WORD,PHRASE, CLAUSE,

SENTENCE

Member Group :
1. Nafisah Candella Putri
2. Hananda Ajeng Pratiwi
3. Zatira Putri Albani
4. Puti Maharani Suri
 WORD
Word is a language unit that contains meaning and
meaning, consists of one or more morphemes, and can
stand alone. Generally, a word is composed of a
collection of letters in the form of a root with or
without affixes. The combined words then form
larger language units, such as phrases, clauses, and
sentences. Word can be exemplified by sentences like
the one below.)
 WORD
Word can be exemplified by sentences like the one below.
I was expressing some amazement and wonder at her good fortune.
From the example above, if can be seen that a word can be on or more letters or more
morphemes and combine to from a phrase, clause, and sentence

I I 1 letter word

was w+a+s a group of letters word

expressing ex- + press + -ing 3 morphemes word

amazement amaze + -ment 2 morphemes word

some amazement     phrase

I was expressing some amazement     clause

I was expressing some amazement and

wonder at her good fortune.     sentence
 PHRASE
A group of words that states a meaning but does not have a subject and a
verb. Every phrase has a headword that determines the type of the phrase:

1. NOUN PHRASE : a phrase with a noun as the headword (solid rock, book store, late arrival,
beautiful landscape, blue collar etc.)
2. VERB PHASE : a phrase with a verb as the headword, usually consists of auxiliary and verb (go
fishing, can help, wish to see, have lived, wanted to participate, was called, will be attending etc.)
3. ADJECTIVE PHRASE: a phrase with an adjective as the the headword (very cloudy, extremely
high, so expensive, rather unwell etc.)
4. ADVERB PHRASE: a phrase with an adverb as the headword (very quickly, so well, too
easily).
5. PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: a phrase with a preposition as the headword (on the table, beyond
comprehension, near the village, to the cinema etc.)
6. GERUND PHRASE : a phrase with a gerund as the headword (teaching English, learning
vocabulary, sending a message, flying a plane etc.)
7. INFINITIVE PHRASE: a phrase with “to infinitive” as a headword (to study mathematics, to get on
the train, to do well etc.)
 LONG PHRASES
No matter how long a construction is, as long as it does not have a subject and
verb it is a phrase.
Although a phrase has a certain meaning derived from its elements, it does not
have a complete idea, thus cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example:
1. The building in front of the town square near the public school (No S - V)
2. The man who is standing in the middle of the hall with a black briefcase on his right hand
(No S-V)

The two examples are phrases and not sentences. Compare to the following
sentence:
3. The building is square (It has S and V)
S V
2. The man stood up (it has S and
V) S V
 INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
• A clause is any construction that has subject and verb and can both stand alone and is part of a
sentence.
• Two types of clauses: independent clause and dependent clause.
• An INDEPENDENT CLAUSE has a subject and a verb, states a complete idea and thus can stand alone.
•The other name for an independent clause is SIMPLE SENTENCE.
Examples:

The victims were carried to the hospital

S V
According to a report, the number of drug users has risen significantly during recent years
S V
Indonesia has more than 17 thousand islands
S V
The board will discus the issue in the upcoming
meeting
S V
 DEPENDENT CLAUSE
Like independent clause, a dependent clause also has a subject and verb, but
as implied by its name, it cannot stand alone as a sentence.
It is because a dependent clause contains a subordinating conjunction or a clause
connector, and should be a part of a complete sentence.
Examples:

Because it was already dark, (we decided to camp

there) When the prices goes up, (the supply tends to
fall short) While we ere finishing the illustration, you
can print the cover) If you want to succeed, (you must
study hard)
As long as the rainfall is not sufficient, (the plants
cannot grow optimally)
That all human beings need shelter (is a common
sense) (Public school is an institution) which is
governed by the state
 SENTENCE
A sentence is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and states a complete
idea, beginning with a capital letter and ends in period.
 There are four types of sentence based on the number and type of the clauses it has.
1. SIMPLE SENTENCE
A simple sentence only has only one clause with a Subject and a
verb. Examples:
We are college students. S
V
Germany is an industrial
country.
S V
Our forefathers fought against the Dutch for more than three
century S V
Red is my favorite color. S
V
We will see you next week. S
V
 SENTENCE
2. COMPOUND
A compound is a sentence that consists of two independence clauses
joined by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, yet, for, nor).
Because it has two clauses, it also has two Subjects and Verbs.
Examples:

