OSI MODEL

Open Systems Interconnect

(OSI) Model
 Who made:
International Standards Organization (ISO)
 A Model of How Protocols and Networking
Components Could be Made
 “Open” means the concepts are non-proprietary;
can be used by anyone.
 OSI is not a protocol. It is a model for understanding
and designing a network architecture that is flexible
and robust.
 Open Systems Interconnect
(OSI) Model
 The OSI model describes how data flows from one
computer, through a network to another computer
 The OSI model divides the tasks involved with
moving information between networked computers
into 7 smaller, more manageable sub-task .
 A task is then assigned to each of the seven
OSI layers.
 Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the
tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented
independently.
7-layer OSI model
 Why so many layers?
To reduce complexity, networks are organized as a
stack of layers, one below the other

Each layer performs a specific task. It provides

services to an adjacent layer

This is similar to the concept of a function in

programming languages – function does a specific
task
Layered
Approach

Peers
Layered
Approach
 The entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machines are called peers
 It is the peers that communicate by using the
protocols
 Actually, data is not transferred from layer n on one
machine to layer n on another machine
 Each layer passes data and control information to the
layer immediately below it, until the lowest layer is
reached
 Actual data communication takes place through the
lowest layer – the physical layer
Design Issues for the Layers
 Addressing
 Errorcontrol
 Order of messages must be preserved
 Flow control – fast sender and slow receiver !
 Disassembling, transmitting, and reassembling large
messages
 Multiplexing / de-multiplexing
 Routing
The Layers of OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
The Layers of OSI Model

All Application Please

People Presentation Do
Seem Session Not
To Transport Tell
Need Network Secret
Data Data Link
Passwords
Proces
Physical
Anytime
sing
Physical layer
• Specifications for the physical components of the
network. Application
• Functions of Physical Layer:
• Bit representation – encode bits into electrical
or optical signals Presentation
• Transmission rate – The number of bits sent
each second
• Physical characteristics of transmission media Session
• Synchronizing the sender and receiver clocks
• Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex, Transport
full duplex
• Physical Topology – how devices are Network
connected – ring, star, mesh, bus topology
Data Link
Physical
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Responsible for delivery of data between two systems
on the same network Application
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits received
from network layer into manageable data units Presentation
called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header to the
frame to define the physical address of Session
the source and the destination machines.
• Flow control – Impose a flow control – control Transport
rate at which data is transmitted so as not
to flood the receiver (Feedback-based flow Network
control)
• Error Control – Adds mechanisms to detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frames. This is Data Link
achieved by adding a trailer to the end of a
frame Physical
Data Link Layer
Network
Layer
Main functions of this layer are: Application
• Responsible for delivery of packets
across multiple networks
Presentation
• Routing – Provide mechanisms to Session
transmit data over independent
networks that are linked together. Transport
Network
• Network layer is responsible only for
delivery of individual packets and it Data Link
does not recognize any relationship
between those packets
Physical
Network
Layer
Transport Layer
Main functions of this layer are: Application
• Responsible for source-to-destination
delivery of the entire message
• Segmentation and reassembly – divide
Presentation
message into smaller segments,
number them and transmit. Session
Reassemble these messages at the Transport
receiving end.
• Error control – make sure that the Network
entire message arrives without errors –
else retransmit.
Data
Link
Physical
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Main functions of this layer are: Application
• Dialog control – allows two
systems to enter into a dialog, Presentation
keep a track of whose turn it
is to transmit Session
• Synchronization – adds check Transport
points (synchronization Network
points) into stream of data.
Data Link
Physical
Session Layer
From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

H5 H5
syn syn syn syn
syn syn

To Transport Layer From Transport Layer

Presentation
Layer
Responsibilities of this layer are:
Application
• Translation
• Different computers use different
Presentation
encoding systems (bit order
translation) Session
• Convert data into a common format

before transmitting. Transport

• Syntax represents info such as
Network
character codes - how many bits to
represent data – 8 or 7 bits Data Link
• Compression – reduce number of bits to Physical
be transmitted
Presentation
Layer Application
• Encryption – transform data into an
unintelligible format at the sending end Presentation
for data security
• Decryption – at the receiving end Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
Application Layer
•Contains protocols that allow the users
Application
to access the network (FTP, HTTP, SMTP,
etc)
•Does not include application programs
Presentation
such as email, browsers, word processing Session
applications, etc.
•Protocols contain utilities and network- Transport
based services that support email via Network
SMTP, Internet access via HTTP, file
transfer via FTP, etc Data Link
Physical
Application Layer

To Presentation Layer From Presentation Layer

Summary of Functions of
Layers
To allow access to
Application network
To translate, encrypt resources
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session & terminate sessions
To provide reliable
end-to-end message Transport
delivery
To move packets from
Network source to destination
To organise bits into
frames Data Link
To transmit bits over
Physical a medium & provide
electrical specs.
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly

match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP protocol
suite was defined as having four layers: host-to-network,
internet, transport, and application. However, when
TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers: physical, data link,
network, transport, and application.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses
Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP
Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP