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    X Ray Tubes New Advances: Surg LT CDR TC Bhatt

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    Sachin Balutkar
    X-ray tubes are limited by heat production, which is determined by factors like focal spot size, anode angle, and rotation speed. New advances allow for higher heat capacities through metal tubes instead of glass, and rotating envelope tubes that directly contact the anode with cooling fluid. Field emission tubes extract electrons through electric fields rather than heat, using sharp tips of low workfunction materials to maintain emission characteristics without degradation.

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    X Ray Tubes New Advances: Surg LT CDR TC Bhatt

    Uploaded by

    Sachin Balutkar
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    X-ray tubes are limited by heat production, which is determined by factors like focal spot size, anode angle, and rotation speed. New advances allow for higher heat capacities through metal tubes instead of glass, and rotating envelope tubes that directly contact the anode with cooling fluid. Field emission tubes extract electrons through electric fields rather than heat, using sharp tips of low workfunction materials to maintain emission characteristics without degradation.

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    X Ray 2

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    X-ray tubes are limited by heat production, which is determined by factors like focal spot size, anode angle, and rotation speed. New advances allow for higher heat capacities through metal tubes instead of glass, and rotating envelope tubes that directly contact the anode with cooling fluid. Field emission tubes extract electrons through electric fields rather than heat, using sharp tips of low workfunction materials to maintain emission characteristics without degradation.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    27 views21 pages

    X Ray Tubes New Advances: Surg LT CDR TC Bhatt

    Uploaded by

    Sachin Balutkar
    X-ray tubes are limited by heat production, which is determined by factors like focal spot size, anode angle, and rotation speed. New advances allow for higher heat capacities through metal tubes instead of glass, and rotating envelope tubes that directly contact the anode with cooling fluid. Field emission tubes extract electrons through electric fields rather than heat, using sharp tips of low workfunction materials to maintain emission characteristics without degradation.

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    of 21

    X RAY TUBES NEW ADVANCES

    SURG LT CDR TC BHATT


    HEAT - A LIMITING FACTOR
    • In the use of small focal spots that are
    desirable for good image detail, e.g.
    magnification mammography.

    • In CT, especially with spiral scanning of


    relatively large anatomical regions.
    Factors That Determine the Amount of Heat Produced and the 
    Three Areas of an X-Ray Tube That Have Specific Heat Capacities
    • Heat (HU) = 1.4 x heat (J).
    • Heat (HU) = KVp x MAS (for single phase)

    The Three Critical Heat Capacities in an X-Ray Tube


    A Rotating Anode Damaged by Overheating
    Factors affecting heat ratings
    • Focal Spot Size
    • Anode Angle
    • Anode Rotation Speed
    – 60 Hz – 3000 rpm
    – 180 Hz – 10,000 rpm
    • KV Waveform
    – constant potential operation increases the effective
    focal spot track heat capacity
    • Anode Body – CT, Fluoro.
    • Tube Housing
    The capacity of a given
    focal spot track is
    specified by the
    manufacturer in the form
    of a graph - Tube rating
    charts.

    Rating Charts for an X-Ray Tube


    Operated under Different Conditions
    (Focal Spot Size, Rotation Speed, and
    KV Waveform)
    HEAT - EFFECTS

    FILAMENT TARGET GLASS


    DEPOSIT DEPOSIT CRAZING
    METAL X RAY TUBES
    METAL X RAY TUBES
    • Higher target heat storage exposure ratings.
    • More rugged construction offering greater focal spot
    stability.
    • Better flexibility in setting and maintaining inherent
    filtration – Controlled thickness of metal window.
    • Better imaging contrast by reducing off-focus
    radiation - Rebound electrons are absorbed into metal envelope.
    • Longer life tubes with high tube current applications
    GLASS Vs METALLIC TUBES
    GLASS ENVELOPE METAL – CERAMIC TUBES

    The material is brittle. Withstand great mechanical stresses

    Heat conductivity of glass is very poor Heat conductivity of ceramic equals the
    conductivity of stainless steel
    Surface conductivity of glass makes long Surface conductivity of ceramics can be low
    creeping distances necessary
    Glass can be machined to a very limited Metal parts can be joined vacuum tight to
    extend only the ceramic insulator
    Flashovers due to discharges in vacuum or Flashovers in most cases do not affect the
    surface effects can damage the glass integrity of the tube
    Glass tubes must be used in special Application of ceramics allows using
    housings to insulate the electrodes from stainless steel as vacuum envelope
    ground
    Skilled craftsmanship (glass blower) is The metal envelope of a metal-ceramic
    necessary to produce the glass envelope tube can be adapted to the shape desired
    METAL CERAMIC TUBES
    • Ceramic materials instead of glass for the high voltage insulator and the
    vacuum envelope.
    • Specific advantages of these new X-ray tubes are:
    · Robustness
    · Stability
    · High state of integration of mechanical and electrical features
    · Custom-made designs easily feasible.
    METAL CERAMIC TUBES
    Rotating Envelope Tubes
    • In an embodiment of the invention, the housing has an inner casing and
    an outer casing permanently connected with the inner casing, and an
    intermediate space for passage of cooling fluid is formed between the
    inner casing and the outer casing. In this case the cooling fluid is thus
    rotated with the same rotation speed as the housing. This enables an
    exact restricted guidance of the cooling fluid and therewith a particularly
    effective cooling. In comparison to rotating envelope tubes in which the
    inner casing is not connected with the outer casing such that it rotates in
    a fixed manner therewith, the occurrence an unwanted friction between
    the cooling fluid and the inner casing is avoided. The inventive rotating
    envelope tube can be rotated with a comparably low drive power.
    ROTATING ENVELOPE TUBES
    • Cooling rate of 4.8 MHU/min (0.8–1.4 MHU/min)
    • Electronic beam deflection system for focal
    spot position and size control.
    • Anode disk is part of the tube envelope. This
    implies rotation of the entire tube with
    respect to the anode axis.

    Schardt et al.: Straton x-ray tube


    Rotating envelope Tube

    Cooling surface of the anode is in direct contact with the cooling fluid.
    Flat emitter technology.
    FIELD EMISSION TUBES

    -International Centre for Diffraction Data 2004, Advances in X-ray Analysis,


    Volume 47.
    -NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field CA 94035
    FIELD EMISSION TUBES
    Extraction of electrons from a conducting solid by an electric field.
    No heat is required for obtaining field emission.
    The solid is shaped as a tip.
    Material with a low workfunction that is shaped as sharp as possible.

    Emission characteristics of such emitters are strongly dependent on the tip


    radii, and preservation of the emission characteristics requires the tip
    sharpness remain unaltered.
    Scanning electron image of CNFs grown on the
    conically shaped tip of a Pd wire.
    THANK YOU

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