Effective Span Cl: 22.

2(a)

lower of

(i) clear span plus effective depth and

(ii)centre to centre distance between two supports.
Example 1:
Design of Singly reinforced rectangular beam
Design a simply supported reinforced concrete
rectangular beam whose clear span between
supports is 7.7 m and supported on brick walls of
300 mm thickness. The beam is subjected to
imposed loads of 7.0 kN/m.

7.7m
8m
300
Step 1: Grades of steel and concrete

Steel Grade: Fe 415 and Concrete Grade: M 20

Step 2: Effective Span Cl: 22.2(a)

Leff = c/c of supports = 8000 mm

Step 3: Trial Beam Size

Assume b = 300mm (<= width of support)

L/d = 15; d = 8000/15 = 533.33 mm
Adopt d =550mm
Assume effective cover = 50mm (30+8+12.5 = 50.5mm)

D = 550 + 50 = 600mm

Try beam Size = 300 x 600 mm

Step 4: Factored Loads wu

Self weight = 0.3x0.6x25 = 4.5 kN/m

Imposed Loads (LL) = 7.0 kN/m
Total Load = 11.5 kN/m

wu = 1.5 x 11.5 = 17.25kN/m

Step 5: Limit State of Collapse - Flexure

i) Maximum BM Mu

Mu = wu Leff 2/ 8
= 17.25 x 64/8 = 138 kNm

ii) Mu,lim G-1.1 (c)

For Fe415; Xu,max/d = 0.48

Mu,lim = 0.36x0.48(1-0.42x0.48)300x5502x20/ 106

= 250.4 kNm
Since Mu < Mu,lim, Designed as Singly reinforced
iii) Area of Longitudinal Steel (Ast) CL G-1.1(b)

138x106 = 0.87x415xAstx550(1- Astx415/300x550x20)

= 198577.5 Ast – 24.97 Ast 2

24.97 Ast 2 - 198577.5 Ast + 138x106 = 0

Ast = 769.4 mm2 ( Lower value)

iv) Check for Ast,min and Ast,max
Ast,min CL 26.5.1.1 (a)

As = 0.85 x 300 x550 /415 = 338 mm2

Ast,max CL 26.5.1.1 (b)

As = 0.04x300x600 = 7200 mm2

Ast, required > Ast,min and

< Ast,max OK
v) Rebar Details

Option1:

2- #20 + 1- # 16; Ast, provided = 829 mm2

Option2:

4 - # 16; Ast, provided = 804 mm2

Adopt 4 - # 16; Ast, provided = 804 mm2

Step 6 : Limit state of Collapse - Shear

i) Maximum Shear Force ( Vu)

At Centre of Support

Vu = 17.25 x8/ 2 = 69 kN

Critical section is assumed to be at the face of support

as per CL: 22.6.2
69
At Face of Support
3.85
Vu = 69 x 3.85 /4 = 66.4 kN 4
 
ii) Nominal Shear Stress ( v) CL 40.1

 v = Vu/ bd = 66.4 x10 3

/300x550 = 0.4 N/mm 2


iii) Design Shear Strength of Concrete ( c) Table 19

pt = 100x804 / 300 x550 = 0.48%

Assume full Ast is provided at support section

c = 0.36 + (0.48 – 0.36)x0.23/0.25 = 0.47 N/mm 2

v < c ; Provide Minimum Shear Reinforcement

iv) Minimum Shear Reinforcement Asv CL 26.5.1.6

Asv/Sv = 0.4 x300 /(0.87x415)

= 0.33

Adopt 2L - #8 vertical stirrups

Asv = 100.5 mm2

Sv = 100.5/0.33 = 304 mm
v) Check for Spacing

Maximum Spacing Cl 26.5.1.5

< 0.75x550 = 412 mm or
< 300 mm
= 300 mm

Since Computed Sv > Max. Spacing,

Restrict Sv = 300 mm

Adopt 2L - #8 vertical stirrups @ 300

Step 7: Limit State of Serviceability – L/d

i) Basic Value = 20
ii) Modification Factor (kt) from Fig 4

fs = 0.58 x415 x(769.4/804) = 231 N/mm2

Adopt fs= 240 N/mm2 curve

pt = 0.48% ; kt =1.25

iii) ks=1; kc=1,kf=1

Permissible L/d = 20x1.25 = 25

Actual L/d = 8000/550 = 14.5 OK
Step 8: Anchoring Tension Steel

i) bd = 1.2 x1.6 = 1.92 N/mm2 CL 26.2.1.1

ii) Ld=16x(0.87x415)/(4x1.92) = 753 mm CL 26.2.1

iii) Ld/3 = 251 mm

iv) Available length =300-30=270 mm

Ld/3 < 270 mm.

