d) 425

37. Let K be the largest number with exactly three factors that divide 40!
How many factors does K – 1 have?
(a) 16
(b) 24
(c) 32
(d) 40

38. How many factors does 6N have, if N is a number such that 2N has 28
factors and 3N has 30 factors?
(a) 35
(b) 32
(c) 28
(d) None of these

39. What is the unit digit in the expression ?
(a) 8
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 6

40. What is the last non zero digit in 25!?
(a) 9
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 1

41. Write 0.22727... as a fraction in its lowest terms.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

42. If 74p58p4 is divisible by 9 and if 757qp is divisible by 8, then the minimum
value of p + q is
(a) 0
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

43. The least perfect square number which is divisible by 4, 11, 13 and 18 is
(a) 736164
(b) 361524
(c) 1472328
(d) 723048

44. Two numbers are in the ratio 16:15. If their HCF is 13, what are the numbers?
(a) 210, 197
(b) 188, 173
(c) 228, 205
(d) 208, 195

45. How many pairs of non coprime positive integers x, y exist such that sum of the
numbers x, y and twice the HCF(x, y) is 221?
(a) 5
(b) 7
(c) 9
(d) None of these

46. How many divisors of 98000 are odd numbers?
(a) 60
(b) 48
(c) 12
(d) 6

47. Find the unit digit of .
(a) 3
(b) 9
(c) 7
(d) 1

48. What is the unit digit of ?
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 8
(d) None of these

49. Find the difference of number of trailing zeros in 112! and 115!.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

50. Find the greatest value of n such that exactly divides 87!.
(a) 20
(b) 22
(c) 24
(d) 26

51. Find the remainder when 670 + 870 is divided by 100.
(a) 86
(b) 68
(c) 42
(d) 0

52. What is the remainder when (103 + 93)3089 is divided by 123?
(a) 1
(b) 729
(c) 1450
(d) 1727

53. What is the remainder when is divided by 17?
(a) 15
(b) 7
(c) 1
(d) 0

54. Find the remainder when 72 + 1 is divided by 73.
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3

55. What is the remainder when 3101 is divided by 101?
(a) 99
(b) 66
(c) 33
(d) 3

56. What is the tens digit in the expression 1! + 2! + … + 150!?
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 4

(a) 39
(b) 69
(c) 99
(d) 97

(a) 26
(b) 24
(c) 86
(d) None of these

59. What is the difference between the number of even and odd factors of
1080?
(a) 16
(b) 14
(c) 12
(d) 8

60. If the sum of the (4n + 3) prime numbers is an even number, then one
of the prime numbers must be
(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 11
(d) 2

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QUANTITATIVE ABILITY

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

The number of boys now = 3 + 3 = 6 and the number of girls = 5 + 3 = 8

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

The two numbers are 6 × 4 = 24 and 13 × 4 = 52. The sum of the 2

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

180 ml of mixture v 140 ml 40 ml

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© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

The two kinds are to be mixed in the ratio 4:1.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

6. Rs.79.20 is divided among 7 men, 11 women and 5 boys, so that each

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

• A Solution is basically two substances that are evenly mixed together.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

To find: The quantity of similar mixture or solution of same constituents to

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

To find: The quantity of either of the constituents to be added to obtain a

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

So, 60 kg of fresh water should be added.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.

© 2016 SMART Training Resources Pvt. Ltd.