Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
Chemical Reactions
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Chapter 4
Chemical Equations
Depict the kind of reactants and
products and their relative amounts in
a reaction.
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 Al2O3(s)
The numbers in the front are called
stoichiometric coefficients
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical
states of compounds.
3
Chemical Equations
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g)
---> 2 Al2O3(s)
This equation means
4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules
---give--->
2 molecules of Al2O3
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2
---give--->
2 moles of Al2O3
4
Chemical Equations
• Because the same atoms
are present in a reaction
at the beginning and at
the end, the amount of
matter in a system does
not change.
• The Law of the
Conservation of Demo of conservation of matter, See
Matter Screen 4.3.
5
Chemical Equations
Balancing
Equations
Balancing
Equations
____C3H8(g) + _____ O2(g) ---->
_____CO2(g) + _____ H2O(g)
STOICHIOMETRY
- the study of the
quantitative
aspects of
chemical
reactions.
9
STOICHIOMETRY
It rests on the principle of the conservation of matter.
18.02 g
11.4 mol H2O • = 204 g H2O
1 mol
Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
reactant product
16
131 g
% yield = • 100% = 52.4%
250. g
PROBLEM: Using 5.00 g 19
LIMITING REACTANT
•
In a given reaction, there is not enough
of one reagent to use up the other
reagent completely.
• The reagent in short supply LIMITS
the quantity of product that can be
formed.
21
LIMITING REACTANTS
Reactants Products
2 NO(g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2(g)
Limiting reactant = ___________
Excess reactant = ____________
22
LIMITING REACTANTS
1 2 3
Rxn 1: Balloon inflates fully, some Zn left
* More than enough Zn to use up the 0.100 mol HCl
Rxn 2: Balloon inflates fully, no Zn left
* Right amount of each (HCl and Zn)
Rxn 3: Balloon does not inflate fully, no Zn left.
* Not enough Zn to use up 0.100 mol HCl
24
LIMITING REACTANTS
React solid Zn with 0.100
mol HCl (aq)
Reaction to be Studied
Mass Mass
reactant product
Stoichiometric
Moles factor Moles
reactant product
27
Step 1 of LR problem:
compare actual mole ratio
of reactants to
theoretical mole ratio.
28
Step 1 of LR problem:
compare actual mole ratio of
reactants to theoretical
mole ratio.
Reactant
2 Al + 3 Cl2 ---> Al2Cl6
mol Cl2 3
If >
mol Al 2
There is not enough Al to use up all
the Cl2
Lim reag = Al
30
Deciding on the Limiting
Reactant
2 Al + 3 Cl2 ---> Al2Cl6
mol Cl2 3
If <
mol Al 2
There is not enough Cl2 to use
up all the Al
Step 2 of LR problem:
Calculate moles of each reactant
We have 5.40 g of Al and 8.10 g of Cl2
1 mol
5.40 g Al • = 0.200 mol Al
27.0 g
1 mol
8.10 g Cl2 • = 0.114 mol Cl2
70.9 g
32
Calculating Excess Al
2 Al + 3 Cl2 products