Bars can be placed without end anchorages

Step 9: Rebar Arrangement

i) Clear distance between bars (C)

C= (300– 2x30 – 2x8 – 4x16)/3 = 53 mm

ii) Minimum Distance (Cmin) Cl 26.3.2 (a)

> Min(16,25) = 25 mm

iii) Maximum Distance (Cmax) = 180 mm Table 15

Cmin < C < Cmax.

Bars can be arranged in one row
Step 10: Side face Reinforcement CL 26.5.1.3

Since beam is not subjected to torsion and beam

depth <750 mm, side face reinforcement is not
required
 A
2 - # 10 (th)

4 - # 16 (th)
A
2L - #8 @ 300 (th)

300
8000

2 - #10

600

2L - #8@300
4 - #16
300
Section A - A
Example 2
Design a simply supported beam of effective span
8 m subjected to imposed loads of 35 kN/m. The
beam dimensions and other data are: b = 300 mm,
D = 700 mm, M 20 concrete, Fe 415 steel.
Step 1: Grades of steel and concrete

Steel Grade: Fe 415 and Concrete Grade: M 20

Step 2: Effective Span

Leff = 8000 mm

Step 3: Beam Size

b = 300mm ; D = 700
Assume two rows of reinforcement and Max Dia=#25
effective cover = 25+8+25+12.5 = 70.5 mm = 70mm
Adopt d =630 mm
Step 4: Factored Loads wu

Self weight = 0.3x0.7x25 = 5.25 kN/m

Imposed Loads (LL) = 35 kN/m
Total Load = 40.25kN/m

wu = 1.5 x 40.25 = 60.4kN/m

Step 5: Limit State of Collapse - Flexure

i) Maximum BM Mu

Mu = wu Leff 2 / 8
= 60.4 x 64 / 8 = 483.2 kNm

ii) Mu,lim G-1.1 (c)

For Fe415; Xu,max/d = 0.48; Xu,max = 302.4mm

Mu,lim = 0.36x0.48(1-0.42x0.48)300x6302x20/ 106

= 328.55 kNm
Since Mu > Mu,lim, Designed as Doubly reinforced
iii) Area of Longitudinal Steel (Ast and Asc) CL G-1. 2

Ast = Ast1 + Ast2

Ast1 = Mu,lim / {0.87 fy (d - 0.42Xu,max)}

= 328.55 x106 / { 0.87 x 415 x(630 – 0.42 x0.48 x630)}

= 1809.14 mm2

Mu2 = Mu – Mu,lim

Mu2 = 483.2 – 328.55 = 154.65 kNm

Strain in Compression reinforcement

Assume d’ = 50 mm

esc =0.0035(302.4 – 50)302.4 = 0.00292 = 0.003

fsc = 0.975 fy/1.15 = 351.8 N/mm2

fcc = 0.446 fck = 0.446 x20 = 8.92N/mm2

Asc = (Mu – Mu,lim) / (fsc –fcc) (d-d’)

= 154.65 x106 / (351.8 – 8.92) (630-50)

=777.64 mm2
Ast2 = Asc(fsc-fcc)/0.87fy
=777.64 (351.8 – 8.92)/0.87x415
= 738.5 mm2

Ast = 1809.14 + 738.5 = 2547.64 mm2

Asc =777.64 mm2
iv) Check for Ast,min , Ast,max and Asc,max
Ast,min CL 26.5.1.1 (a)

As = 0.85 x 300 x630 /415 = 387mm2

Ast,max CL 26.5.1.1 (b)

As = 0.04x300x700= 8400 mm2

Ast, required > Ast,min and

< Ast,max OK

Asc,max , CL 26.5.1.2

2 2
v) Rebar Details

Ast = 2547.64 mm2 (required)

Provide 4- #25 + 2- #20 = 2591 mm2

Asc = 777.64 mm2 (required)

