Lesson 2 and 3 CLFM 1

Lesson 2
Values, Moral Character and Cardinal

Virtues.
CLFM 1
PREPARED BY
MARK JOSEPH GANIA, RCRIM
What is Values?
 Values are implicity related to a degree of behavioural freedom or

autonomy by human beings; values steer or guide the person , on the
basis of internally chosen options. Thus values imply consciousness
prioritizing of different behavioral alternatives which are perceive to
be possible for the individual.
 Values can apply to groups such as Filipino Values or individuals
and van be both processes or goals. In example, democracy is both a
process, and a goal
Values maybe defined and characterize by
the following:
 The quality of positive or negative that renders something desirable or valuable; the
Shakesperearan Shylock is of dubious value in the modern world.
 An ideal accepted by some individual or group; he has an old fashion values
 Principles, standards or qualities considered worthwhile or desirable by the person who
holds them.
 Abstract ideas about what a society believes to be good or right and desirable
 Those qualities of behavior, thought, and character that society regards as being
intrinsically good, having desirable results, and worthy of emulation by others
 Assumptions, convictions, or beliefs about the manner in which people should behave and
the principles that should govern behavior.
Categories of values
a value system it the ordered and prioritized set of ethical and doctrinal values that an individuals culture
upholds.
In this context a value is part of the core value system from the which one operates or reacts. Values can
be grouped into six categories:
 Ethics- good or bad, virtue or vice, moral or immoral, right or wrong.

 Aesthetics- beautiful, ugly, unbalanced, pleasing.
 Doctrinal- politica, ideological, religious or social beliefs and values.
 Innate- inborn values such as reproduction and survival, a controversial category.
 Non-use/passive- includes the value based on something never used or seen, or something left for
the next generation.
 Potential/option- the value of something that’s known to be only potentially valuable, such as a
plant that might be found to have medicinal value in the future. A value system is the ordered and
prioritized set of values that an individuals culture upholds.
The following are set of ideal value system for police agency
should include:
 Honesty
 Integrity
 Respect for Human rights
 Professionalism
 Strong sense of Justice
 Desire to help and serve others
 Patriotism
 Selflessness
What is Moral Character?
 Moralcharacter is an evaluation of a persons moral and mental qualities.

Such an evaluation is subjective that one person may evaluate someone’s
character on the basis of their virtue, another may consider their fortitude,
courage, loyalty, honesty or piety
What is Virtue ?
 Virtue is a character trait which is evaluated as being good. Societies

have values that are largely shared among many of the participants. In
this case those participants share a culture, even when an individual
participants cultural value might not entirely agree with some
normative values sanctioned in the larger society.
Cardinal Virtues
 Prudence – refers to the ability to govern and discipline oneself by means of logical
reasoning and sound discretion. It is a habit which inclines man to act in a way that
harmonized with nature, which attracts the intellect to prefer the most effective
means for accomplishing what is morally good and avoid moral evils.
 Temperance – refers to the ability to avoid something and act with moderations,
regulating ones carnal appetite for sensual pleasure.
 Fortitude – Denotes firmness of mind, the courage to endure without yielding. It is
a combination of patience, calmness or composure. Perseverance or the ability to
continue despite of obstacles or opposition and Endurance the ability to survived.
 Justice - refers to a virtue that inclines the will to give every persons his/her
accorded rights.
 Charity – refers to kindness, compassion, altruism, humanity and goodwill. It is the
obligation of giving under certain conditions whatever assistance and aid which
our fellow men needs
Fundamental laws of the Human Society that Justice is
composed three Divisions;
 Commutative Justice – it regulates actions which involve the rights that exist
among individuals, violation of which calls for reparation and restitution.
 Distributive Justice – which standardizes those actions that have to do with