We came very early and the manager greeted us

enthusiastically. S V S V
Robin is very excellent at math, but he is not quite good at
English. S V S V
You can use my car, or you may stay here until tomorrow.
S V S V
Teenagers are curious at new things, so they are at high risk
of drug abuse.
S V S V

NOTE: Never begin a sentence with a coordinating

 SENTENCE
3. COMPLEX SENTENCE
A complex sentence consists of two clauses; an independent clause and a dependent
clause joined by a subordinating conjunction (because, if, when, although, though,
while, as long as, until, since, where, whereas, how, why etc.)
Because it has two clauses, it has two subjects
and verbs. Examples: (the independent clauses
are in red).

The police had to disperse the mob using teargas

because the protesters began to act violently.
S V S V
Although he came from a poor family, he never gave up achieving his dream.
S V S V
There has been a tendency of intolerance and abuse since the Internet
became a phenomenon.
S V S V
Whereas people in Japan bow to each other to greet, people in most countries
shake their hands.
S V S V
 SENTENCE
4. COMPOUND-COMPLEX

A sentence which has mixed clauses (compound and complex)

A compound complex has at least three
clauses Examples:

Because the job availability is relatively low, the unemployment rate remains high and only few
people can afford good living.

They had to cancel the trip but they did not get a refund, although the regulation clearly
said that the flight company should give the money back to the passengers.

When the result of the test is announced, the selected applicants should register immediately,
or they can register by email.
 SUBJECTS
A sentence MUST have a SUBJECT and a VERB SUBJECT
of a sentence can be in the form of:
1. NOUN : Books is a good source of knowledge
2. NOUN PHRASE: University students should be independent and
hardworking.
3. PRONOUN: They have been married for 25 years.
4. PROPER NOUN (name of person, places, companies, or
organizations) :
Mitsubishi is a one of the leading auto companies in the world.
5. GERUND : Talking is always easier than listening.
6. GERUND PHRASE : Writing a good essay needs a lot of practice.
7. TO INFINITIVE : To study language means to study culture.
8. NOUN CLAUSE : What happened last year was a pure accident.
 VERBS
A verb forms the predicate of a sentence
A verb of a sentence can be in the form of :
1. ACTION VERBS: Most Indonesian students spend their holiday at home.
2. TO BE : My father was a physician. / They will be here any moment. / She has been sick for
three days.
3. LINKING VERBS (seem, feel, taste, smell, look) : He seemed so happy
4. AUXILIARY + VERB : We have talked about it.
5. TO BE + V-ING : She is undergoing an operation.
6. TO BE + V-III (passive sentence): The package was delivered this morning.
7. MODALS + VERB : We must stop doing this.
 COMMON MISTAKES
1. A sentence without SUBJECTS:
In the evening after dinner picked up my sister.
2. A sentence without VERBS:
A book about American history on the table in my study room.
3. An independent clause without a main clause:
When buffalos migrate to the South to find fresh pasture, (main clause/independent clause)
4. Using TO BE with V1 or V2:
She was had a beautiful house by the lake.
5. Not using TO BE for a sentence with complement
They here an hour ago. / His office very big
He a teacher in a private school.
1. My aunt asked me … 4. … is a break from your job and have a
a. Who Rikkard Ambrose was holiday for a while.
b. Who Rikkard Ambrose is a. You need
c. Who is Rikkard Ambrose b. What you need
d. Who was Rikkard Ambrose c. Whether you need
2. She does not know … d. Why you need
a. To make a cake 5. This is the house … he showed me his
b. Which to make a cake new collection of cars.
c. What makes a cake a. When
d. How to make a cake b. Where
3. They Hope to win the main prize of c. What
the competition d. Who
a. They Hope to
b. To win
c. The main prize of the
competition
d. The main prize