Provide 4 - #16 = 804 mm2

Step 6 : Limit state of Collapse - Shear

i) Maximum Shear Force ( Vu)

At Centre of Support

Vu = 60.4 x8/ 2 = 241.6 kN

Assume support width = 300 mm

At Face of Support
241.6

Vu = 241.6 x 3.85 /4 3.85

= 232.54 kN 4
ii) Nominal Shear Stress ( v)  CL 40.1
 v = Vu/ bd = 232.54 x10 3
/300x630 = 1.23 N/mm 2

iii) Design Shear Strength of Concrete ( c) Table 19

pt = 100x2591/ 300 x630= 1.37%
Assume full Ast is provided at support section
c = 0.67+ (0.72 – 0.67)x0.12/0.25 = 0.694 N/mm 2

v > c
iv) Maximum Shear Stress (c,max) Table 20
2.8 N/mm2
 >
v c and <  c,max Provide Shear Reinforcement
v) Minimum Shear Reinforcement Asv CL 26.5.1.6

Asv/Sv = 0.4 x300 /(0.87x415) = 0.33

Vi) Design Shear Reinforcement Asv CL 40.4 (b)

Vus = (232.54 x103 – 0.694 x300x630)/ 103 = 101.4 kN

Asv/ Sv = Vus/(0.87 fy d) = 101.4x103 /(0.87x415x630)

= 0.44> 0.33
Asv/Sv = 0.44
Assume 2L - # 8 vertical stirrups;Asv =2x50 = 100 mm2

Sv = 100/0.44 = 227 mm c/c

vii) Check for Spacing

Maximum Spacing Cl 26.5.1.5

< 0.75x630= 472 mm or
< 300 mm
= 300 mm

Since Computed Sv < Max. Spacing,

Provide 2L - #8@200 mm c/c

viii) Find the Position beyond which minimum shear
reinforcement is required

Shear capacity of Concrete = c b d

= 0.694 x300x630/ 103 = 131.16 kN
131.16

241.6

L1 L1/131.16 = 4/241.6
4 L1=4 x 131.16 / 241.6 =2.17 m
Asv/Sv=0.33
Sv = 100/0.33 = 303 mm
Provide 2L - #8 @ 200 mm c/c for a distance of 2.25 m
from both ends.
In the remaining zone provide 2L - #8 @ 300 mm c/c
Step 7: Limit State of Serviceability – L/d

i) Basic Value = 20
ii) Modification Factor (kt) from Fig 4

Adopt fs= 240 N/mm2 curve

pt = 1.37% ; kt =0.9

iii) Modification Factor (kc) from Fig 5

pc= 0.425%; kc=1.1

Permissible L/d = 20x1.1x0.9 = 19.8

Actual L/d = 8000/630 = 12.7 OK
Step 8: Anchoring Tension Steel

i) bd = 1.2 x1.6 = 1.92 N/mm2 CL 26.2.1.1

ii) Ld=25x(0.87x415)/(4x1.92) = 1176 mm CL 26.2.1

iii) Ld/3 = 392 mm

iv) Available length =300-30=270 mm

Ld/3 > 270 mm.

Bars be placed with end anchorages ;900 bend

Step 9: Rebar Arrangement

i) Clear distance between bars (C)

Assume bars are arranged in Two rows
Row 1
C= (300– 2x30 – 2x8 – 4x25)/3 = 41 mm

ii) Minimum Distance (Cmin) Cl 26.3.2 (a)

> Min(25,25) = 25 mm

iii) Maximum Distance (Cmax) = 180 mm Table 15

Cmin < C < Cmax. Bars arranged in Two rows

Step 10: Side face Reinforcement CL 26.5.13

Since beam is not subjected to torsion and beam

depth <750 mm, side face reinforcement is not
required
 A 4 - # 16 (th)
2250 2250

2 - # 20 (th)
A 4 - # 25 (th)
2L - #8 @ 300
2L - #8 @ 200
8000
300
4 - #16

700
2L - #8@300
2 - #20
4 - #25
300
Section A - A
Example 3 : Design of Flanged Beams
Design simply supported beam supporting a slab of
100 mm thick, Spacing of the beams = 4,000 mm
c/c, effective span = 10 m and imposed loads on
slab = 4 kN/m2. Use M 25 and Fe 500
Slab
100 mm thick
Beam C/L
LL = 4 kN/m 2