the rights an individuals may claim from the society
 Legal Justice – it puts into order those actions which society may justly
require of the individual for the common good,
Lesson 3
Universal Law Enforcers code of conduct
The United Nations Code of Conduct constitute a widely
recognized international standard for police conduct.
Art. 1 : Law enforcement officials shall at all times fulfill the duty imposed upon
them by law, by serving and protecting all persons against illegal acts, consistent with
the high degree of responsibility required by their professions.
 Law enforcement officials – refers to all persons that exercise police powers,
particularly the power of arrest and detention.
 Service to the community is the primary goal of the law enforcement service;
police agencies have the unique responsibility to protect and serve the community.
 Police of all ranks and positions are responsible for the ethical and uniform
enforcement of the law.
Art. 2: in the performance of their duty, all law enforcement officials shall respect and protect human dignity
and maintain and uphold the human rights of all persons.
 One of the important duties and responsibilities of the police is to enforce, and defend the human rights of
all persons.
Art. 3: Law enforcement may use force only when strictly necessary and too the extent required for the
performance of their duty.
 The use of force by law enforcement officials must be lawful, proportionate to the circumstances, and only
be used when no other reasonable alternative exists.
 This article underline that the use of force by the police service should be the exception rather than usual
practice.
 Law enforcement officials are authorized to use force only when rationally necessary to defend themselves
or another person or to prevent a crime and no other reasonable alternative is practical; the use of
application of force beyond that point is not authorized.
 The used of firearms is considered an extreme response. Every effort should be made to use non lethal
force to resolved force situations. Lethal force maybe employed when no other reasonable option exists or
is not practical under the circumstances.
Art. 4: Matters of a confidential nature in the possession of law enforcement officials shall be kept
confidential, unless the performance of the duty or the needs of justice strictly require otherwise.
 By the nature of their duties, law enforcement officials will get hold of information which may
relate to the private lives of other persons. The police have the responsibility of safeguarding
such information which may only be revealed when required in the performance of their duty
when required by the courts and other instruments of the criminal justice system.
Art. 5: No law enforcement official may inflict, instigate or tolerate any acts of torture or other
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment nor may any law enforcement official
invoke superior orders such as justification of torture or other cruel, inhumane or degrading
treatment or punishment.
 The bar against torture is derived from the United Nations documents prohibiting all forms of
torture and mistreatment.
Torture by law enforcement officials is especially forbidden because it violates the basic
principle of the duty of police service to serve and protect the community. Is also violates the
requirement of the fundamental legal maxim ruling out the imposition of cruel and inhumane
punishments and the premise that all persons are presumed innocent before trial and entitled to
basic legal protections from mistreatment.
Art. 6: Law enforcement officials shall ensure the full protection of the health of persons in
their custody and in particular, shall take immediate action to secure medical attention
whenever required.
 Law enforcement personnel are responsible for the protection and safe keeping of persons in
their custody. As such, the police have a duty to provide reasonable medical attention, to
include lifesaving measures and preventive health care.
Art. 7: Law enforcement officials shall not commit any acts of corruption. They shall rigorously
oppose and combat all such acts.
 Any acts of corruption is an abuse of authority and is unsuited with the law enforcement
professions.
 The laws must be enforced equally to all persons. Any law enforcement official who
perpetrates acts of corruption cannot be expected to fairly enforce the law among citizens.
 Acts of corruptions are identify with the acceptance or demand of a gift, gratuity, or money
in exchange for doing or not doing some official acts: any criminal act undertaken by the
police; or assistance or given to another person undertaking a criminal act.
 Acts of corruption also include any attempts to perform an act of corruption.
Art. 8: Law enforcement officials shall respect the law and the present code. They shall also, to
the best of their capability, prevent and rigorously oppose any violations of them.
 All police officials have positive duty to respect and enforce the code of conduct. These
standards represent the collective will of the international community of the United Nations
that law enforcement officials must revere, promote, and defend the standards set forth in the
code of conduct.
 The Philippine National Police has published standards of conduct. These standards include
Chapters 2 and 3 of the ethical doctrine manual, entitled Police Professional Conduct and the
Police Professional Conduct and the Police Officers Creed.
END

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Lesson 2

Values, Moral Character and Cardinal

 Values are implicity related to a degree of behavioural freedom or

 Ethics- good or bad, virtue or vice, moral or immoral, right or wrong.

 Moralcharacter is an evaluation of a persons moral and mental qualities.

 Virtue is a character trait which is evaluated as being good. Societies

 Distributive Justice – which standardizes those actions that have to do with

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