4M 4M 10M
Step 1: Grades of steel and concrete

Steel Grade: Fe 500 and Concrete Grade: M 25

Step 2: Effective Span Cl: 22.2(a)

Leff = c/c of supports = 10000 mm

Step 3: Trial Beam Size

i) Assume b = 300mm (<= width of support)

L/d = 16= 10000/16= 625 mm
Adopt d = 650mm
Assume effective cover = 50mm (30+8+12.5 = 50.5mm)

D = 650+ 50 = 700 mm

Try beam Size = 300 x 700 mm

bf
Df = 100

D = 700
dw = 600

b w = 300
ii) Effective width of the flange CL 23.1.2 (a)

bf = lo/6 + bw + 6 Df

= (10,000/6) + 300 + 6x100 = 2,567 mm.

Step 4: Factored Loads wu on Beam

i)Load from Slab (kN/m2)

Self weight = 0.1 x25 = 2.5

Imposed Loads (LL) =4
Total Load = 6.5 kN/m2
 Contributory Area of slab for
transferring load to Beam

Beam C/L
Slab Load
6.5 kN/m2
4M 4M 10M

2M 2M
ii) Load Transferred to Beam from Slab

Consider 1 M length of Beam

Load transferred to beam = 6.5 x 4 = 26 kN/m
Self weight of beam = 0.3x0.6x25 = 4.5 kN/m

Total Load on Beam = 30.5 kN/m

Factored Load on Beam wu

= 1.5 x 30.5 = 45.75 kN/m

Step 5: Limit State of Collapse - Flexure

i) Maximum BM Mu

Mu = wu Leff 2/ 8
= 45.75 x 100 / 8 = 571.9 kNm
ii) Df / d = 100/ 650 = 0.154 < 0.2

iii) Mu,lim G - 2.2

= 0.36 x 0.46 x (1- 0.42x0.46) x25 x 300 x6502

+
0.45 x 25 x(2567- 300 ) x100 x( 650 – (100/2)
=1953.58 kNm > Mu ; Beam is Singly Reinforced
iv) Compute Xu

Assume Xu is in the flange

Mu = C x Lever arm
= 0.36 fck Xu bf ( d - 0.42 Xu)

571.9 x106= 0.36 x 25 x Xu x 2567 [650 – 0.42 Xu]

571.9 x106 = 15016950 Xu – 9703.26 Xu2

9703.26 Xu2 - 15016950 Xu + 571.9 x106 = 0

v) Compute Ast required

For a rectangular beam of width bf G- 1.1 (a)

Ast = 0.36 fck bf Xu / 0.87 fy

= 0.36 x25 x 2567 x 39.06 / (0.87x 500)

= 2075 mm2
vi) Check for Ast,min and Ast,max
Ast,min CL 26.5.1.1 (a) ; b=bw

As = 0.85 x 300 x650 /500 = 332 mm2

Ast,max CL 26.5.1.1 (b)

As = 0.04x300x700 = 8400 mm2

Ast, required > Ast,min and

< Ast,max OK

Provide Ast = 2075 mm2

vii) Rebar Details

3 - # 25 + 3-#16 ; Ast, provided = 2075 mm2

Step 6 : Limit state of Collapse - Shear

i) Maximum Shear Force ( Vu)

At Centre of Support

Vu = 45.75 x10/ 2 = 228.75 kN

Critical section is assumed to be at the face of support

as per CL: 22.6.2

At Face of Support

Vu = 228.75 x 4.85 /5 = 221.9 kN

ii) Nominal Shear Stress ( v)  CL 40.1
 v = Vu/ bd = 221.9 x10 3
/300x630 = 1.17 N/mm 2

iii) Design Shear Strength of Concrete ( c) Table 19

pt = 100x2101/ 300 x630= 1.1%
Assume full Ast is provided at support section
c = 0.64 N/mm 2

v > c
iv) Maximum Shear Stress (c,max) Table 20
3.1 N/mm2
 >
v c and <  c,max Provide Shear Reinforcement
v) Minimum Shear Reinforcement Asv CL 26.5.1.6

Asv/Sv = 0.4 x300 /(0.87x415) = 0.33

Vi) Design Shear Reinforcement Asv CL 40.4 (b)

Vus = (221.9 x103 – 0.64 x300x630) / 103 = 101 kN

Asv/ Sv = Vus/(0.87 fy d) = 101x103 /(0.87x415x630)

= 0.44 > 0.33
Asv/Sv = 0.44
Assume 2L - # 8 vertical stirrups;Asv =2x50 = 100 mm2

Sv = 100/0.44= 227 mm c/c

vii) Check for Spacing

Maximum Spacing Cl 26.5.1.5

< 0.75x630= 472.5 mm or
< 300 mm
= 300 mm

Since Computed Sv < Max. Spacing,

Provide 2L - #8@220 mm c/c

Since this is very close to Sv,max, the same

spacing is provided throughout
Step 7: Limit State of Serviceability – L/d

i) Basic Value = 20
ii) Modification Factor (kt) from Fig 4

Adopt fs=0.58 x 500 = 290 N/mm2 curve

pt = 100 x 2101/ (2567x630) = 0.124 ; kt =1.5

iii) Reduction Factor (kf) from Fig 6

kc=0.8

Permissible L/d = 20x1.5x0.8 = 24

Actual L/d = 10000/630 = 15.8 OK
Step 8: Anchoring Tension Steel

i) bd = 1.4 x1.6 = 2.24 N/mm2 CL 26.2.1.1

ii) Ld=25x(0.87x500)/(4x2.24) = 1213 mm CL 26.2.1

iii) Ld/3 = 404 mm

iv) Available length =300-30=270 mm

Ld/3 > 270 mm.

Bars be placed with end anchorages ;900 bend

Step 9: Rebar Arrangement

i) Clear distance between bars (C)

Assume bars are arranged in Two rows
Row 1
C= (300– 2x30 – 2x8 – 3x25)/2 = 74.5 mm

ii) Minimum Distance (Cmin) Cl 26.3.2 (a)

> Min(25,25) = 25 mm

iii) Maximum Distance (Cmax) = 180 mm Table 15

Cmin < C < Cmax. Bars arranged in Two rows

Step 10: Side face Reinforcement CL 26.5.13

Since beam is not subjected to torsion and beam

depth <750 mm, side face reinforcement is not
required
Example: Cantilever Beam
Design a cantilever Beam with following data
Span = 2.5m,LL = 12 kN/m,M20, Fe 415 Grade
350 mm

2500 mm
Step 1 : Trail section
Assume L/d = 7
d = 2500/7 = 357.14 mm
Adopt d = 375 mm, an effective cover of 50mm
D = 425 mm
Assume b = 230mm
Trial Beam Size:
230 x 425 at Fixed end
230 x 230 at Free end
Step 2 : Loads on Beam (wu) kN/m
Self weight = 0.23 x (0.425+0.23)/2 x 25
= 1.88 kN/m
LL = 12 kN/m
Total Load = 13.88 kN/m
Factored Load wu = 13.88 x 1.5 = 20.82 kN/m
Step 3 : Effective Span
Leff = 2500 + (375/2) = 2688 mm
Step 4 : Limit State of Collapse - Flexure
i) Mu = 20.82 x 2.6882/2 = 75.22 kNm
ii) Mu,lim = 0.36 x 0.48 x(1-.42x0.48)230 x3752 x20
= 89.25 kNm
Mu < Mu,lim Section is Singly reinforced
iii) Compute Ast
75.22x106 = 0.87 x415x375xAst(1- (Ast x415/(230 x 375 x20))
75.22 x106 = 135393.75Ast – 32.57 Ast2
Ast= 660.5 mm2
iv) Rebar Arrangement
Ast= 660.5 mm2
Adopt 2- # 16 + 1- #20 Ast = 716 mm2
Step 5 : Limit State of Collapse - Shear
i) Vu = 20.82 x 2.5 = 52 kN


ii) v = 52 x1000/(230 x375) = 0.6 N/mm2

ii) pt = 100x716/(230 x 375) = 0.83%

Table 19, 
c =0.58 N/mm 2

Provide Minimum Shear Reinforcement

Anchoring Tension Steel
Ld = 20 x(0.87 x415)/(4 x1.2x1.6) = 940 mm

350 mm

2- #16 + 1-#20
940
230
425

2- #10 (Hanger Bars)

2500 mm